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HERBAL BIOACTIVE-BASED DRUG
DELIVERY SYSTEMS
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HERBAL
BIOACTIVE-
BASED DRUG
DELIVERY
SYSTEMS
Challenges and Opportunities
Edited by
RAJNI BALA
Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
REECHA MADAAN
Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
RAKESH K. SINDHU
Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
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This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may
be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our
understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any
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operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
ISBN: 978-0-12-824385-5
v
vi Contents
Faranak Aghaz Nano Drug Delivery Research Michella Dawra Chemical Engineering
Center, Health Technology Institute, Laboratory, Toulouse University, CNRS,
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
Kermanshah, Iran Sanjeevani Shekhar Deshkar Department of
Vali Akbari Department of Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of
Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research,
Research Center of Oils and Fats, Research Pimpri, Pune, India
Institute for Health Technology, Kermanshah Pooja Dey Amity Institute of Pharmacy,
University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Amity University, Noida, India
Iran
M.E. Durgun Department of Pharmaceutical
Evren Algın Yapar Department of Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul
Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of University, Istanbul, Turkey
Pharmacy, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Marc El Beyrouthy Department of Agriculture
Sivas, Turkey and Food Engineering, School of
Md Aquib Department of Pharmaceutics, Engineering, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik,
School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical Jounieh, Lebanon
University, Nanjing, P.R. China Youssef El Rayess Department of Agriculture
Saroj Arora Department of Botanical and and Food Engineering, School of
Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik,
University, Amritsar, India Jounieh, Lebanon
Shashikant Bagade Department of I. Esentürk Department of Pharmaceutical
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SVKM’s NMIMS Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University
School of Pharmacy and Technology of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey
Management, Shirpur, India Mohammad Hosein Farzaei Faculty of
Inderbir Singh Bakshi Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of
Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala, India Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran;
Department of Traditional Pharmacy, Faculty
Rafaela de Carvalho Baptista School of Food of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of
Engineering, University of Campinas Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
(UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
Sevgi Gezici Molecular Biology and Genetics,
Amir Modarresi Chahardehi Advanced Department of Science and Literature,
Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Advanced Technology Application and
Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Malaysia Research Center, Kilis 7 Aralik University,
Parteek Chandel Chitkara College of Kilis, Turkey
Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India S. Güngör Department of Pharmaceutical
Hitesh Chopra Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul
Chitkara University, Patiala, India University, Istanbul, Turkey
xi
xii List of contributors
Herbal remedies have been used for the transdermal, pulmonary, and vaginal
treatment of different illnesses since ancient administration. Various novel approaches
times. A range of bioactive compounds in for the delivery of herbal bioactives and
herbs and spices have been studied for common issues related to herbal bioactive
therapeutic properties in animals as well as such as solubility, bioavailability, and taste
humans. Traditional herbal medicine and could be modified for designing an effec-
herbal bioactives are being used as thera- tive drug delivery system have been
peutic substitutes or as complementary addressed conspicuously. Herbal cosmetics,
treatments to augment existing therapies. standardization, and regulatory issues
The drug delivery system used for admin- related to herbal bioactives are discussed in
istering the herbal medicine to the patient separate and individualized chapters. The
is traditional and obsolete, resulting in students, researchers, and scientists work-
reduced efficacy of the drug. If the novel ing in the domain of herbal/natural materi-
drug delivery technology is applied in als/compounds, polymer sciences, drug
herbal medicine, it may plausibly help in delivery, cosmetics, standardization, regu-
increasing the efficacy and reducing the latory considerations could refer the book
side effects of various herbal compounds. for conceptual enhancement and acquiring
Herbal bioactives can be incorporated in thorough insight into the topic.
various novel drug delivery systems such
as nanoparticles, microemulsions, matrix Inderbir Singh Bakshi
systems, solid dispersions, liposomes, and Rakesh K. Sindhu
solid lipid nanoparticles. Reecha Madaan
This book is a systematic compilation of Rajni Bala
herbal bioactive-based different drug deliv-
ery systems for gastrointestinal, ocular,
xv
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C H A P T E R
1
Role of herbal bioactives and their
formulations in the treatment of
gastrointestinal disorders
Sarabjit Kaur1, Monika Sachdeva2, Hasandeep Singh1,
Arshdeep Singh1, Jaipal Kaur1, Archana Rani1, Saroj Arora3
and Balbir Singh1
1
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India 2Fatima
College of Health Sciences, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates 3Department of Botanical and
Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
1.1 Introduction
There is plethora of nutrients present in the food we consume, and their presence helps to
build new tissues and repairs the damaged tissues in body. Food is the principal source of
energy for the human body; therefore it is of crucial importance for sustenance. Food contains
large molecules that are not easily processed by the body cells, therefore it is broken into small
molecules that enter the cells of body by means of digestion. The breakdown and absorption of
all the food products required for healthy life occurs in the gastrointestinal (GI) system.
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is a hollow muscular tube that originates from oral cavity and
continues to pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and intestines to rectum and anus. There are also acces-
sory organs such as salivary glands, liver, pancreas, and gall bladder, which assist in digestion and
metabolism of food by secreting various enzymes as shown in Fig. 1.1 (Martini, 2001; Moore, 1999).
The primary functions of the GIT are mobility, secretion digestion, absorption, and defecation.
1.1.1.1 Mucosa
Mucosa is made up of epithelium cells, thin connective tissue, and it is the absorptive
and secretory layer of GIT. The goblet cells are present in the mucosa, which secretes
mucus throughout the GIT. The villi and microvilli are also present in mucosa layer.
1.1.1.2 Submucosa
It serves the mucosa and is highly vascular and relatively thick. The elements that are
absorbed and pass through the mucosa are picked up from the blood vessels present in
submucosa. The glands and nerve plexuses are present in submucosa.
1.1.1.3 Muscularis
The peristaltic movements and segmental contractions are carried out by muscularis in
GIT. The muscularis is made up of two muscle layers, that is, inner circular and outer lon-
gitudinal. The churning and movement of food mixes it with digestive enzymes down the
GI tract is carried by muscularis.
1.1.1.4 Serosa
It is a protective layer that is composed of simple squamous epithelium and vascular
connective tissue, which secretes lubricating serous fluid. It is visible layer and is outside
the organ (Chen & Chen, 1989; Ernst, 1997; Kenney, 1986; Scanlon & Sanders, 2018).
The GIT can be affected by various pathological conditions that can impair digestion
and have impact on overall health. Common GI disorders include constipation, diarrhea,
1.2.1.1 Rikkunshito
Rikkunshito is a traditional Japanese medicine that consists of eight crude herbs and is
generally used by the people of Japan for various GI disorders and symptoms related to
respective disorders such as nausea, anorexia, and vomiting. It enhances the effects related
to gastric functions mediated by nitric oxide for improved gastric emptying. It increases
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