Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Analysis of hybrid aluminium composite material reinforced with Ti and

NbC nanoparticles processed through stir casting
D. Joslin Vijaya a, J. Pradeep Kumar b, D.S. Robinson Smart b,⇑
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Park College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore 641659, Tamil Nadu, India
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore 641114, Tamil Nadu, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The aluminium based hybrid composites with micro/nano reinforced particulates are comprehensively
Received 12 May 2021 utilized in various manufacturing and engineering sectors because of better fracture toughness, superior
Received in revised form 20 May 2021 strength-to-weight proportion, enriched fatigue, wear and tensile behaviour, light-weight, upgraded cor-
Accepted 30 May 2021
rosion resistance to unaesthetic ambience, etc. The collective effect of reinforcements on aluminium
Available online xxxx
MMCs with individual and numerous particulate reinforcements like Hybrid MMCs are finding increased
applications in transportation, space, aerospace, automobile, underwater, defence and military.
Keywords:
Eventually, a plenty of groundwork has materialized in aluminum based composites with inclusion of
AA7075
Hybrid MMCs
titanium and carbides liable to particulate reinforcement. It was noticed that, there is monumental
Stir Casting research gap for exquisite dynamics refinement and eco-friendly materials. This segment nourishes a
Titanium summation of the fabrication approaches and distinct reinforcing particulates such as Titanium (Ti)
Niobium Carbide and Niobium Carbide (NbC) used during the synthesis of aluminium based hybrid MMCs. The common
mechanical and tribological properties proclaimed by different researchers are conscientiously acknowl-
edged with the aim to focus the quantity of reinforcements and amendment happened during concocting.
Previous research stats that elevated characteristics of aluminium hybrid MMCs have not been thor-
oughly studied. Irrevocably, the different infirmities and future facets of the aluminium based MMCs
are specified to strengthen the future research precepts.
Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Con-
ference on Computations in Materials and Applied Engineering – 2021.

1. Introduction these new materials, which satisfies a wide range of engineering

Material science advancements have seen many facets of
research, encompassing the betterment of featherweight materials
with upgraded characteristics like wear resistance, specific
strength, corrosion resistance, fracture toughness, hardness, stiff-
ness, fatigue and creep, remarkably at higher working tempera-
tures, where these characteristics are unavailable for base alloys.
In ancient few years, materials have been utilized for communica-
tion, transport and other engineering applications which are
rewarding the human demands [1–3]. So, the selection of material
is a major concern for designing any product, to get the desired
characteristics like the high strength, stiffness, corrosion resis-
tance, wear aversion, heat resistance, damping properties etc [4].
Composite material plays an imperative role in enhancement of
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: smart@karunya.edu (D.S. Robinson Smart).
applications. Composite materials are exhaustively utilized in
bearings, cutting tools and montage of intramural design compo-
nent and disparate parts [5]. In general, composite material is a
concoction of two constituents, one is fibre (the reinforcement)
and the other is glue (the matrix), states that a combination of
two or more materials, which leads to worthier characteristics
than those of separate components, when they are utilized alone
[6]. It has been found that the composite materials can give a solu-
tion to all products that need these properties for getting the high-
est efficiency during the functioning of the product. Nowadays,
composite materials are used in aerospace, marine, military,
high-speed rails, automobile industry, buildings, medical, and
many other applications [7,8]. The major merits of composites
are their large stiffness and strength, concerted with minimal den-
sity, when collated with bulk materials, allowing for a weight
diminution in the finished product. The physical characteristics
of composites are typically not isotropic in nature, but rather are

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.05.683
2214-7853/Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Computations in Materials and Applied Engineering – 2021.

