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People Forced to Flee
History, Change and Challenge
People
People
Forced
ced
to Flee
ry, Change
History, Change
and Challenge
Challenge
 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 2022
The moral rights of the author have been asserted
First Edition published in 2022
Impression: 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Control Number: 2021953487
ISBN 978–0–19–878645–0 (hbk.)
ISBN 978–0–19–878646–7 (pbk.)
Printed in Great Britain by
Bell & Bain Ltd., Glasgow
Design by Vincent Winter Associés (VWA), Paris, France
Cover artwork: “The Sphere” © UNHCR / Younghee Lee. The Sphere allows room for
interpretation. It could be an organism, a globe or the universe. Shifting sands. The aim
is to provoke deeper thought, empathy and resonance.
Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials
contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
Author: Ninette Kelley

Associate Editor: Preeta Law

Researchers and Analysts: Karolin Eberle and Denise Baruch-Kotulla
Research Assistant: Alexandra Holmes
Copy Editor: Michael Hunter
Assistant Copy Editor: Shannon Lee Mouillesseaux

Advisors: Ewen Macleod, Grainne O’Hara

Production Manager: Mike Walton

Production Coordinators: Françoise Jaccoud, Russell Neal
Designer: Vincent Winter Associés (VWA)
Photo Editors: VWA, Tessa Asamoah, Anne Kellner
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Graphic Designers: Younghee Lee, Eilidh Urquhart
Cartographer: Yvon Orand
Acknowledgements

In writing People Forced to Flee – History, Change and Challenge, I have been
fortunate to work with a committed, talented team and to draw on wide expertise
from within UNHCR and externally. Not least, there are the broad range of research
papers and commentaries marking the 70th anniversary of the 1951 Convention
relating to the Status of Refugees. A number of these authors have agreed to have
their work posted on our website at (www.unhcr.org/people-forced-to-flee-book),
and are indicated with an asterisk (*) below. I am also grateful to many colleagues
for their comments on drafts of the book.

Within UNHCR sincere thanks go to: Allehone Abebe, Denis Alma Kuindje,
Benoit d’Ansembourg, Hiroko Araki, Maria Bances del Rey, Vidjea Barathy
Ramamurthy, Christian Baureder, Emily Bojovic, Veronika Burget, Jean Paul
Cavalieri, Cirenia Chavez Villegas, Samuel Cheung*, Vincent Cochetel, Lisa
Fergusson-Nicol, Marco Formisano, Davina Gateley Saïd*, Nathalie Antoinette
Goetschi, Karen Gulick, Irina Isomova, Kerstin Jones, Elibritt Karlsen, Jasmine
Ketabchi, Shaden Khallaf, Susanne Klink, Katharina Lumpp, Mai Mahmoud, Isabel
Marquez, Pedro Mendes, Isabel Michal, Juan Ignacio Mondelli*, Debra Moore,
Alexander Mundt, Angela Murru*, Jerome Nhan, Edward O’Dwyer, Kate O’Malley,
Zeeshan Qamar, Roua Rahrah, Jennifer Roberts, Yasmine Rockenfeller, Annabelle
Roig Granjon, Marian Schilperoord, Volker Schimmel, Natalie Schmidthaeussler,
Salam Shahin, Rebecca Telford, Senai Terrefe, Alexander Tyler, Giuseppe Uniformi,
Pieter Ventevogel, Catherine Wiesner, Michelle Yonetani, and Jeanette Zuefle.
Indispensable administrative help has been provided throughout from Caroline
Charmaine Torres, Jose Rodriguez Viquez, Alexandre Sarr, Ellen Joy Sibal. Special
thanks to Jean-Nicolas Beuze, Sibylle Kapferer, Ewen Macleod, Grainne O’Hara and
Edgar Scrase for going beyond the call of duty in their careful review and comments
of previous drafts.

