2023 Atlantic hurricane season

The 2023 Atlantic hurricane season was the fourth-

2023 Atlantic hurricane season
most active Atlantic hurricane season on record with
20 named storms forming,[nb 1] tied with 1933.[1]
Among them, 7 became hurricanes, with 3 reaching
major hurricane strength.[nb 2] The season also had an
above‑normal accumulated cyclone energy (ACE)
rating of 148, despite the presence of the 2023–24 El
Niño event, which typically results in less activity, and
had the most storms for an El Niño year on record,
largely due to record-warm sea surface temperatures
across the Atlantic.[3][4] The season officially began on Season summary map
June 1 and ended on November 30. These dates,
Seasonal boundaries
adopted by convention, historically describe the period
in each year when most tropical cyclogenesis occurs in First system formed January 16, 2023
the Atlantic.[5] However, the formation of subtropical or Last system October 28, 2023
tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year, as dissipated
demonstrated by the formation of a subtropical storm on Strongest storm
January 16, the earliest start of an Atlantic hurricane
Name Lee
season since Hurricane Alex in January 2016.[6] At the
time, the system was assessed as non-tropical by the • Maximum winds 165 mph (270 km/h)
National Hurricane Center (NHC), resulting in it (1-minute sustained)
staying unnamed. • Lowest pressure 926 mbar (hPa; 27.35
inHg)
June saw two tropical storms—Bret and Cindy—form
Seasonal statistics
in the tropical Atlantic (south of 23.5°N, east of 60°W)
for the first time on record. The former made landfall on Total depressions 21
Saint Vincent. An unprecedented stretch of activity Total storms 20
commenced in late August.[1] Tropical Storm Harold Hurricanes 7
struck southern Texas on August 22, and Hurricane
Major hurricanes 3
Franklin made landfall in the Dominican Republic as a
(Cat. 3+)
tropical storm the following day, with the latter reaching
Total fatalities 18 total
peak intensity as a high-end Category 4 hurricane and
bringing tropical-storm-force winds to Bermuda. After Total damage > $4.19 billion (2023
briefly attaining Category 4 strength on August 30, USD)
Hurricane Idalia made landfall in Florida as a Related articles
Category 3 hurricane. In early September, Hurricane
Lee rapidly intensified into a Category 5 hurricane, then Timeline of the 2023 Atlantic hurricane
later made multiple landfalls in Atlantic Canada as a season
strong extratropical cyclone. Later that month, Tropical 2023 Pacific hurricane season
Storm Ophelia made landfall in North Carolina. In 2023 Pacific typhoon season
October, both Tropical Storm Philippe, the longest-lived 2023 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
tropical cyclone in the Atlantic this year,[7] and Hurricane Tammy made landfall on Barbuda. Also that
month, Tropical Depression Twenty‑One made landfall in Nicaragua. With Tammy's dissipation on
October 28, the season effectively ended, as no tropical cyclones formed thereafter. The systems of this
season collectively produced at least $4.19 billion (USD)[nb 3] in damage, and caused 16 fatalities.

Despite the above-normal activity this season, El Niño‑enhanced wind shear prevented most storms from
significantly strengthening. Additionally, the El Niño event weakened the Bermuda High, allowing systems
to curve northward or take more easterly tracks out to sea, as opposed to being pushed westward towards
the continental United States, Mexico, or Central America. As a result, only a few systems impacted land or
caused significant damage this season, with just three making landfall in the U.S.[8][9] For the first time
since the 2014 season, no names were retired this year by the World Meteorological Organization
(WMO).[10]

Seasonal forecasts
In advance of, and during, each Predictions of tropical activity in the 2023 season
hurricane season, several forecasts of Source Date
Named
Hurricanes
Major
Ref
hurricane activity are issued by storms hurricanes

national meteorological services, Average (1991–2020) 14.4 7.2 3.2 [11]

scientific agencies, and research Record high activity 30 15 7† [12]
groups. More than 25 forecasts were
Record low activity 1 0† 0† [12]
made for the 2023 Atlantic hurricane
season.[32] Among them were
forecasts from the United States TSR December 6, 2022 13 6 3 [13]
National Oceanic and Atmospheric TSR April 6, 2023 12 6 2 [14]
Administration (NOAA)'s Climate UA April 7, 2023 19 9 5 [15]
Prediction Center, Mexico's Servicio
CSU April 13, 2023 13 6 2 [16]
Meteorológico Nacional (SMN),
Tropical Storm Risk (TSR), the NCSU April 13, 2023 11–15 6–8 2–3 [17]
United Kingdom's Met Office MU April 27, 2023 15 7 3 [18]
(UKMO), and Philip J. Klotzbach, UPenn May 1, 2023 12–20 N/A N/A [19]
William M. Gray and their associates
SMN May 4, 2023 10–16 3–7 2–4 [20]
at Colorado State University (CSU).
The forecasts include weekly and NOAA May 25, 2023 12–17 5–9 1–4 [21]
monthly changes in significant factors UKMO* May 26, 2023 20 11 5 [22]
that help determine the number of TSR May 31, 2023 13 6 2 [23]
tropical storms, hurricanes, and major CSU June 1, 2023 15 7 3 [24]
hurricanes within a particular year.
UA June 16, 2023 25 12 6 [25]
According to NOAA and CSU, the
average Atlantic hurricane season CSU July 6, 2023 18 9 4 [26]
between 1991 and 2020 contained TSR July 7, 2023 17 8 3 [27]
roughly 14 tropical storms, seven UKMO August 1, 2023 19 9 6 [28]
hurricanes, three major hurricanes,
CSU August 3, 2023 18 9 4 [29]
and an accumulated cyclone energy
(ACE) index of 74–126 units.[33] TSR August 8, 2023 18 8 3 [30]
Broadly speaking, ACE is a measure NOAA August 10, 2023 14–21 6–11 2–5 [31]
of the power of a tropical or
subtropical storm multiplied by the Actual activity 20 7 3 [1]
length of time it existed. It is only * June–November only
calculated for full advisories on † Most recent of several such occurrences. (See all)
specific tropical and subtropical
systems reaching or exceeding wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h). NOAA typically categorizes a season as
above-average, average, or below-average based on the cumulative ACE index, but the number of tropical
storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes within a hurricane season is sometimes also considered.[11]

Pre-season forecasts
On December 6, 2022, TSR released the first early prediction for the 2023 Atlantic season, predicting a
slightly below average year with 13 named storms, 6 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes.[13] Their updated
prediction on April 6, 2023, called for a similar number of hurricanes, but reduced the number of named
storms and major hurricanes by one.[14] The following day, the University of Arizona (UA) posted their
forecast calling for a very active season featuring 19 named storms, 9 hurricanes, 5 major hurricanes, and an
ACE index of 163 units.[15] On April 13, CSU researchers released their prediction calling for 13 named
storms, 6 hurricanes, 2 major hurricanes, and an ACE index of 100 units.[34] On April 27, University of
Missouri (MU) issued their predictions of 10 named storms, 4 between categories one and two, and 3 major
hurricanes.[18] On May 1, University of Pennsylvania (UPenn) released their forecast for 12 to 20 named
storms.[19] On May 4, SMN issued its forecast for the Atlantic basin, anticipating 10 to 16 named storms
overall, with 3 to 7 hurricanes, and 2 to 4 major hurricanes.[20] On May 25, NOAA announced its forecast,
calling for 12 to 17 named storms, 5 to 9 hurricanes, and 1 to 4 major hurricanes, with a 40% chance of a
near-normal season and 30% each for an above-average season and a below-average season.[21] One day
later, UKMO issued its forecast calling for an extremely active season, with 20 named storms,
11 hurricanes, 5 major hurricanes, and an ACE index of 222 units.[22]