Please cite this article as: D. Joslin Vijaya, J. Pradeep Kumar and D.S. Robinson Smart, Analysis of hybrid aluminium composite material reinforced with Ti
and NbC nanoparticles processed through stir casting, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.05.683
D. Joslin Vijaya, J. Pradeep Kumar and D.S. Robinson Smart
anisotropic [9]. Alip kumar et.al [10] researched the tribo &
mechanical deeds of AA6063 blended with SiC and TiC contrived
using stir casting. The developed composite reveal uniform disper-
sion of particulates over the matrix. Due to good bonding agent
between continuous phase and discontinuous phase, density and
hardness of the developed MMCs enhances with escalation in rein-
forcement percentage. Wear of the prepared hybrid MMCs at room
temperature enhances due to the compilation of lubricating film
on the counter layer which supports to endure the wear of the
material. At larger reinforcement content, rate of wear was mini-
mal therefore ceramic particulate indulging a lubricating film on
counter layer which minimizes the COF. Durjyodhan Sethi et.al
[11] explored the microstructural, fractography and mechanical
characteristics of AA7075 reinforced with TiB2 using insitu interac-
tions of K2TiF6 and KBF4 salts. The proposed hybrid composite was
developed utilizing traditional stir casting process. Increment in wt
% of reinforcement; boost the number of nucleation sites which
confines the grain growth of aluminum. Microhardness of the
developed composite enhanced with increment in wt% of the hard
TiB2. Minimal average microhardness of 75.01 HV0.1 acquired in as
cast AA7075 and highest average microhardness of 141 HV0.1
acquired in 12 wt% as cast AA7075/TiB2 AMCs. Microstructural
and fractography analysis reveal uniform distribution and ductile
mode of failure during tensile mode of fracture. P.Subramanya
Reddy et.al [4] inspected the mechanical & microstructural perfor-
mance of AA6061 blended with SiC and B4C manufactured using
traditional casting process. Composite material with 2 wt% SiC
and 2 wt% of B4C proved to have higher tensile, hardness ad flexu-
ral strength. Further, microstructural analysis reveals that rein-
forcement particulates were uniformly distributed with good
interfacial bonding over the matrix material. Divya Chandra et.al
[12] established aluminium 6063 based MMCs reinforced with fly-
ash and Al2O3 using stir casting technique. Composite with 5 wt%
flyash and 5 wt% Al2O3 shows higher hardness of 100 BHN when
compared to other composites. However, homogeneous distribu-
tion of reinforcement was observed from microstructural analysis.
Microhardness of impact analysis of the proposed hybrid compos-
ites proved to be higher after the addition of particulates that can
be used as shock absorbers and in automobile industries. Jafrey
Daniel James et.al [13] explored the tribological & mechanical
aspects of Al2014 mixed with ZrO2 (2, 4 & 6 wt%) and magnesium
(1 wt%) processed via stir casting technique. Due to proper
mechanical stirring, interfacial integrity betwixt the reinforcement
and matrix material was achieved. Addition of ZrO2 improves the
tensile, compression and impact behaviour of the material due to
particle strengthening mechanism with grain refinement. It also
restricts plastic deformation amidst the tensile loading. Wear
behaviour of the proposed hybrid composite improved due to the
presence of reinforcement material that resists the delamination
process, which indicates abrasive wear mechanism.
This review manuscript demonstrates diverse experimental &
theoretical assessment made by several investigators in the field
of aluminium hybrid MMCs. Entirely, the enrichment in tribologi-
cal & mechanical behaviour of aluminium hybrid MMCs in several
levels of enhancement in the area of material progression has been
portrayed mannerly. The effect of process parameters, particulate
shape & size, and different challenges faced during fabrication of
hybrid composites through liquid metallurgical technique were
thoroughly discussed. Further the major research gap in develop-
Table 1
Chemical proportions of aluminium alloy 7075 (weight fraction).
Elements Si Fe Cu Mn Mg
Min (wt%) 0.4 0.5 1.2 0.3 2.1
Max (wt%) 2.0 2.9
2
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
ment of new types of composite materials was discussed thor-
oughly. Furthermore, the future capability of the aluminium
based hybrid MMCs are deliberated to incentify the exploration
in academia and industry.
2. Literature review
2.1. Matrix material
Due to the unique behaviour presumed by aluminium and its
alloys made it versatile, economical and attractive materials for a
wide scope of applications [14]. Aluminium possess lighter weight,
coupled with the high strength of few aluminium alloys, permits
construction and design of strong, lighter structures that are con-
siderably advantageous for anything that moves – aircraft & space
vehicles as well as all types of land and water borne vehicles [15].
Aluminium alloys has been the major structural materials in aero-
space, since they initiated swapping wood in the late 1920 s.
Generally, 7000 series of aluminium alloys are used as aircraft
structural components and in high strength applications. Predom-
inantly 1% to 8% of zinc, which is a primary alloying element, is
added to 7000 series to enhance strength. The presence of zinc in
aluminium increases its solution potential. The yield strength of
aluminium alloy is >= 500 MPa. AA7075 alloy based composites
are broadly utilized in automotive, aeronautical and mineral pro-
cessing sectors due to improved characteristics like stiffness,
strength, stiffness, excellent wear & less thermal expansion coeffi-
cient. The young’s modulus and yield strength modulus of most
metals are greater than those for polymers, and this is an essential
cogitation for applications compelling high transverse strength and
modulus along with compressive strength for composite. Table 1
shows the chemical composition of AA7075 alloy. Aluminum
7075 alloy series was utilized for the development of appealing
automotive component, marine & aerospace applications are inline
skating-frames, shafts for lacrosse sticks, hang glider air- frames,