The World Bank and the Joint Data Center have provided considerable support
for this book under the direction of Xavier Devictor, and the positive and insightful
coordination of Caroline Verney Sergeant. Their thoughts and comments as well as
those of the following colleagues have been invaluable: Dina Abu-Ghaida*, Alain
Aeschlimann*, Michel Botzung, Ozan Cakmak*, Paola Elice*, Björn Gillsäter, Melissa
Johns, Doreen Kibuka-Musoke*, Natalia Krynsky Baal*, Zara Sarzin*, Karishma
Silva*, Domenico Tabasso* and Weiyi Wang*.
 A range of academics, think tanks, and non-governmental organizations
have provided rich and varied support. Within and alongside it, are the invaluable
contributions of people with lived experience of being forcibly displaced. Sincerest
thanks to: Tsion Tadesse Abebe*, Alex Aleinikoff, David Cantor, Tatiana Castillo
Betancourt*, Christelle Cazabat*, Cathryn Costello*, Bina Desai*, Filippo Dionigi*,
Evan Easton-Calabria*, David Scott FitzGerald, Rez Gardi*, François Gemenne*,
Robert Hakiza*, Tristan Harley*, Claire Higgins, Elodie Hut*, Dragana Kaurin*,
Fatima Khan*, Christa Kuntzelman*, Adam Lichtenheld*, Susan Martin, Charles
Martin-Shields*, James Milner*, Vitit Muntarbhorn*, Phil Orchard*, Nandi Rayner*,
Sevin Sagnic, Angela Sherwood*, Paul Spiegel, David Sulewski*, Jina Elise Swartz,
Chloe Sydney*, Joseph Kofi Teye, Dzifa Torvikey, Tamara Wood*, Louisa Yasukawa*,
Caroline Zickgraf* and Pascal Zigashane*.

Several interns have provided valued research help. Warm thanks to Diana
Castillo Villaseñor, Liam Comer-Weaver, Danielle Douglas, Talia Gerstle, Niyonella
Kamera, Johannes Lang, Kanika Mahajan, and Julie Meier. A number of students
also dedicated time to writing term papers on subjects canvassed in these pages
under the supervision of Peter Hoffmann and Achilles Kallergis of The New School:
Isabel Arciniegas Guaneme, Ruben Cruz Valladares, Evelina Dahlgren, Emmanuel
Guerisoli, Leah Guyot, Julie Kim, Jessica Matis, Eugenia Nikitina, Brooke Pascarella,
Maria Julia Rivas Mor Mur, Robert Seebeck and Jodit Woldemichael.

People Forced to Flee shows how living up to humanity’s ambition to improve

responses to forced displacement is complex. It has never been easy to turn words
honouring the spirit of the 1951 Convention into the policy and best practice that
can maximize the life chances of millions of the world’s most vulnerable people.
To do so, and to deliver on the ambition of the Global Compact on Refugees, we
need the political will of States combined with the commitment of multilateral
institutions, civil society, non-governmental national and international partners,
academics and those with lived forced displacement experience.

This book has been enriched by wide engagement from all of them.