In general, there was a wide range of conclusions among the groups making pre-season forecasts. With
regard to number of hurricanes, projections ranged from 5 by SMN to 11 by UKMO. This reflected an
uncertainty on the part of the various organizations about how the expected late-summer El Niño event and
near record-warm sea surface temperatures would together impact tropical activity.[32]

Mid-season forecasts
On June 1, the first official day of the season, CSU issued an updated forecast in which they raised their
numbers slightly, now expecting a near-average season with 15 named storms, 7 hurricanes, 3 major
hurricanes, and an ACE index of 125 units. They observed sea surface temperatures in the tropical and
subtropical Atlantic had increased further to almost record-highs, which could offset increased wind shear
from the impending El Niño.[24] On June 16, UA updated its seasonal prediction, which indicates a very
active hurricane season, with 25 named storms, 12 hurricanes, 6 major hurricanes, and an ACE index of
260 units.[25]

On July 6, CSU issued an updated forecast increasing their numbers, predicting a very active season; they
now expect 18 storms, 9 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes, with an ACE index of 160 units.[26] The
following day, TSR released the first seasonal prediction, predicting a slightly above average year with
17 named storms, 8 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes and an ACE index of 125.[27]
UKMO updated their forecast on August 1, slightly decreasing the number of tropical storms and hurricanes
to 19 and 9, respectively, while increasing the number of major hurricanes from 5 to 6.[28] On August 3,
CSU issued their final prediction, with no changes to the amount of tropical storm, hurricanes, and major
hurricanes.[29] TSR's last forecast, published on August 8, only adjusted the number of major hurricanes
from two to three.[30] Citing record-warm sea surface temperatures, a warm phase of the Atlantic
multidecadal oscillation, and El Niño, NOAA's second prediction, released on August 10, called for 14 to
21 tropical storms, 6 to 11 hurricanes, and 2 to 5 majors hurricanes.[31]

Seasonal summary

This season's ACE index, as calculated by Colorado State University using data from the NHC, is
approximately 145.6 units.[35] This number represents sum of the squares of the maximum sustained wind
speed (knots) for all named storms while they are at least tropical storm intensity, divided by 10,000.
Therefore, tropical depressions are not included.[11]

Early activity
The 2023 Atlantic hurricane season commenced unexpectedly on January 16, when an unnamed
subtropical storm formed off the northeastern U.S. coast then moved over Atlantic Canada.[36]
Operationally, the NHC considered the storm to be non-tropical, with minimal likelihood of transitioning
into a subtropical or tropical cyclone.[37] A few months later, however, following a post-storm evaluation of
the system, it was redesignated as subtropical.[36] No additional tropical or subtropical activity occurred in
the basin prior to the official start of the season on June 1. Tropical Storm Arlene formed as a tropical
depression on opening day in the Gulf of Mexico. It became the season's first fully tropical storm on June 2,
and was assigned the first name on the list. (The January subtropical storm remained unnamed). Later that
month, when Tropical Storm Bret and Tropical Storm Cindy formed, there were two Atlantic tropical
cyclones active simultaneously in June for the first time since 1968.[38] The two developed in the Main
Development Region (MDR) from successive tropical waves coming off the coast of West Africa.[39] Their
formation also marked the first time on record that two tropical storms formed in the MDR during the month
of June.[40] Next, Subtropical Storm Don formed over the central Atlantic on July 14. A long-lived storm, it
later became fully tropical and strengthened into the season's first hurricane as it meandered around the
ocean far from land.[41]

Peak activity
Following a lull in activity, tropical cyclogenesis increased
drastically in late August. During August 20 and 21, four tropical
storms formed: Emily, Franklin, Gert, and Harold. This marked the
fastest time four storms were named within the Atlantic basin,
surpassing the previous mark of 48 hours, set in 1893 and matched
in 1980.[42] Emily formed in the eastern Atlantic, lasting only about
24 hours before dissipating. Franklin moved across the Dominican
Republic, before intensifying into a Category 4 hurricane in the
Three simultaneous tropical cyclones
western Atlantic.[43] Gert became a remnant low on August 22, but in the west-central Atlantic on
regenerated into a tropical depression at the end of the month.[44] August 29: Idalia (left), Franklin
Tropical Storm Harold affected south Texas and brought much (center), and Tropical Depression
needed rainfall to the region. Those four were followed by two Eleven, which would become Jose
more systems during last week of the month: Idalia, and Jose. Idalia (far right). The remnants of Gert,
which later regenerated, are also
formed on August 26 in the Northwestern Caribbean, intensified
visible between Franklin and Eleven.
into a Category 4 hurricane, then made landfall in the Big Bend
region of Florida at Category 3 strength. Tropical Storm Jose
formed in the open Atlantic three days later and remained far from land.[45]

The quick pace of storm formation continued into September, the climatological peak of the hurricane
season. On September 1, Tropical Storm Katia formed northwest of Cabo Verde in the far eastern
Atlantic.[46] After Gert and Katia dissipated, Tropical Storm Lee formed in the central tropical Atlantic on
September 5. It became a hurricane a day later, then rapidly intensified to Category 5 strength northeast of
the Leeward Islands, with its winds increasing by 80 mph (130 km/h) during the 24‑hour period ending at
06:00 UTC on September 8. Lee later made multiple landfalls in Atlantic Canada after becoming an
extratropical cyclone on September 16.[47] Tropical Storm Margot formed next, and strengthened into a
hurricane on September 11 while moving through the central Atlantic.[48] They were joined by Hurricane
Nigel, which formed midway between the Lesser Antilles and Cabo Verde Islands on September 15. Nigel
remained far from any land masses, and became extratropical on September 22.[49] That same day, Tropical
Storm Ophelia formed offshore of North Carolina. The storm moved inland the following morning at near-
hurricane strength.[50] Also on September 23, Tropical Storm Philippe formed in the eastern tropical
Atlantic.[51] Right behind Philippe came Tropical Storm Rina five days later. At that time, Philippe and
Rina were approximately 620 mi (1,000 km) apart, which is close enough to influence each other's
movement and development.[52]