rifles for the American military, fork sets & camping knife, turbine
casing, missile tail cone, fuselage, automobile engine casing etc
[16]. Also, AA7075 are used in constructions of machineries, pres-
sure vessels, cooking utensils, appliances and structures for cryo-
genic applications. The AA was utilized as continues phase and
assemble with disparate characteristics by including single & mul-
tiple reinforcements for instance B4C, Si3N4, TaC, Al2O3, TiC, Ti, NbC,
h-BN, SiC, Gr, TiO2, AlN, fly ash, etc. as composites, which shows
larger strength than the base alloy material.
2.2. Reinforcement materials
The concept of MMCs was developed by associating the ceramic
reinforcements and the matrix by physics and chemistry tech-
niques. From a commercial point of view, it is worth noting that
the unanticipated characteristics and functions are determined
after indulging ceramic particulates [17]. Despite the predomi-
nance researches majored in predicted enhancement in mechani-
cal characteristics still unprepared for the mercantile
applications. Particle size and fractional volume affect the produc-
tion & microstructure of MMCs, which interpret the mechanical
properties of MMCs with reinforcements.
Comparing to micro-composites, dislocation density is higher
for nano-composites due to high intercourse betwixt reinforce-
Cr Zn Ti Ni Zr Al
0.18 5.1 0.10 0.01 0.02 Balance
0.28 6.1
D. Joslin Vijaya, J. Pradeep Kumar and D.S. Robinson Smart
Fig. 1. Optical microstructures of as cast 7075 alloy by varying titanium (a) 0 wt% (b) 1 wt% (c) 2 wt% (d) 4 wt% [19]
ment particles and matrix material [18]. Decreasing of crystallite
size depends on increasing dislocation density and work harden-
ing. When dislocation density leads to work hardening, powders
will be brittle, and finally, they will fracture. X.H.Chen et.al [19]
analysed the dominance of titanium inclusion on mechanical &
microstructure characteristics of Al7075 aluminium composite
fabricated by low cost stir casting technique. Specimens were fab-
ricated by varying titanium (40 mm) from 0.6 to 6 wt%. The
microstructural results shows formation of rod like shaped TiAl3
particles uniformly distributed over the matrix material as shown
in Fig. 1. Therefore, high Ti contents leads to agglomeration and
coarsening. Also adding titanium above 2 wt% deteriorates the
strength and ductility of the composite because stress concentra-
tion occurs at the edges of thick aciculate or rod shaped TiAl3
phases. Due to the occurrence of these stresses will contribute to
the de-bonding of the particulate interface, to microcrack nucle-
ation & propagation, and to brittle rupture. Mixed rupture charac-
teristics of quasi-cleavage fracture surface was observed due to the
presence of TiAl3 particles.
Ashiwani Kumar et.al [20] researched the dominance of tita-
nium metal powder on dry sliding wear behaviour of Al7075
matrix alloy for gear application fabricated by using liquid route
stir casting route. Titanium fillers were included to the base alloy
varying from 0 to 2 wt%. Specific WR according to ASTM G99 was
measured at ambient atmospheric condition. The result shows
minimum specific WR and COF with increase in sliding velocity
(0.25–1.25 m/s), load (20–80 N) and sliding distance (250–
1250 m) at 2 wt% of titanium filler material as shown in the
Fig. 2. L25 orthogonal array and ANOVA analysis were performed
to optimize the input parameters and analyze the most influencing
parameter that affects the wear rate. From these analyses, it is
inferred that minimal specific WR was observed for 0.5 wt% Ti
powder at load of 80 N; sliding velocity of 1 m/s; sliding distance
of 250 m. SEM and FESEM were utilized to analyze wear surfaces
and reduction of wear debris due to the increase in hardness. R.S.
Rana et.al [21] reviewed the dominance of various alloying ele-
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Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
ment like silicon, magnesium, copper, nickel, tin, strontium etc
on the microstructure & mechanical behaviour of aluminium alloys
and its composites. The author inferred that improved corrosion
properties can be observed along with grain refinement by adding
titanium of 0.15% with aluminium alloys.
Upon larger Ti addition makes coarser grains. Also, due to the
addition of Ti content results in formation of Al3Ti precipitate
phase, which increases the micro hardness and wear resistance.
Heat treatment of Ti reinforced aluminium alloys around 200 °C
for 6 h later strengthens the wear hindrance of the developed com-
posite material. Majed Jaradeh et.al [22] inspected the effect of Ti
addition to AA3003 aluminium alloy and their solidification struc-
ture. However, addition of Ti content above 0.15% can eminence
the grain rectification and cause casting difficulties. The advance-
ment in corrosion resistance by Ti additions can possibly be
because of its less galvanic potential, which can provide a self-
healing corrosion layer. Usually, Ti is included in small excess of
the stoichiometric aligned to generate TiB2 particles to acquire a
refinement of the microstructure, i.e. to provide a reduced size of
the grain. The microstructural result shows that coarser grain
structure was observed when Ti content was 0.15%. So higher grain
refinement can be wangled with the addition of titanium in to alu-
minium alloys. Vania Trombini et.al [23] synthesized alumina
matrix reinforced with NbC nano particles by reactive high-
energy milling. At sintering temperature of 1550 °C, the occurrence
of NbC particles upgrade homogeneous microstructures as shown
in Fig. 3 to be achieved compared with alumina without insertions.
30% improvement in microhardness, toughness and density of the
composite material improved with inclusion of smaller density
alumina and NbC particulates.
2.3. Hybrid composite manufacturing methods
The improved properties of MMCs are not only the result of var-
ious reinforced components, but the technique used for the manu-
facturing of MMCs plays an important part not only in the physical
D. Joslin Vijaya, J. Pradeep Kumar and D.S. Robinson Smart Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 2. Impact of sliding velocity on specific WR and COF of Ti metal powder filled Al7075 composites. [20]