Ninette Kelley
September 2021
Preface
by the United Nations Secretary-General

The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees — crafted in the wake of
the horrors of the Second World War, and amid massive forced displacement
— established the rights of refugees and the obligations of States towards them.
As we mark its 70th anniversary, this monumental achievement remains the
foundation upon which millions of refugees find protection every day.
Today, we can find the Convention’s influence across regional refugee instru-
ments, as well as protection frameworks for internally displaced persons and
those fleeing environmental damage and natural hazards.
But while this anniversary is a time to recognize accomplishments, it is not
a moment for complacency.
The number of people forced to flee their homes due to conflict, violence,
persecution, extremism and climate events continues to soar. In 2008, as High
Commissioner for Refugees, I called attention to the unprecedented global
levels of forced displacement. Since then, the number has more than doubled,
reaching over 82 million forcibly displaced people today.
Most forced displacement occurs in low and middle-income countries
already struggling to meet the needs of their people. Humanitarian and
development assistance is growing, but so too are the demands, which too
often outstrip available resources. At the same time, some parts of the wealthier
world have, at times, closed their doors to people fleeing violence and
persecution.
The humanitarian and development impact of forced displacement is cata-
strophic. But so is the human toll. We must never forget that behind each
number is a story of deep personal suffering — a stark reminder of how quickly
lives can be upended, and how critical it is to support people at this most
vulnerable moment in their lives.
That is why this book — People Forced to Flee: History, Change and Challenge
— is so valuable and timely.
Tracing the roots of asylum from the beginning of recorded history, this
book highlights the major achievements of the last 70 years to protect and
support forcibly displaced people, while exploring setbacks along the way.
The book shows the importance of sustained engagement by governments
and development partners in supporting the forcibly displaced, as well as the
vital role of dedicated financing instruments to assist host countries.
It showcases significant policy changes in host countries that have helped
refugees access education, health services and employment, so they can build
better futures for themselves while contributing to their new communities.
It outlines the increasingly close partnerships between humanitarian
and development actors, including around a shared approach to data, evidence,
and context and risk analysis to drive greater results on the ground.
Above all, it demonstrates the critical importance of a broad range of
partners lending their comparative advantages, experience and expertise to
support those people enduring forced displacement. Public and private part-
ners are increasingly joined by civil society and faith-based partners and, most
importantly, forcibly displaced persons themselves in designing and deliver-
ing solutions.
Guided by the lessons of past experience — triumphs and failures alike
— two new multilateral Compacts hold great promise to address imbalances
and provide a blueprint for the future: the Global Compact on Refugees and the
Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration. They outline critical
actions to support refugees and migrants and the communities in which they live.
While the ambitions struck in the 2018 Compacts are on the path to being
realized, significant challenges remain, as set out clearly in this publication.
Our task today is to build on this important work, and to gather more
people to our efforts — from people already engaged in this field, to students
of history, forced displacement studies and related disciplines. To them, this
book will be of great value and inspiration.
But I also hope it will spur the broader community of nations to make
bolder efforts on prevention, so we can address the root causes that drive
so many millions of people to flee. I have set this out in more detail in Our
Common Agenda report (www.un.org/en/content/common-agenda-report).
Let us learn from the lessons of this book, increase global support for people
fleeing peril and danger, and find new ways to build safer and more under-
standing communities and societies for all people.

António Guterres
Foreword
by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

Seventy years have passed since nations seeking to recover from the devastation
of the Second World War drew up the landmark 1951 Convention relating to
the Status of Refugees.
In that time, the Convention (along with its 1967 Protocol) has formed the
basis of international protection of millions of refugees. It has been comple-
mented by several regional treaties, such as the OAU Convention and the
Cartegena Declaration, and other human rights instruments, allowing the
original concepts to apply to evolving contexts.
To mark the 70th anniversary of the 1951 Convention, UNHCR is releas-
ing People Forced to Flee: History, Change and Challenge, which traces the path