Late activity
After a brief letup in activity, Tropical Storm Sean formed on October 11, in the eastern tropical Atlantic.[53]
Later, on October 18, Hurricane Tammy formed.[54] It made landfall on Barbuda, the second system in
three weeks to do so, in addition to Philippe.[55] A few days later, short-lived Tropical Depression Twenty-
One formed offshore Nicaragua, moved inland, and soon dissipated. The season effectively ended when
Tammy dissipated on October 29. No tropical cyclones formed in the Atlantic in the month of November,
although a tropical disturbance over the Caribbean Sea was briefly designated as a potential tropical
cyclone.[56]

Systems

Unnamed subtropical storm

On January 16, the NHC issued a special tropical Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
weather outlook concerning a low-pressure area
centered roughly 300 mi (485 km) north of Bermuda.
Despite the low exhibiting thunderstorm activity near
its center, the NHC assessed it as unlikely to transition
into a tropical or subtropical cyclone.[57] These
thunderstorms may have developed due to the
combination of the cyclone's position over the Gulf
Stream, where sea surface temperatures around 68–
70 °F (20–21 °C) and cold air aloft resulted in high
atmospheric instability.[37] Contrary to expectations, a
subtropical storm formed on January 16, about 345 mi Duration January 16 – January 17
(555 km) southeast of Nantucket, Massachusetts, with Peak intensity 70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min);
sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h). The system 976 mbar (hPa)
initially intensified, peaking with maximum sustained
winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) early on January 17. At 12:45 UTC, it made landfall at Louisbourg, Nova
Scotia, as a weakening storm, then soon became a post-tropical low, before dissipating over far eastern
Quebec the next day.[36]

No storm-related damage or casualties were reported, likely because its most intense winds remained
offshore.[6][36] The subtropical storm was located within a broader storm system that brought snowfall to
parts of coastal New England, including up to 4.5 in (110 mm) in portions of Massachusetts, with 3.5 in
(89 mm) of snow in Boston.[58] In Nova Scotia, the storm brought wind gusts of near 68 mph (110 km/h) to
Sable Island.[36]

Tropical Storm Arlene

On May 30, the NHC began monitoring an area of Tropical storm (SSHWS)
disturbed weather over the eastern Gulf of Mexico for
possible tropical development.[59] An area of low
pressure developed the following day.[60] The system
organized into Tropical Depression Two at 12:00 UTC
on June 1 approximately 140 mi (225 km) south-
southwest of Cape San Blas, Florida.[61] Hurricane
hunters investigated the depression on the morning of
June 2, and determined that it had strengthened into
Tropical Storm Arlene.[62] Moving southward, Arlene
remained a minimal tropical storm throughout the day
with sustained winds of 40 mph (65 km/h). At Duration June 1 – June 3
06:00 UTC on June 3, it weakened to a tropical Peak intensity 40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min);
depression, six hours before degenerating into a 998 mbar (hPa)
remnant low about 220 mi (355 km) west of Key West,
Florida. The low subsequently dissipated north of Cuba the next day.[61]

Arlene brought 2–6 in (51–152 mm) of rainfall to many locations in Central and South Florida,[63]
including a peak total of 9.82 in (249 mm) in Lakeland.[64] However, this precipitation was mostly
beneficial, alleviating drought conditions along with other rains that week.[63] The remnants of Arlene also
dropped rainfall on several islands in the Bahamas, peaking at 8.5 in (220 mm) of precipitation in Cockburn
Town.[64]

Tropical Storm Bret

On June 15, a tropical wave moved off the coast of Tropical storm (SSHWS)
West Africa and emerged into the Atlantic. The
disturbance became better organized due to warm sea
surface temperatures and favorable atmospheric
conditions. On the morning of June 19, the disturbance
organized into Tropical Depression Three about
1,495 mi (2,410 km) east of Barbados, and
strengthened into Tropical Storm Bret that afternoon.
Gradual intensification occurred during the next couple
of days as it headed west towards the Lesser Antilles.
Hurricane hunters investigated Bret early on June 22 Duration June 19 – June 24
and found sustained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) and a
Peak intensity 70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min);
central pressure of 996 mbar (29.4 inHg). Soon after,
996 mbar (hPa)
Bret moved into an area of increased vertical wind
shear, causing it to gradually weaken as it moved across the Lesser Antilles. Next, during the early hours of
June 24, Bret passed just to the north of Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao as a weakening storm with an
exposed low-level center, and soon opened into a trough near the Guajira Peninsula of Colombia.[65] The
remnant wave later crossed into Central America, contributing to the formation of Hurricane Beatriz.[66]

Bret brought gusty winds and heavy rains to the Windward Islands,[67][68] damaging 17 homes and the
roofs of 35 other structures.[65] Hewanorra International Airport on Saint Lucia reported a wind gust of
69 mph (111 km/h) on the morning of June 23, and officials reported that much of the island's electrical grid
had been knocked out by the storm.[69] Tropical storm-force winds damaged several buildings on
Barbados,[70] including a tree falling onto a home in Bridgetown.[65] The country's Grantley Adams
International Airport reported a peak wind gust of 56 mph (90 km/h).[68] The passing storm also damaged
or destroyed several homes in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, with 50% of the island lost power.[69][71]

Tropical Storm Cindy

On June 18, the NHC began tracking a tropical wave Tropical storm (SSHWS)
that had recently moved off the coast of West
Africa,[72] which became more organized the next
day.[73] Though the system initially struggled to
become better organized, it was in an environment
overall conducive to development,[74][75] and
organized into Tropical Depression Four on the
morning of June 22, while about 1,395 mi (2,245 km)
east of the Lesser Antilles.[76][77] Despite marginal
atmospheric conditions, the depression strengthened
into Tropical Storm Cindy early the next day. At 12:00
UTC on June 24, Cindy's sustained winds intensified
to 60 mph (95 km/h). But later that day and continuing Duration June 22 – June 26
into the next, the storm grew progressively weaker. Peak intensity 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min);
Then, at 06:00 UTC on June 26, Cindy dissipated 1004 mbar (hPa)
about 375 mi (605 km) north-northeast of the Northern
Leeward Islands.[76][78]

Hurricane Don
A trough of low pressure formed over the central Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Atlantic on July 11, east-northeast of Bermuda.[79]
Though the system remained embedded within the
trough and had not acquired a compact wind field, a
well-defined center of circulation developed along with
persistent deep convection early on July 14, leading to
formation of Subtropical Storm Don about 1,050 mi
(1,690 km) east-northeast of Bermuda.[80] Don's deep
convection decreased later that day,[81] and it
weakened to a subtropical depression on July 16.[80]
The next day, while beginning an anticyclonic loop Duration July 14 – July 24
over the central Atlantic, steered by a blocking ridge to
Peak intensity 75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min);
its north, the system transitioned to a tropical
986 mbar (hPa)
depression.[82] Don then intensified into a tropical
storm early on July 18, based on satellite wind data.[83]
A few days later, while moving over the Gulf Stream on July 22, the storm quickly strengthened into the
season's first hurricane.[84] Don remained a minimal Category 1 hurricane for several hours before
weakening to a tropical storm early on July 23, when its structure quickly deteriorated as it moved over
increasingly cooler waters north of the Gulf Stream.[85] While situated about 400 mi (645 km) east of
Newfoundland early on July 24, Don degenerated into a non-tropical low, which continued east-
northeastward across the Atlantic and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone late on the next day.[80]