Fig. 3. Morphology of alumina specimens incorporating 5 vol% of NbC insertions pressure-less sintered at (a) 1550 °C (b) 1600 °C [23]

Fig. 4. Classification of fabrication methods of AMCs.

appearance of the composite but also in development of different
mechanical characteristics [24]. These techniques are carried out
in both molten and powder form of metal purely based on nature
of matrix and reinforcement material. Basically, there are two pro-
cessing techniques namely, solid state & liquid state processing,
which are used to manufacture particulate reinforced aluminium
MMCs [25]. Fig. 4 shows the various fabrication techniques used
for production of composites. Among the bunch of manufacturing
techniques accessible for discontinuous MMCs, stir casting is com-
monly acknowledged as an auspicious procedure. Its merits lie in
its applicability & simplicity to huge capacity manufacturing with
minimal cost. The crucial hindrance of this method is to acquire
adequate wetting of particulate by molten metal and to get an
analogous dissemination of the particulates [26].
Fig. 5 shows the stir casting setup with attached mechanical
stirrer. Stir casting method was predominantly utilized for prepa-
ration of particulate reinforced MMC. It is a paramount method
of MMC development whereby the reinforcement ingredient mate-
rial is assimilated into the liquid metal by stirring. The stir casting
of MMCs indulges in preparing a melt of the chosen matrix accom-
panied by the commencement of a reinforcement material into the
melt before accumulation of reinforcement material the melt
should be made liable degasing by a applicable medium, being as
the molten metal reacts with atmospheric oxides and encounters
oxidation by denigratory the nature of the base material.
During casting process, few factors such as acquiring a homoge-
neous dissemination of the reinforcement, wettability among two
major substances, porosity in the cast MMCs, chemical interactions
betwixt the reinforcements and matrix and reaction of matrix and
reinforcement substances with atmospheric element need to be
given much attention, so that, enhanced mechanical and material
characteristics of the composite can be achieved [27]. P.S.Samuel
Ratna Kumar et.al [28] fabricated MWCNT reinforced with
AA5083 using stir casting technique for better interface. The main
components of the stir casting facility are a furnace, the stirrer and
a control panel. The movement of the stirrer can be controlled by
the control panel both horizontally and vertically. The furnace
can be maintained at a fixed temperature or can be controlled to
increase temperature upon time. The control panel takes control
of extremely working parameters of the stir casting furnace. J.Eric