that led to that historic moment and then follows it through seven decades
up to the present day.
This book takes up the mantle of a series of publications, stretching back to
1993, that were previously entitled The State of the World’s Refugees. In the almost
ten years since the last edition, the global population of forcibly displaced
people has soared, to 82.4 million at the end of 2020 and rising – almost double
the number a decade ago.
The number will continue to grow so long as longstanding conflicts go
unresolved and major new emergencies arise. The failure to resolve conflict
has forced some refugees, often alongside migrants, to make perilous and
sometimes fatal journeys in search of safety. Displacement associated with the
climate emergency is adding a new dimension – one that is already a reality
for millions.
 Amid this torrent of challenges, every so often it is wise to take stock. This
is the purpose of People Forced to Flee: to draw on the lessons of history in order
to examine how we can improve responses to forced displacement today and
tomorrow.
The task of protecting people forced to flee has always faced serious chal-
lenges. Humanitarian funding, despite the sustained generosity of govern-
ments, individuals and the private sector, has never been fully commensurate
with the level of need. For many of the forcibly displaced, solutions have largely
been elusive, and too often they find it hard or impossible to access the building
blocks of education, health care and economic opportunity that would enable
them to address and overcome their vulnerabilities.
More recently, the world has had to grapple with the COVID-19 pandemic,
which has hit the most vulnerable the hardest and dealt a serious blow to devel-
opment gains in many low- and middle-income countries. And while conflicts
inexorably proliferate and intensify, the climate alarm is sounding ever louder.
The drivers of displacement are unrelenting; the demands placed on human-
itarian funding are growing.
Yet while the challenges are enormous, history has repeatedly demonstrated
the potential for, and power of, positive change.
Everywhere, partnerships are evolving and expanding. In 2018,
the UN General Assembly affirmed the Global Compact on Refugees, which
calls for a “whole of society” approach to supporting the forcibly displaced
and the communities that host them. Answering that call is a broad and diverse
range of partners: refugees and internally displaced persons, local and national
governments, national and international organizations, international financial
institutions and development actors, academics and civil society. This book
illustrates how those partnerships work and how they are making a difference.
Such thinking exemplifies the important changes that have taken place
over the past several years in how the world views and responds to forced
displacement, notably the wider recognition that forced displacement is both
a humanitarian and a development challenge. Development actors are adding
their weight through policy advice, data, evidence and analysis – as well as the
largest financial support ever marshalled globally to support inclusive devel-
opment, the keystone of the Sustainable Development Goals.
Underpinning these efforts are the international laws and policies that
remind us of our obligations to the most vulnerable. The 1951 Convention, a
living instrument working in conjunction with those laws as they have emerged
and developed, has strengthened protections for people at risk of harm: women,
children, people with disabilities, people with diverse sexual orientation and
gender identity, and many others. The Convention and the Guiding Principles
on Internal Displacement stand alongside other human rights treaties that also
protect those on the move who are in need of protection.
Over the past 70 years, States have at times failed to rise to the standards set
by this body of law – weakening responses to forced displacement and under-
mining the international solidarity. Nevertheless, those laws and treaties have
been the foundation for the protection of millions of people forced to flee;
they are as relevant as ever.
People Forced to Flee: History, Change and Challenge starts from the premise
that transformational action is both essential and possible. It provides a detailed
and an unflinching look at both the successes and the failures of the past, seeking
to draw from them the elements needed to support positive, sustainable change.
In that regard, it is worth noting that many of the most powerful moments
in this book come from the stories of forcibly displaced people themselves –
a reminder that the best way to understand and respond to their needs is to
listen to their opinions, wishes, grievances, aspirations and hopes for the future.
I have been working in the field of forced displacement for more than 30
years. In that time, I have never ceased to be moved and motivated by those
who put the values of altruism, compassion and solidarity at the heart of their
daily lives: refugees and the internally displaced, host communities and those
working alongside them. It is their example, above all, that gives us the great-
est cause for optimism.