Tropical Storm Gert

A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the Tropical storm (SSHWS)
west coast of Africa on August 14.[44] The system
struggled to organize amid conditions only marginally
favorable while moving west-northwestward.[86] By
early on August 19, a low formed, which quickly
organized into Tropical Depression Six about 875 mi
(1,410 km) east of the Lesser Antilles.[44] The
depression battled high vertical wind shear,[87] but
managed to intensify into Tropical Storm Gert on
August 20.[44] Wind shear soon increased further,
however, from the outflow of nearby Franklin,[88]
weakening Gert to a tropical depression by the next
day.[44] It subsequently lost deep convection and on
August 22, Gert degenerated into a remnant
low.[44][89] The low eventually opened up into a Duration August 19 – September 4
trough, but the remnants remained identifiable over the Peak intensity 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min);
next week as the system trekked slowly northward into 998 mbar (hPa)
the central Atlantic.[44]

Early on August 30, NHC began monitoring the remnants of Gert for potential redevelopment.[90] The
remnant low again became well-defined, and the system regenerated into Tropical Depression Gert around
18:00 UTC on August 31. Gert continued its rebound, becoming a tropical storm once again about 24 hours
later. Moving north-northeastward, its winds reached 60 mph (95 km/h) early on September 3,[44] an
intensification achieved in spite of strong northeasterly wind shear.[91] However, Gert began deteriorating
several hours later while being drawn quickly northward and degenerated into a remnant low on
September 4,[44] shortly before being absorbed into the larger circulation of Post-Tropical Cyclone
Idalia.[92]

Tropical Storm Emily

On August 16, a tropical wave emerged into the Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Atlantic from the west coast of Africa and traversed the
Cabo Verde Islands on the next day.[93] Over the next
few days, the system gradually organized under
generally favorable conditions. On August 20, satellite
wind data indicated that it was producing gale-force
winds in its northern side, and the center became well-
defined.[94] Consequently, the disturbance developed
into Tropical Storm Emily that day approximately
750 mi (1,205 km) west of the northernmost islands of
Cabo Verde. Around 12:00 UTC on August 20, the
storm peaked with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) and a Duration August 20 – August 21
minimum pressure of 998 mbar (29.5 inHg). [93]
Peak intensity 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min);
However, Emily was soon affected by high wind shear 998 mbar (hPa)
and a dry environment, leaving its center exposed and
eventually devoid of convection altogether.[95] As a result, the cyclone degenerated into a remnant low
early on August 21. However, the NHC continued to monitor the system for the chance of it redeveloping.
The system showed some signs of reorganization as it moved through the subtropical Atlantic, but failed to
organize further and dissipated on August 25.[93]
Hurricane Franklin
A disturbance within a monsoonal trough developed Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
into a low-pressure area over Windward Islands on
August 19, possibly due to a weak tropical wave. The
low quickly organized further, becoming a tropical
depression over the eastern Caribbean around
06:00 UTC on August 20. Six hours later, the
depression intensified into Tropical Storm Franklin.
Initially moving west-northwestward due to a
subtropical ridge, Franklin moved westward and then
southwestward on August 21, by which time it began
struggling with increasing wind shear. Franklin became Duration August 20 – September 1
disorganized enough that it became difficult to
Peak intensity 150 mph (240 km/h) (1-min);
ascertain if the storm still had a closed circulation.
926 mbar (hPa)
Early on August 23, the storm began moving
northwestward before turning northward due to a
break in the subtropical ridge while becoming more organized as wind shear lessened. Around 10:00 UTC,
Franklin struck Pedernales Province, Dominican Republic, with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h).[96]

Franklin weakened slightly while crossing the Dominican Republic and emerged into the Atlantic later on
August 23. After struggling with strong westerly shear and land interaction for a few more days, Franklin
entered a more favorable environment on August 25 and promptly intensified into hurricane on August 26
while turning northwestward. Franklin then rapidly strengthened beginning on August 28, with the storm
becoming a major hurricane that day, and then peaking as a Category 4 hurricane with winds of 150 mph
(240 km/h) early on August 29. However, the system then weakened due to an eyewall replacement cycle
and wind shear from the outflow of Idalia.[96] Later that day, Franklin turned east-northeastward and passed
north of Bermuda. While doing so, the storm's eye structure began to deteriorate due to strong northerly
wind shear.[97] Then, on September 1, Franklin transitioned into an extratropical cyclone about 720 mi
(1,160 km) northeast of Bermuda.[96] Three days later, the NHC discussed the potential for the ex‑Franklin,
then located north of the Azores, to regenerate as it was expected to soon move southeastward towards
warmer waters.[98] Though some reorganization did take place,[99] the extratropical system dissipated on
September 9.[96]

Franklin brought heavy rainfall and wind, causing damage to buildings, homes, and light posts.[100] Two
fatalities were reported in the Dominican Republic, with an additional person also missing.[100] At least 350
people were displaced, and more than 500 homes and 2,500 roads were affected or damaged.[101] Several
communities in the Dominican Republic were cut off, and nearly 350,000 homes were left without power,
and an additional 1.6 million homes were cut off from potable water.[101]

Tropical Storm Harold

Between August 8 and August 10, a tropical wave Tropical storm (SSHWS)
exited the west coast of Africa and entered the Atlantic.
The wave moved uneventfully westward until
August 17, when convective activity increased along
its northern axis, then centered north of the Dominican
Republic. After crossing the Bahamas, Florida, and the
Straits of Florida, the wave entered the Gulf of Mexico
on August 20,[102] soon becoming better organized
amid near record-warm sea surface temperatures of
86–90 °F (30–32 °C).[103] Late on August 21, the
system developed into Tropical Depression Nine about
415 mi (670 km) east of Brownsville, Texas. Moving
quickly westward, the depression intensified into
Tropical Storm Harold at 06:00 UTC on August 22.
Harold strengthened some more before making landfall
on Padre Island, in the Texas Coastal Bend region, at
Duration August 21 – August 23
around 15:00 UTC that day with maximum sustained
Peak intensity 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min);
winds of 60 mph (95 km/h). About five hours later, it
995 mbar (hPa)
weakened into a tropical depression.[102] Early on
August 23, Harold degenerated to a remnant low as its
circulation became increasingly ill-defined.[102][104]

Harold generated modest storm surge as it approached landfall. The highest surge, 2.2 ft (0.67 m), occurred
at San Luis Pass.[105] The storm brought 2–4 in (51–102 mm) of rain to coastal southern Texas.[106]
Corpus Christi received 5.25 in (133 mm) of rain from the system, including a daily record 4.74 in
(120 mm) on August 22.[106] Tropical storm-force winds also spread across the region. Wind gusts reached
up to 65 mph (105 km/h) at Corpus Christi and 67 mph (108 km/h) at Loyola Beach.[107] Over 35,000
customers across southern Texas lost power.[108] The London Independent School District was shut down
for several days due to damage sustained during the storm.[109] Harold also brought heavy rain and strong
wind to parts of northern Mexico, but caused only minor damage as it moved through.[110] In Piedras
Negras, 4 inches (100 mm) of rain fell within a few hours.[111] The remnants of Harold brought severe
flooding to portions of the American Southwest, including Las Vegas, where one person died and another
was reported missing.[112]