4
D. Joslin Vijaya, J. Pradeep Kumar and D.S. Robinson Smart
Fig. 5. Stir casting setup [30]
David Praveen et.al [29] investigated the mechanical capability of
LM13/SiC/Gr HMMCs utilizing compo-casting procedure. SiC and
Gr was selected as reinforcement particulates of average particle
size 25 mm and 37 mm. 1 wt% Mg was included in the melt to ame-
liorate the wettability betwixt the matrix & reinforcement mate-
rial. Homogeneous distribution of reinforcement particles was
observed via compo-casting technique. Various mechanical partic-
ulars like micro hardness, macro hardness, tension test and metal-
lurgical characterization were studied. The results reveal that
addition of SiC particulate has enhanced the micro and macro
hardness up to 160 VHN and 130 BHN. UTS improved by 11%, when
compared to the strength of unreinforced alloy.
2.4. Mechanical characteristics of hybrid composites
Sanjay Kumar Thakur et.al [31] explored the mechanical perfor-
mance of aluminium reinforced with titanium particulates. Uni-
form distribution of titanium along with appealing interfacial
integrity and minimum porosity was observed by fabricating the
composite by utilizing disintegrated melt deposition (DMD)
method accompanied by hot extrusion. The micro and macrostruc-
ture results show that increase in the amount of titanium increases
the volume of porosity and density of the composite material. The
mechanical properties reveal that there is an escalation in matrix
and interfacial hardness due to the occurrence of strong and stiffer
reinforcement material also due to larger density of dislocation. It
is noticed that, there is an increment in the 0.2% yield strength,
ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elastic modulus due to increase
in titanium reinforcement inclusion. However ductility of the
material affected the most. Le Chang et.al [32] cross-examined
the tension characteristics of nano crystalline titanium by using
molecular dynamics with ultra-small grain size roving from
2.8 nm to 10.2 nm and strain rate from 108 s 1 to 1010 s 1 were
developed. Stress strain response reveal that young’s modulus
enhances with the feasible strain rate for the minutest specimen
and slight increment in flow stress with induced plastic strain
can be noticed at the strain rate of 108 s 1. The molecular dynamic
results show that young’s modulus enhances with increase in grain
size due to the decrease in fraction of grain boundary. Due to the
increase in grain size grain coarsening and diverse distortion
approaches are initiated that includes partial & enlarged disloca-
tion density, prismatic dislocation slipping & deformation
twinning.
John A.Mountford [33] explored the characteristics, applications
and advantages of titanium in unfolding the corrosion obstacles in
marine applications. Due to the low density, thermal expansion
coefficient, elastic modulus and high thermal conductivity, yield
strength of titanium, it offers saving weight, replacement costs
and life cycle cost benefits. Among all grades of titanium, grade 2
alloy is commercially pure grade, which is primarily used in mar-
ine applications. It has approximately 99.6% purity. Titanium’s
outer protective oxide film TiO2 has exceptional erosion resistance
5
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
property. B.N Ravi Kumar et.al [34] explored the mechanical beha-
viour of aluminium 6061 mixed with titanium and E-glass. Stir
casting technique was utilized to develop the proposed hybrid
metal matrix composite material by varying 0 to 5 wt% of titanium
and E-glass fibre, which in-turn had homogeneous dissemination
of reinforcements throughout the matrix. Wire-cut EDM was uti-
lized to cut the samples for tensile and hardness as per ASTM
E8M and E18M standards. The results show that ultimate tensile
strength, micro hardness enhanced with addition of 1 wt% of tita-
nium and E-glass as shown in Fig. 6. SEM micrographs reveal
homogeneous dissemination of Ti & E glass fibre particles all over
the hybrid MMCs.
Table 2 shows several research works carried based on mechan-
ical characteristics of aluminium hybrid composites. Hooyar Attar
et.al [35] reviewed about the modernistic progress and alternatives
in additive manufacturing of Ti based matrix composites. Titanium
and Ti based alloys are broadly used in industrial and commercial
uses containing aeronautical, surgical implantation, marine areas,
chemical engineering, food processing and electrochemical. The
author inferred that by Selective Laser Melting (SLM) of Ti &
Si3N4 leads to the disposition of Ti5Si3-TiN with homogeneous
and fine dispersion of TiN. However, enhancing the energy density
convinced the TiN size and changed its morphology from non-
uniform polyangular shape to, a filtered near-round shape, and
conclusively to a coarsened dendritic shape.
2.5. Tribological characteristics of hybrid composites
R.Arravind et.al [41] conducted the tribological ad hardness
characteristics of tantalum carbide based niobium alloys. The pro-
posed composites were manufactured by conventional stir casting
with optimum process parameters. Niobium based MMCs showed
higher hardness about 534 BHN and density about 9.26 g/cc. Wear
rate of the composite improved due to the addition of TaC. Also the
normal load was the dominating parameter which triggers the rate
of wear. T.S.Sachit et.al [42] contemplated the dry sliding wear per-
formance of LM4-Ta/NbC nano composite fabricated through pow-
der metallurgy technique. Microscopic analysis reveals that
homogeneous distribution of reinforcements in the base material.
Taguchi wear experiments were conducted based on L16 design
and each test consists of distinct process parameters. Table 3
shows several research works carried based on tribological beha-
viour of AMMCs.
Because of thermal smoothening larger delamination and peel-
ing of particulates occurred from the surface of the pin. Taguchi
technique was utilized to optimize the process variables and were
encountered for minimal wear rate are; Load of 10 N, sliding veloc-
ity of 200 rpm and wt% of Ta/NbC reinforcement of 2 wt%. Pardeep
Sharma et.al [43] explored the microstructures and mechanical
characteristics of Aluminium alloy AA6082 reinforced with ball
milled silicon nitride (Si3N4) and graphite ceramic particulate by
stir casting. The ceramic reinforcement particle was altered from
D. Joslin Vijaya, J. Pradeep Kumar and D.S. Robinson Smart Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 6. Variation Of UTS and hardness by varying Ti and E-Glass [34]