Filippo Grandi
Table of Contents

26 INTRODUCTION

46 PART I: THE ROOTS OF ASYLUM

51 Pre- and Ancient History
56 Middle Ages – Early Modern Era
60 Modern Era
66 The 20th Century
67 World War I and its Aftermath
76 The Great Depression and the Rise of Fascism
82 World War II
88 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees

98 PART II: PROTECTING MORE BROADLY

103 Refugees
103 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
104 Regional Refugee Frameworks
115 Responsibility- and Burden-Sharing/Shifting
132 Other Forcibly Displaced People
135 Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement
141 Climate and Disaster Displacement Frameworks
152 Trends Analysis
154 Minding the Gaps

158 PART III: SOLUTIONS – AN UNEVEN RECORD

163 Solutions Overview
163 Voluntary Return
165 Resettlement
166 Local Integration
170 Normative Framework
170 Refugees
172 Internally Displaced Persons
173 The First 50 Years
175 Focus on Return
194 Selective Resettlement
200 Local Integration at the Periphery
201 New Millennium
202 Voluntary Return
207 Resettlement
212 Complementary Pathways
215 Integrating Locally
220 Lessons Learned

222 PART IV: IMPROVING LIFE PROSPECTS

228 Conflict and Displacement Impacts
229 Education
229 Context
232 Evolution
233 Inclusion Challenges
237 Supporting Sustainable Inclusion
243 Health
243 Context
244 Evolution
246 Advances and Ongoing Challenges
253 Supporting Sustainable Inclusion
255 Economic Inclusion
255 Context
257 Evolution
259 Local Labour Market Impacts
274 Consolidated Findings
276 The 2030 Ambition
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 “Forget it,” said David. “You go right to bed and sleep. You’ll do
your best. Don’t worry.”
“I guess that’s good advice.” Lester turned to the door. “Oh, by the
way, Dave, would it be all right for me to bring Ruth and mother and
father round to your house after the game? She’d like to see your
family, and so should I.”
“Mother and Mr. Dean will be delighted,” said David. “I’ll have
Katharine there, too.”
David sat with Katharine at the game, and in the row in front of
them and only a short distance away sat Ruth and Mr. and Mrs.
Wallace. Across the intervening backs they exchanged nods and
smiles. Ruth at the beginning of the game was radiant, but as it
proceeded the expression with which she followed Lester’s
movements became anxious and troubled. As for David, the course
of events filled him with dismay. Harvard was being beaten, and
almost worse than that Lester was playing wretchedly. He muffed a
throw at first base that let in a run; he struck out in the second inning,
when he first came to bat; he struck out again in the fourth and again
in the seventh.
“Isn’t it awful!” David muttered to Katharine, when after the last
failure Lester walked with hanging head to his seat.
“Yes, I feel so sorry for him. I suppose he’s just overcome with the
responsibility—having Ruth here, and their engagement just out, and
everybody expecting him to do great things.”
Overcome by the responsibility; yes, that was it, David knew, and
he knew that Lester would interpret his failure in this game as
another manifestation of incurable weakness. Of course Ruth would
not so regard it, but David found himself concerned now with
Lester’s own soul and the damage that would be done to it should
that self-confidence which had been already so shaken be
destroyed.
When Harvard came to bat in the last half of the ninth inning, Yale
was leading by a score of 6 to 3. People were already leaving the
stands, and moving languidly toward the gate, admitting defeat.
Then suddenly the whole complexion of the game changed; a base
on balls, an error, a scratchy little infield hit; the bases were filled,
with none out, and the spectators were on their feet, cheering and
shouting.
“He can’t strike out now; he can’t!” murmured David.
For it was Lester that advanced to the plate.
“Why don’t they put some one in to bat for that fellow!” exclaimed
a man standing behind David.
He had hardly finished the remark when the pitcher delivered the
last ball of the game. There was the resounding crack of a clean and
solid hit; there was a tumultuous outburst of sound from the crowd;
the ball flew far over the head of the center fielder, who went
sprinting after it to no purpose. “The longest hit ever made on this
field,” affirmed the ground keeper afterward. The centerfielder was
just picking up the ball when Lester crossed the plate with the fourth
run of the inning, the winning run of the game.
Before he could make his escape a mob of shouting classmates
bore down upon him. Hundreds of Harvard men swarmed over the
fences and in an instant had possession of the field. Lester was
hoisted to the shoulders of a group who clung to him firmly despite
his struggles and appeals. “Right behind the band!” they shouted;
and right behind the band they bore him, up and down the field, at
the head of the ever-lengthening, joyously serpentining, and wildly
shouting procession. All the other members of the team had been
allowed to slip off to the locker building; but the crowd clung to
Lester; they bore him proudly, like a banner. They carried him past
the stand in which Ruth sat; he looked up at her; she waved to him;
and probably Katharine and David were the only persons who saw
the tears running down her cheeks.
An hour later there was a joyful gathering in Mrs. Ives’s parlor. Mr.
Dean succeeded in capturing Ruth with one hand and Lester with
the other.
“So you’ve closed your athletic career, Lester, in a blaze of glory
and a blare of sound. I’m delighted—especially for Ruth’s sake. But I
don’t mind saying that your great triumph is not in winning the game,
but in winning Ruth.”
“Indeed, I realize that,” said Lester.
“Anyway, that home run was the most splendid sort of