Hurricane Idalia
On August 23, a trough of low pressure formed in the Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
Eastern Pacific basin offshore of the Central America
coast. The disturbance crossed over into the Atlantic
basin and began to organize as it moved northward
through the northwestern Caribbean, where a low-
pressure area formed on August 25. The pace of
organization quickened on August 26, with a tropical
depression developing at 12:00 UTC about 45 mi
(70 km) east-southeast of Cancún, Mexico. Later that
day, and into the next, the depression drifted due to
weak surrounding steering currents, with its center
Duration August 26 – August 31
moving in a small counter-clockwise loop. A brief jog
southward moved the depression over Cancún around Peak intensity 130 mph (215 km/h) (1-min);
06:00 UTC on August 27. About six hours later, the 942 mbar (hPa)
cyclone intensified into Tropical Storm Idalia. Early on
August 28, Idalia began moving northward toward the Yucatán Channel west of Cuba, intensifying along
the way. After passing near the western tip of Cuba early the next, the storm strengthened into a
hurricane.[113]

Due to warm sea surface temperatures, low wind shear, and moist air, Idalia rapidly intensified as it
accelerated northward through the Gulf of Mexico, reaching Category 4 strength early on August 30 and
peaking with maximum sustained winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of
942 mbar (27.82 inHg).[113] Idalia's strengthening was then halted by an eyewall replacement cycle, which
caused it to weaken slightly before it made landfall at 11:45 UTC, near Keaton Beach, Florida, with
sustained winds of 115 mph (185 km/h).[113][114] Idalia quickly weakened as it moved inland into southeast
Georgia, and it was downgraded to a tropical storm at 18:00 UTC that same day. Strong southwesterly
wind shear then pushed the storm's convection well north and east of its center as it moved off the
northeastern South Carolina coast and emerged into the Atlantic early on August 31. Around 12:00 UTC,
while about 60 mi (95 km) east of Cape Fear, North Carolina, Idalia transitioned into an extratropical
cyclone.[113] The storm then moved slowly eastward and impacted Bermuda with tropical-storm-force
winds on September 2, as it passed just to the south. Idalia's remnant low then absorbed Tropical Storm
Gert,[92] turned northward, and lingered offshore Atlantic Canada for several days before dissipating on
September 8.[113]

On August 26, 33 Florida counties were placed under a state of emergency (SOE) by Governor Ron
DeSantis.[115] Two days later, the governor declared 13 more counties, including some in Northeast
Florida, under a SOE.[116] On August 28, hurricane warnings and storm surge warnings were issued for
portions of the state's west coast.[117] Idalia caused significant damage across the Big Bend region of
Florida and southeastern Georgia. Thousands of structures were damaged or destroyed and four people died
in storm-related incidents in the two states. Early estimates placed insured losses at $2.2–5 billion. The
hurricane's remnants produced dangerous rip currents across the Eastern United States during Labor Day
weekend, resulting in at least five additional deaths and numerous rescues.[118]

Tropical Storm Jose

On August 19, a vigorous tropical wave moved off the Tropical storm (SSHWS)
west coast of Africa. After traversing the Cabo Verde
Islands, a low-pressure area developed on August 24.
The disturbance struggled to organize until
August 29,[119] when persistent deep convection
reignited over the eastern side of the circulation.[120]
Consequently, Tropical Depression Eleven formed
about 850 mi (1,370 km) southeast of Bermuda.[119]
The depression meandered due weak steering currents
over the next two days, and by August 30, had become
less organized due to westerly shear.[121] However, the Duration August 29 – September 1
shear briefly relaxed, and the storm's convective
Peak intensity 65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min);
bursting pattern abruptly evolved into curved banding
996 mbar (hPa)
early on August 31, signifying that the depression had
strengthened into Tropical Storm Jose.[119][122] Further development occurred slowly as Jose's banding
features remained limited, and the convection at its center was shallow.[123] Even so, the storm's structure
improved markedly early on September 1 as convection near the center deepened and a small mid-level eye
feature appeared, causing Jose to peak with maximum sustained winds of 65 mph (100 km/h).[119] This
intensification was short lived however, and the storm soon began to weaken due to northerly shear from
Hurricane Franklin's outflow.[124] Jose then accelerated northward, pulled by the larger and stronger
Franklin,[125] and was absorbed into the latter late that day about 900 mi (1,450 km) northeast of
Bermuda.[119]

Tropical Storm Katia

On August 28, a tropical wave moved off the west Tropical storm (SSHWS)
coast of Africa.[126] A broad area of low pressure
formed two days later near the Cabo Verde
Islands,[127] and moved to west-northwest through the
islands. On August 31, the disturbance turned to the
north-northwest began exhibiting signs that it was
becoming better organized, and the low became better
defined by the next morning.[128] As a result, it was
designated Tropical Depression Twelve by the NHC at
15:00 UTC on September 1.[129] The following
morning, the depression strengthened into Tropical
Storm Katia.[130] On September 2, Katia's internal Duration August 31 – September 4
structure became better defined as it made a turn to the Peak intensity 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min);
northwest and its sustained winds reached 60 mph 998 mbar (hPa)
(95 km/h) that evening. [131] Overnight, however,
increasing wind shear caused Katia to begin a weakening trend as its surface center became displaced far to
the south of a remnant area of convection.[132] By 03:00 UTC on September 4, far northwest of the Cabo
Verde Islands, the storm had weakened to a tropical depression.[133] Then, late that day, it degenerated into
a remnant low.[134] The low then made an elongated loop and began moving quickly southwestward. After
continuing in this motion for several days, the low made another loop over the Central Atlantic and turned
southeastward before dissipating on September 15.[46]

Hurricane Lee
On September 1, a tropical wave emerged into the Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS)
tropical Atlantic from the west coast of Africa.[47] A
broad surface low formed by September 4, which
acquired multiple low-level bands developing and a
well-defined center on the next day.[47][135]
Consequently, Tropical Depression Thirteen developed
at 12:00 UTC that day about halfway between the
west coast of Africa and the Lesser Antilles. Amid
favorable conditions for intensification, the depression
quickly strengthened into Tropical Storm Lee six hours
later and a then a hurricane by late on September 6. Duration September 5 – September 16
Then, during the 24‑hour period ending at 06:00 UTC
Peak intensity 165 mph (270 km/h) (1-min);
on September 8, Lee experienced explosive
926 mbar (hPa)
intensification, and reached Category 5 strength, with
its winds increasing by 80 mph (130 km/h) to 165 mph (270 km/h).[47] However, increasing southwesterly
wind shear quickly caused Lee's eye to become cloud filled and the storm became more asymmetric,
weakening it back to a high-end Category 4 hurricane.[136] The pace of weakening quickened as the day
progressed, and Lee fell below major hurricane status by late on September 9,[47] according to data from an
evening hurricane hunters mission revealing that the storm was undergoing an eyewall replacement cycle
and still being adversely affected by wind shear.[137]