Table 2
Research works carried mechanical behaviour of NbC & Ti reinforced hybrid MMCs.

S. Authors Matrix Reinforcements Year Fabrication Properties Reference

No
1 C.Santos et.al Yttria-stabilized 0–30 wt% of NbC 2008 Pre-compacting ad Relative density, SEM, Fracture toughness [36]
Zirconia uniaxial hot pressing
2 Mathias Woydt et.al NbC – 2016 Direct carbo-thermal – [37]
reduction
3 Yuncang Li et.al Pure Titanium Niobium 2016 Powder metallurgy Microstructural, Porosity, Compressive yield [38]
Pentoxide strength, Ultimate strain
(Nb2O5)
4 Dilermando Nagle Aluminium NbC (10–20 vol%) 2017 Powder metallurgy Microstructural, compression and tensile [39]
Travessa et.al powders
5 T.Sathish Kumar et.al AA7075 NbC (5, 10 & 2018 Friction stir processing Hardness & Tensile [40]
15 vol%)

Table 3
Research works carried tribological behaviour of NbC & Ti reinforced hybrid MMCs.

S. Authors Matrix Reinforcements Year Fabrication Properties Reference

No
1 N.Saheb et.al Heat-treated Al–12 wt% Ti (up to 4 wt%) 2001 Casting Microstructure, Dry sliding wear, Microhardness [44]
Si eutectic alloy
2 Lisheng Zhong et.al Grey cast iron NbC particles 2012 In-situ DSC, Abrasive wear, Heat treatment temperature, [45]
Fabrication Microstructure and Hardness
method
3 Nana Zhao et.al HT300 NbC 2016 In-situ Microstructure, wear, Microhardness [46]
Fabrication
method
4 P.S.Samuel Ratna AA7075 Al2SiO5 2020 Stir casting Wear [47]
Kumar et.al
5 S.Ajith Arul Daniel Al5059 SiC & MoS2 2018 Stir casting Microstructure, Density, Hardness, wear and [48]
et.al Friction

0 to 12 wt%. After 100 h of milling, the density of the mixed rein-
forcement was 2.81 g/cm3 with average particle size of 50 mm.
The microstructural results reveal that homogeneous dissemina-
tion of ball milled particles was persuaded by good interfacial
bonding of consolidated reinforcement. Fig. 7 shows the discrep-
ancy of mechanical properties such as micro & macro hardness,
Ultimate tensile strength increases due to the inclusion of more
wt% of ball milled (Si3N4 + Gr) reinforcement particulate. Also,
there is diminution in ductility from 8.6 to 5.5 regarding the inclu-
sion of wt% of ball milled reinforcement particulates.
2.6. Elevated temperature analysis of hybrid composites
In most of the engineering sectors, AA7075 is predominantly
used to construct the fuel tanks used to store liquid oxygen, hydro-
gen and natural gas fuels for missiles, rockets and space vehicles.
Also this particular alloy has the capability to withstand extreme
temperature condition. To validate the mechanical integrity, a
detailed understanding is essential for the deformation nature,
microstructural evolution and fracture impression of 7075 alu-
minium alloy at low and high temperature environments. E.David
[49] suggested few materials and their properties for cryogenic
applications. The author suggested that cryogenic based technolo-
gies have a wide assortment of areas such as chemistry, metal-
lurgy, powder industries, medicine rocket propulsion, food
processing. It is feasible to possible to segregate these applications
into upcoming sections such as separation and production of gases,
storage of transport of liquid cryogenics, biological & medical
applications, altering material properties by declined tempera-
tures, space applications, superconductivity.
Aluminium and aluminium alloys are utilized as structural
parts for operation at temperatures below 77 K. Below 77 K, alu-
minium alloys show small transformation in characteristics like
yield and tension strength may enhance, elongation may decline,
impact strength remains comparatively constant. Low-density
alloys are a new generation candidate material in future. Jia-Bao
et.al [50] investigated the analytical and experimental examina-
tions on the behaviour of HRB400, HRB355 and low temperature