engagement present,” said Ruth. “If you’d struck out that time and
given me a string of pearls, it couldn’t have consoled me.”
“If I’d struck out that time,” said Lester, “I don’t believe that even
you, Ruthie, could have consoled me.”
“We’d have been two broken hearts, still trying to beat as one,”
said Ruth.
“Well, I guess it would be pretty hard for us to be any happier than
we are,” said Lester. “And, Mr. Dean, I want to tell you before saying
good-bye how grateful I am for the great help that you gave me. And
when I say that, Ruth knows exactly what I’m talking about.”
“Yes,” said Ruth in a low voice. “I’m so glad he came to you, Mr.
Dean.”
“God bless you both,” said Mr. Dean. He squeezed Lester’s hand;
then he drew Ruth to him and kissed her.
That evening Mr. Dean asked David to come to his room for a few
moments. He seemed to David somewhat ill at ease; he greeted him
with a curious formality, bade him take a chair, and then, after an
interval of silence, said abruptly: “David, I suppose you realize that
I’ve practically adopted you and your mother and Ralph as my family.
At my death such property as I have will go to you and Ralph. I have
no near relatives, as you know, and I believe there is no one who
would be likely to contest my will, or in the event of contesting it likely
to succeed. I don’t believe in long engagements. Five or six months
or at most a year is sufficient as a probationary period. If you and
Katharine are just as sure six months from now as you are to-day, I
think that then you had better get married. You will do better work in
the medical school if you are married and settled down instead of
impatiently waiting to be. I could arrange matters so that you could
live comfortably—not extravagantly, of course. It is what I should do
if you were my own son. You stand in that relation to me.”
 “I don’t see how I could let you do that, Mr. Dean,” said David, with
distress as well as gratitude in his voice. “Somehow I’ve often
wondered whether it was right that I should accept so much from you
as I have done—whether it was altogether manly of me. I hope I
don’t hurt you when I say this. But I’ve never been quite comfortable
about it. Whether I wouldn’t have been better satisfied with myself if
I’d worked my way through college—paid for my own education—”
“My dear boy, don’t I know you’ve often been troubled by those
doubts! But it wasn’t selfishness on your part that impelled you to
accept my assistance. There was the obligation not to reject an
arrangement that would improve your mother’s circumstances and
that would give Ralph his chance. There was my own peculiar need,
which you could hardly in compassion have refused. No, you’ve
given quite as much as you’ve received. You needn’t have scruples
on that score. And now in regard to Katharine.”
He rose and made his way to his bureau, where his hand
unerringly searched out and picked up a framed photograph of a
young woman who was dressed in a fashion of fifty years ago. David
had often wondered about that photograph—who the girl was and
why, even in his blindness, Mr. Dean had always been careful that it
should occupy the central place on his bureau.
“David,” said Mr. Dean, holding out the picture, “there is the
photograph of the girl to whom I was engaged when I was in college.
When I graduated, I went into teaching at a small salary; we felt that
we could not immediately afford to get married, but in a year or so—
well, eventually I did win some increase in salary, but when I did my
mother’s health was failing, and what I earned barely sufficed to
keep her properly cared for until she died. At the end of four years it
seemed to us that we could get married. Our plans were all made
when Lydia—that was her name—was stricken with scarlet fever.
She died in two weeks. Less than a year later an uncle of my
mother’s, a childless widower who had gone West in his early youth
and who had never manifested the slightest interest in his relatives,
died and left me a hundred thousand dollars. That money might have
been of so much use to me and was of so little! I don’t want you,
David, to run the risk of missing your happiness as I missed mine. I
don’t even want you to go through four years of waiting such as I
passed through. Indeed, I’m determined not to allow it. You must talk
with Katharine and tell her what I’ve said; and perhaps she will come
and let me talk with her. If she does, I shall tell her that I feel—I know
—my Lydia’s spirit is hovering near, watching you and her, watching
you and her wistfully. Sometimes of late when I hold this photograph
I feel again my Lydia’s hand in mine.”
Mr. Dean’s head had sunk forward upon his breast, his voice had
grown dreamy, he seemed suddenly to have forgotten David’s
presence. But only for a moment; he raised his head and said with
brisk and cheerful command that brooked no argument: “So we
won’t discuss it any more, David. Run along now and tell Katharine
what I’ve made up my mind to do.”
After David had left the room, Mr. Dean remained seated in his
chair, holding the photograph, lightly caressing it with his fingers.

THE END

Transcriber’s Notes:
Except for the frontispiece, illustrations have been moved to
follow the text that they illustrate, so the page number of the
illustration may not match the page number in the Illustrations.
Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved.
Variations in hyphenation and compound words have been
preserved.
Page 58: “You can get them at the store in the basement of
the study and went to the locker room to hang Wallace here.”
(printer’s error, and partially repeated on next page in proper
context); changed to “You can get them at the store in the
basement of the study.”
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DAVID IVES ***

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