By September 10, wind shear abated, permitting the new, larger-diameter eye to contract and to grow more
symmetric.[138] As a result, Lee intensified to Category 3 strength once again that same day. Another series
of eyewall replacement cycles led to fluctuations in its size and intensity, but Lee remained a major
hurricane throughout. After tracking west-northwestward to northwestward for much of its trans‑Atlantic
journey, Lee turned northward on September 13, moving around the western side of the steering subtropical
ridge. That same day, it also weakened to Category 2 strength.[47] Then, on the morning of September 14,
Lee became a Category 1 hurricane while approaching Bermuda,[139] which it passed to the west by
185 mi (300 km) later in the day.[140] As the hurricane pushed northward, continued drier air entrainment
and increasingly strong southerly wind shear displaced Lee's convection to the northern side of the system,
weakening it further. These factors caused the hurricane to commence its extratropical transition,[141] which
was completed by 06:00 UTC on September 16. Later that day and throughout the next two days, the
extratropical cyclone made several landfalls in Atlantic Canada before moving into the northern Atlantic and
merging with another extratropical low late on September 18.[47]

Swells generated by Lee caused dangerous surf and rip currents along the entire Atlantic coast of the United
States. Strong winds with hurricane‑force gusts caused extensive power outages in the U.S. state of Maine,
and in the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Three storm-related fatalities have
been confirmed: a 15-year-old boy drowned in Fernandina Beach, Florida; a 50-year-old man died in
Searsport, Maine, when a tree fell onto the car he was in; and a 21-year-old man who was killed in
Manasquan Inlet, New Jersey when the boat he was in capsized and sunk due to a tall wave.[142][143]

Hurricane Margot
A tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
into the eastern tropical Atlantic on September 5. A
broad area of low-pressure with a large area of
disorganized showers and thunderstorms quickly
formed within it shortly afterwards.[144] Shower and
thunderstorm activity within the disturbance become
better organized around an increasingly well-defined
low-level center on September 7,[145] and Tropical
Depression Fourteen formed about 160 mi (255 km)
west of Cabo Verde.[146] Later the same day, the
system strengthened into Tropical Storm Margot.[147]
Initially, northerly shear and dry mid-level air intruding Duration September 7 – September 16

from the southwest made it difficult for Margot to Peak intensity 90 mph (150 km/h) (1-min);
become better organized. These hindrances were offset 969 mbar (hPa)
by bursts of deep convection and a diffluent outflow
pattern on September 9, allowing for some intensification to occur.[148] Margot continued to intensify
gradually over the next couple of days while moving toward the north through the central Atlantic, and a
ragged, but partially open eye emerged from the central dense overcast on the morning of
September 11.[149] Later that day, Margot's eye became more defined and its overall structure improved,
and the storm was upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane.[150] It continued along a north to north-northwest
track for a few days, exhibiting a double eyewall with a well-defined inner core, reaching maximum
sustained winds of 90 mph (150 km/h) on September 13.[151] It then became caught in weak steering
currents by a building mid-level ridge to its north and drifted east-southeastward as it began to make a
clockwise loop. Margot's slow motion upwelled cooler waters and that coupled with large amounts of dry
air caused it to weaken to a tropical storm on September 15.[152] These adverse conditions continued to
negatively affect Margot by displacing the storm's convection increasingly farther from the center.[153] It
became bereft of organized deep convection on September 18, and transitioned into a post-tropical
cyclone.[154]

Hurricane Nigel
On September 8, a tropical wave moved off coast of Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
West Africa into the Tropical Atlantic. [49] The
disturbance merged with a nearby area of low pressure
on September 12,[155] and began showing signs of
organization the next day.[156] A few days later, it
became organized as Tropical Depression Fifteen at
06:00 UTC on September 15.[49] Initially, the
depression had a very broad structure and its deep
convection fluctuated in intensity and organization for
about a day without the low-level center becoming
better defined.[157] Late on September 16, the
depression developed convective banding in its Duration September 15 – September 22

northern semicircle, and became Tropical Storm Nigel Peak intensity 100 mph (155 km/h) (1-min);
early the next morning.[158] Nigel steadily gained 971 mbar (hPa)
strength, and became a Category 1 hurricane on the
morning of September 18, as an eyewall began to develop.[159] However, the strengthening trend was
interrupted when dry air disrupted the storm's inner core.[160]

Later, Nigel's eye become better defined and warmer once again, though convection on the north side was
still being disrupted by intruding dry air.[161] Nonetheless, the system's 50–60 mi-wide (85–95 km) eye was
soon fully surrounded by a solid band of deep convection, enabling Nigel to become a Category 2
hurricane late that afternoon.[162] It then turned northward, moving along the western edge of a mid-level
ridge over the central subtropical Atlantic.[163] By the end of the day however, deep convection became
limited to the southern portion of the band due to a break in the eyewall.[164] Unable to fill in the breach
completely, Nigel weakened to Category 1 strength on September 20.[165] The hurricane's motion later
shifted to the north-northeast, then toward the northeast on September 21, and accelerated, within the flow
on the southeastern side of a strong mid-latitude trough. At the same time, increasing southwesterly wind
shear began causing an elongation of Nigel's cloud pattern, resulting in further weakening.[166] Later, as the
system raced northeastward at 37 mph (59 km/h), its environment became more hostile as the wind shear
became very strong and sea surface temperatures fell to below 68 °F (20 °C).[167] Consequently, Nigel's
winds dropped to tropical storm strength and it transitioned to an extra-tropical cyclone on the morning of
September 22, northwest of the Azores.[49]
Tropical Storm Ophelia
On September 17, the NHC first noted the potential for Tropical storm (SSHWS)
tropical cyclone development near the southeast coast
of the United States in its seven-day outlook.[168] A
broad non-tropical low formed on September 21, aided
by the presence of a mid- to upper-level trough moving
off the Southeastern United States. By late the
following, the low shed its frontal characteristics and
acquired more deep convection and tropical storm-
force winds, leading to the development of Tropical
Storm Ophelia. Early on September 23, the cyclone
peaked with winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) and a
minimum pressure of 981 mbar (29.0 inHg). Ophelia Duration September 22 – September 23
then made landfall around 10:15 UTC near Emerald Peak intensity 70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min);
Isle, North Carolina, about 25 mi (40 km) west- 981 mbar (hPa)
northwest of Cape Lookout. Inland, Ophelia quickly
weakened and lost tropical characteristics, transitioning into an extratropical cyclone late on September 23
over southern Virginia. The low associated with Ophelia dissipated over Maryland on September 24, while
the remnants meandered offshore the Mid-Atlantic for a few more days,[50] until being absorbed by another
nearby low.[169]