6
D. Joslin Vijaya, J. Pradeep Kumar and D.S. Robinson Smart Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 7. (a) Variation of (a) UTS (b) microhardness (c) macrohardness (d) elongation with increment in wt% of ball milled (Si3N4 + Gr) reinforcements [43]

Fig. 8. Test setup for cryogenic tensile experiments on steel coupons [50]

steels below cryogenic condition. The cryogenic environmental
chamber was developed with the computerized control system
as displayed in Fig. 8. Liquid nitrogen was used as a chilling med-
ium to vary the temperature from 165 °C to 20 °C. As the ideal
temperature was attained, tension force was provided to study
the behaviour of steel bars. Most steels are not preferred for low-
temperature application due to the reduction in ductility property.
Depending on the type of steel, the stress–strain curve indicates
the increase in yield and ultimate strength. Regression analysis
was performed on steels under cryogenic temperatures to foresee
the ultimate and yield strength.
Xiaochong Liu et.al [51] investigated the tensile characteristics
and damage tolerance of 3D C/SiC composite from ambient tem-
perature to cryogenic temperature. The temperature was altered
from 25 °C to 100 °C. PAN-based T300 carbon fibre was prepared
to sediment, pyrolytic carbon as an interface & SiC as matrix mate-
rial. An environmental chamber amalgamated with Instron fatigue
testing machine was used to get the desired temperature. At the
target temperature, thermal balance was achieved for 30 mins,
guaranteeing thermal deflection less than 1 °C. Standard K type
thermocouples placed with in the chamber were used to measure
the desired temperature. The results reveal that 3D C/SiC has
exceptional tensile properties with considerable ductility. Also,
the ehancement in volume % of carbon fibre along with a tensile
load enhances the cryogenic stability.
Tarek A. Khalifa et.al [52] cross examined the mechanical prop-
erties of AA6063/SiCp MMCs. Vortex method was used to develop
the composite material. An average size of 60 mm SiC particles with