States of emergency were declared in Virginia, North Carolina, and Maryland ahead of the storm.[170] Five
people aboard an anchored catamaran near Cape Lookout, North Carolina, had to be rescued by the U.S.
Coast Guard due to deteriorating conditions as the storm approached.[171] Floodwaters inundated
communities and roadways along the Atlantic seaboard from North Carolina to New Jersey.[170][171][172]
The highest storm surge was 3.67 ft (1.12 m) above mean sea level at Sewell's Point, Virginia.[172] Tropical
storm‑force winds, as well as wind gusts up to 75 mph (121 km/h) at Southport, North Carolina,[50]
downed trees and power lines and caused sporadic property damage along its path,[171][173][174] while also
leaving about 70,000 homes without electricity in eastern North Carolina and Virginia combined.[50] Heavy
rain also fell along the East Coast of the United States, with up to 9.51 in (242 mm) of precipitation near
Greenville, North Carolina. Ophelia and its remnants caused about $450 million in damage.[50] On
September 28–29, the low which had absorbed Ophelia's remnants stalled offshore, causing heavy flash
flooding in the New York metropolitan area.[169][175]

Tropical Storm Philippe

On September 20, a tropical wave moved offshore Tropical storm (SSHWS)
West Africa and into the Atlantic. The wave developed
into a low-pressure area by the next day, while also
acquiring more organized convection. However, the
system lacked a well-defined circulation until early on
September 23, when Tropical Depression Seventeen
formed approximately 1,550 mi (2,495 km) east of
Barbados. The depression strengthened into Tropical
Storm Philippe later that day. The storm strengthened
some during the next few days due to warm waters and
light to moderate wind shear as it moved westward,
steered along the southern side of a mid-level ridge.
After reaching winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) early on
September 25, Philippe encountered stronger wind
shear, causing the center to become exposed.[176]

Between September 27 and September 28, the cyclone

nearly stalled and moved north-northwestward before
curving southwestward due to the aforementioned
ridge being replaced by another one and the close Duration September 23 – October 6
proximity of Rina. Philippe's slowed motion allowed
Peak intensity 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min);
for some re-intensification, again reaching winds of
998 mbar (hPa)
60 mph (95 km/h) late on September 30. However,
wind shear soon stripped convection away from the
center again by the next day. On October 2, the storm turned northwestward, and made landfall on Barbuda
at 22:45 UTC with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h), before passing near the United States Virgin Islands the
next day. Philippe turned northward on October 4, and weakened some due to wind shear. The storm
briefly re-strengthened on October 5 due to interaction with a trough. However, the trough also generated a
non-tropical low, which absorbed Philippe around 12:00 UTC on October 6 about 175 mi (280 km) south
of Bermuda.[176]

In Guadeloupe, some areas were left without running water, and 2,500 power outages occurred.[177][178]
The storm also washed out roads, caused mudslides, damaged multiple schools, and dropped up to 16.41 in
(417 mm) of precipitation at Vieux-Fort.[176][179] Floodwaters inundated several homes and vehicles in
Antigua and Barbuda.[178] A fire ignited due to a lightning strike produced by Philippe burned down
several buildings at a yacht club.[176] Off the United States Virgin Islands, 12 people were rescued after a
ship started to submerge in rough seas.[180][181] Bermuda experienced some strong winds and rain but
reported only minor damage.[176] A cold front and Philippe's post-tropical remnants combined to bring up
to 6 in (150 mm) to parts of Maine on October 7 and October 8.[182] Gusts in the state were in the 50–
60 mph (85–95 km/h) range.[183]

Tropical Storm Rina

On September 23, NHC began to monitor a tropical Tropical storm (SSHWS)
wave just offshore of West Africa.[184] A broad area of
low pressure formed the next day,[185] and the showers
and thunderstorms within this disturbance began
showing signs of organization a couple days later.[186]
Moving west-northwest amid favorable conditions, a
well-defined center formed within the disturbance early
on September 28, at which time it was designated as
Tropical Storm Rina.[187] The next day, Rina's wind
field became slightly larger and stronger.[188] But it
only intensified for a brief time before weakening once
Duration September 28 – October 1
again[189] on account of strong northeasterly wind
shear and dry mid-level air.[190] Rina became devoid
of organized deep convection early on October 1, and Peak intensity 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min);
its surface circulation became increasingly ill-defined 999 mbar (hPa)
during the day. Consequently, the system degenerated
into a remnant low.[191]

Tropical Storm Sean

On October 6, a potent low-latitude tropical wave Tropical storm (SSHWS)
moved off the west coast of Africa.[192] The low
became better organized on October 10, and was
designated Tropical Depression Nineteen late that
day.[193] The next morning, the depression became
Tropical Storm Sean about 725 mi (1,165 km) west-
southwest of Cabo Verde.[194] Sean remained a highly
sheared storm into the next day, with its center located
well west of the associated deep convection.[195] Later,
after weakening to depression strength overnight,[196]
the system restrengthened back into a tropical storm on Duration October 10 – October 15
the morning of October 12.[197] Little additional
organization occurred; by the morning of October 14, Peak intensity 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min);
1005 mbar (hPa)
convective bursts became intermittent and fairly short
lived, and the storm weakened once more to a tropical
depression.[198] Thereafter, Sean degraded slowly, lingering for a day and a half before becoming a
remnant low by very late on October 15.[199]

Hurricane Tammy
A well-defined tropical wave entered the Atlantic from Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
the west coast of Africa between October 9 and
October 10. The wave developed a low by October 11
while passing through the Cabo Verde Islands, but dry
air and strong wind shear caused it to struggle to
organize further until October 17. By then, persistent
convection formed, gradually leading disturbance to
organize into Tropical Storm Tammy late on
October 18 roughly 575 mi (925 km) east of the Lesser
Antilles. The storm steadily strengthened while moving
west-northwestward, becoming a hurricane late on Duration October 18 – October 28
October 20. Tammy then moved northwestward and
Peak intensity 110 mph (175 km/h) (1-min);
north-northwestward for the next few days due to a
steering ridge being forced eastward as a result of a 965 mbar (hPa)

trough exiting the East Coast of the United States.

During this time, the hurricane remained very close to the Lesser Antilles and struck Barbuda with winds of
90 mph (150 km/h) at 01:15 UTC on October 22.[54] After pulling away from the Leeward Islands that day,
Tammy weakened to a minimal hurricane while struggling against wind shear.[200]
By October 25, however, Tammy began to strengthen while interacting with an upper-level trough and later
that day peaked as a Category 2 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 110 mph (175 km/h).[54]
Shortly after Tammy reached peak intensity, a cold front to the north,[201] a drier air mass, and an increase
in wind shear diminished the cyclone's convection and caused it to weaken to a tropical storm early on
October 27. Though the storm became significantly asymmetrical, it maintained a warm core. Tammy then
turned eastward along the northern periphery of a subtropical ridge and briefly re-developed more
convection, but degenerated into a remnant low late on October 28 about 470 mi (755 km) east-northeast of
Bermuda. The remnant low opened into a trough over the central Atlantic late on October 31.[54]

Barbuda and Antigua both received minimal damage, though blackouts occurred across both islands. At
least two families on Barbuda had to be evacuated.[55] Among the islands of Guadeloupe, only La Désirade
experienced hurricane-force winds.[202] There were no reports of serious storm damage.[203] Rainfall
amounts across the Leeward Islands were between 4 and 8 in (100 and 200 mm), and storm surge heights
were between 1 and 3 ft (0.30 and 0.91 m).[204] Bermuda was impacted with wind gusts of 40 mph
(65 km/h).[205]

Tropical Depression Twenty-One

On October 20, a broad area of low pressure Tropical depression (SSHWS)
developed over the far southwestern Caribbean
Sea.[206] As the disturbance moved slowly towards the
coast of Nicaragua on October 23, its surface
circulation became more defined and heavy
thunderstorm activity grew more intense and
organized, resulting in the formation of Tropical
Depression Twenty-One that afternoon.[207] The
depression quickly made landfall in Nicaragua early
the next morning and dissipated shortly
afterwards. [208] The remnants of the depression
Duration October 23 – October 24
crossed over Central America and contributed to the
formation of Tropical Storm Pilar in the Eastern Peak intensity 30 mph (45 km/h) (1-min);

Pacific.[209] 1007 mbar (hPa)

Other system
A broad area of low pressure formed over the southwestern Caribbean Sea on November 14.[210] The
disturbance became more organized on November 16. Satellite images and data gathered during a U.S. Air
Force Reserve hurricane hunter flight showed that the system had a closed yet elongated circulation, but
there was not a well-defined low level center. At 21:00 UTC that afternoon, the NHC designated the system
Potential Tropical Cyclone Twenty-Two.[211] The system was unable to organize further due to persistent
high wind shear, and only produced near gale-force peak winds of 30–35 mph (45–55 km/h). At
03:00 UTC on November 18 the NHC issued its final advisory on the system.[212]

Though tropical cyclogenesis was stifled, the disturbance generated intense thunderstorms spreading from
southeastern Central America across a wide swath of the Greater Antilles.[213] The disturbance caused
heavy rainfall across portions of Jamaica, where 24 people were rescued and 14,000 power outages
occurred, eastern Cuba, and Haiti, where two people were swept away by flood
waters and drowned.[214] Heavy downpours also occurred in the Dominican
Republic.[215]

Potential Tropical
Cyclone Twenty-
Two over the
Caribbean Sea on
November 16.

Storm names
The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Atlantic in 2023.[216] This
was the same list used in the 2017 season, with the exceptions of Harold, Idalia, Margot, and Nigel, which
replaced Harvey, Irma, Maria, and Nate, respectively.[217] Each of the new names was used in 2023 for
the first time. There were no names retired following the season, so the same list will be used again for the
2029 season.[10]

Arlene Harold Ophelia

Bret Idalia Philippe
Cindy Jose Rina
Don Katia Sean
Emily Lee Tammy
Franklin Margot Vince (unused)
Gert Nigel Whitney (unused)

Season effects
This is a table of all of the storms that formed in the 2023 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their
duration, names, intensities, areas affected, damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional
and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm.
Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage
figures are in 2023 USD.

Saffir–Simpson scale
TD TS C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
 2023 North Atlantic tropical cyclone season statistics

Max
1-min Min.
Storm Storm category Areas Damage
Dates active wind press. Deaths
name at peak intensity affected (USD)
mph (mbar)
(km/h)
New
70 England,
Unnamed January 16–17 Subtropical storm 976 None None
(110) Atlantic
Canada

South
40 Florida,
Arlene June 1–3 Tropical storm 998 None None
(65) Western
Cuba

Windward
70 Islands,
Bret June 19–24 Tropical storm 996 Minimal None
(110) Leeward
Antilles
60
Cindy June 22–26 Tropical storm 1004 None None None
(95)

75
Don July 14–24 Category 1 hurricane 986 None None None
(120)

August 19 – 60
Gert Tropical storm 998 None None None
September 4 (95)
50
Emily August 20–21 Tropical storm 998 None None None
(85)

Hispaniola,
Puerto Rico,
August 20 – 150 Turks and $90
Franklin Category 4 hurricane 926 3
September 1 (240) Caicos million
Islands,
Bermuda

Texas,
60
Harold August 21–23 Tropical storm 995 Northern Minimal 1
(95)
Mexico
Yucatan
Peninsula,
Cayman
Islands,
130 Western >$3.6
Idalia August 26–31 Category 4 hurricane 942 8 (4)
(215) Cuba, billion
Southeastern
United
States,
Bermuda

August 29 – 65
Jose Tropical storm 996 None None None
September 1 (100)

August 31 – 60
Katia Tropical storm 998 None None None
September 4 (95)
Lee September 5– Category 5 hurricane 165 926 Bermuda, >$50 3 [14
16 (270) Northeastern million
United
States,
 Atlantic
Canada

September 7– 90
Margot Category 1 hurricane 969 None None None
16 (150)
September 15– 100
Nigel Category 2 hurricane 971 None None None
22 (155)

East Coast
September 22– 70 $450
Ophelia Tropical storm 981 of the United None
23 (110) million
States

Leeward
September 23 – 60
Philippe Tropical storm 998 Islands, Minor None
October 6 (95)
Bermuda
September 28 – 50
Rina Tropical storm 999 None None None
October 1 (85)

45
Sean October 10–15 Tropical storm 1005 None None None
(75)

Leeward
110
Tammy October 18–28 Category 2 hurricane 965 Islands, Unknown None
(175)
Bermuda
Twenty- 30
October 23–24 Tropical depression 1007 Nicaragua Unknown None
One (45)

Season aggregates

21 January 16 – 165 >$4.19

926 14 (4)
systems October 28 (270) billion

See also
Tropical cyclones
portal

Weather of 2023
Tropical cyclones in 2023
2023 Pacific hurricane season
2023 Pacific typhoon season
2023 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 2022–23, 2023–24
Australian region cyclone seasons: 2022–23, 2023–24
South Pacific cyclone seasons: 2022–23, 2023–24

Notes
1. The total includes an unnamed, belatedly recognized subtropical storm in January.
2. Hurricanes reaching Category 3 and higher—1-minute sustained winds higher than 110
miles per hour (178 km/h)—on the Saffir–Simpson scale are described as major
hurricanes.[2]
3. All damage figures are in 2023 USD, unless otherwise noted

References
1. Henson, Bob; Masters, Jeff (November 30, 2023). "The unusual 2023 Atlantic hurricane
season ends" (http://yaleclimateconnections.org/2023/11/the-unusual-2023-atlantic-hurrican
e-season-ends/). New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Climate Connections. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20231130154939/https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2023/11/the-unusual-2
023-atlantic-hurricane-season-ends/) from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved
November 30, 2023.
2. "Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale" (https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php). Miami,
Florida: National Hurricane Center. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200620093804/
https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php) from the original on June 20, 2020. Retrieved
November 29, 2023.
3. O'Leary, Maureen (November 28, 2023). "2023 Atlantic hurricane season ranks 4th for most-
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External links
National Hurricane Center website (http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2023_Atlantic_hurricane_season&oldid=1224045470"