7
D. Joslin Vijaya, J. Pradeep Kumar and D.S. Robinson Smart
5 to 15 wt% was used with the matrix material. Creep & tensile
experiments were formulated to estimate the effect of SiCp and
deformation on the mechanical behaviour of AA6063 after heat
treatment. The microstructural results reveal that, SiC particulates
were prevailing as banded clusters in the as cast composites and
become more homogeneously dissipated in the extruded compos-
ite in both longitudinal and transverse directions. At higher wt% of
SiC % agglomeration enhanced linearly. The strength due to tension
of the composite material found to enhance at ambient condition,
and at 150 °C reduction in tensile strength and 0.2% offset yield
strength was observed as compared to unreinforced alloy. At ele-
vated temperature, increase in wt% of SiC didn’t show consistent
effect on ductility and the effect of extrusion on ductility of the
composite did not follow any clear trend. Higher value of mini-
mum creep rate was observed as compared to the composites for
both as cast and extruded conditions. D.S.Robinson Smart et.al
[53] explored the elevated temperature mechanical & creep
aspects of AA7075 blended with Si3N4, TaC and Ti AHMMCs fabri-
cated by stir casting procedure. The composite proved to have high
strength to elongation of 111.41 N/mm2 at 120 °C and high creep
resistance of by operating at higher number of cycles.
3. Future trends in aluminium hybrid composites and research
gaps
AMMCs show very promising and exciting mechanical and tri-
bological characteristics both at room ad elevated atmospheric
conditions. Based on the fabrication techniques, a number of
descriptions made by several investigators in the field of AMMCs
using reinforcements were accessible in micro/nano level. The pre-
dominance of the research depicts the tensile, hardness, compres-
sion and wear impedance of the composites. Moreover, the
elevated temperature characteristics and its mechanism of alu-
minium based hybrid MMCs need to be understood. To ensure bet-
ter quality and performance during service period of composite
materials, combination of wear, fatigue, creep, hardness, low and
high temperature tensile & compression behaviour of aluminium
based composite need to be explored. The subsequent research
areas demand more attentive and elaborate research for the pro-
duct decoding and industrialization of aluminium based hybrid
MMCs.
4. Conclusions
The present manuscript reviews the significance of the rein-
forcements and their portrayal in AMMCs for the enhancement
in the wear and mechanical attributes. The summary highlighted
regarding mechanical, microstructural and tribological encounter
during particulate in AMMCs supplies knowledge about the
strength, interfacial bonding and hardness. The paper exemplifies
the results disclosed by several researchers in the timeline of mate-
rial advancement to identify the mechanism tangled in the han-
dling of HMMCs. It will accommodate the countless
opportunities in the direction of concocting and application of alu-
minium HMMCs to obtain a dependable and evolved quality prod-
uct. Based on the distinct characteristics described in the current
literature, the main conclusions could be summarized as below:
Due to its improved performance, the development of compos-
ite materials can be observed in several applications like military,
aeronautical, marine, automobile, biomedical, nuclear, chemical
and mineral processing industries, low and high temperature
applications etc.
It is observed that AMCs has developed to its greater extent in
the field of engineering for its peerless characteristics like ductility,
lighter weight, high strength to weight proportion & stiffness etc.
8
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Among all aluminium series, 7000 series is mostly preferred for
military armours, defence, marine, automobile, radiation shielding,
aviation, low and high temperature applications as a result of its
high strength towards elevated temperature. AA7075 alloy is the
strongest and most suitable for low and high temperature applica-
tion because zinc is one of the primary alloying elements present
to enhance its material and mechanical properties. Addition of var-
ious particulate reinforcements enhances various mechanical &
thermal characteristics of AA7075 MMCs. Therefore, AA7075 is
the best candidate matrix material that is suited to various appli-
cations, where toughness is the primary target at elevated
temperature.
Liquid route stir casting is one of the minimal costs, high mod-
est techniques that ensure homogeneous dispensation of reinforce-
ment in the alloy. This is because of the stirring action that ensures
that the particulate reinforcement are stirred and scattered uni-
formly throughout the matrix alloy. It also improves the interfacial
bonding betwixt the reinforcement and matrix. Through this
method, minimum volume % of porosity and dislocation density
can be obtained. Magnesium is added in to the melt to ameliorate
the wettability betwixt matrix and reinforcement material. The
final properties of the developed cast product is mostly influenced
by melting temperature (600 to 850 °C), stirring time (2 to 15
mins), stirring temperature (650 to 750 °C), stirring speed (150 to
350 rpm) reinforcement preheating temperature (800 to 1000 °C),
type of matrix and reinforcement, wettability, inert atmosphere
and pouring temperature etc.
Titanium (Ti) is an ideal material, which can withstand creep
and fatigue stress at elevated temperature. The main reason for
the addition of nano sized titanium with aluminium metal matrix
alloy is to upgrade its mechanical strength, ductility and improve
the tribological properties of the proposed nano composite at
low and high temperature application. Since from the literature
it is evident that titanium is a favorable corrosion resistant mate-
rial that can be used in naval applications such propellers, ship
building & structures, military and defence applications.
Niobium is a high temperature resistant material which is mal-
leable in nature and has body centered cubic (BCC) structure. NbC
was preferably utilized in cutting tools. Niobium turns a supercon-
ductor at cryogenic condition. It has higher formability, weldabil-
ity, toughness and strength behaviors. NbC provides excellent
physico-mechanical characteristics like large melting point, good
electric conductivity and high melting point, high hardness which
endows good thermal defiance.
The insertion of reinforcement particulates in to the MMC
material enhances dislocation density and work hardening, which
leads to enhancement of mechanical behaviour of particle rein-
forced MMCs. However, this increment for a nano-composite is
higher than that for a micro-composite due to Hall-Petch effect
and Orowan strengthening mechanism.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
D. Joslin Vijaya: Conceptualization, Formal analysis. J. Pradeep
Kumar: Project administration, Supervision, Writing - original
draft, Writing - review & editing. D.S. Robinson Smart: Conceptu-
alization, Formal analysis.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
D. Joslin Vijaya, J. Pradeep Kumar and D.S. Robinson Smart Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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