INTRODUCTION
For the complex number z= a+ ib, a is
called
the real part, denoted by Re(z) and b is called
the imaginary part denoted by Im(z). Acomplex
number z is said to be real if Im(z) = 0 and is
said to be purely imaginary if Re(z) = 0. Thus
the complex number 0 = 0 + 0i, is both real and
purely imaginary. a + ib is called an imaginary
number if b 0.
Two complex numbers z, = a + ib and
2y =C+ id are equal if and only if a cand
b=d. However there is no order relation in the set
of complex numbers i.e., the expressions of the form
a+ ib <c+ id and a+ ib >c+ id are meaningless
unless b = d= 0.
ALGEBRA OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Let a, b, c, d, àe R, then
) Addition : (a +ib) tlc +id) =(a +c) +i(b +d)
(ii) Subtraction : (a +ib) - (c+ id) =(a -c) + i(b- d)
(iii) Multiplication :
(a+ ib)(c + id) = (ac - bd) + i(ad +bc)
(iv) Division :
a+ib ac+ bd bc- ad
For c+id +0, +1
c+id +a'td
(v) Multiplication by a real number :
la+ ib) =a+ i(b)
THECONJUGATE OF ACOMPLEX NUMBER
Let z = a + ib be a complex number. The conjugate
of z, denoted as Z, is the complex number a - ib,
i.e., z =a-ib.
Thus a = Re(z) =
2
and b=Im(z)=-Z
2i
Let z, z, and z, be complex numbers. The following
results can easily be proved.
(1) z= Z z is a real number.
(ii) z= - 7 z is apurely imaginary number.
(iv) z-zy =Z-2
(vi)1 0
(viii) (2")=(z'", neI
(vi) (7)=z
(ix) f(z)= f(7),f being a polynomial with real
coefficients.
(x) Let z = x+ iy, then zz =x+y. Thus zz
is a non-negative real number for any complex
number.
NOTE: The imaginary roots of apolynomial
equation over reals, occur in conjugate pairs and
hence any polynomial equation of odd degree over
reals has at least one real root. Obviously this is
not the case for the polynomial equations over C,
the set of complex numbers.
THE MODULUS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
Let z = a + ib be a complex number. The modulus
of z, denoted by z, is defined to be a non-negative
realnumber va+b², ie. |z|=va?+b?.

Alternate definition :
Let z be a complex number then lzl can be defined
as (zz)/2
Let z, z, and z, be complex
) |2|720 and equalitynumbers, then
Z= 0.
holds if and only it
(i) Re(z) s|2 and equality holds if and only if
Im(z) = 0 and Re(z) > 0.
(iii)Im(z) sla| and equality holds if and only if
Re(z) = and Im(e) 0.
(iv) 7=|z and hence Z0
(v) l<+z, =|4+|z, P +2 Re(z7,)
(vi) |3-z, l= |z4+|z-2Re(z,~,)
(vii) |z +z, +|z-2, P=2(1z +|zz
(viii) |z,z,l=|z,z,l
(ix)
GEOMETRICALREPRESENTATION OFCOMPLEX
NUMBERS
P(a, b)
Ja +b
Qla, -b)
A complex number a + ib corresponds to the
ordered pair (a, b), which can be represented
geometrically as the unique point (a, b) in the xy
plane and vice-versa.
Thexy plane having a complex number assigned
to each of its points is called the complex plane
or the Argand plane.
Let z = a + ib. Then z is represented as the
point P(a, b) on the argand plane. Obviously
OP= ya+8 |z|. Hence (zl is the distance of
z from origin. Further if Qla, -b) is the mirror
image of P(a, b) in the x-axis (also called as real
axis), then Q is the geometrical representation
of Z. Also note that a complex number is real if
and only if it lies on the real axis and a complex
number is purely imaginary if and only if it lies
on the imaginary axis. For any complex number z,
see that z - z, is the
and z,, it is easy to
of z, from z,, When z, and z, are represented as
pointson the argand plane.
distance
NOTE : The locus of zsatisfying |z| = ,
the circle having centre at origin and
r>0 is
Similarly, locus of z satisfying = , r> 0r.
is
radius
thecircle having centre at z, and radius r
The Geometrical representation of z, t z,
and z, - y : Let P Qrepresent two
numbers x, + iy, and x, t 1', respectively in complex
Argand plane. Join the origin O with the
Pand Qand complete the parallelogram
points
It is clear that the coordinates of the OPRQ.
point Rare
+y,) and hence the point Rrepresents the
complex number (x, +x) +i(y, +y)= z t zy:
In triangle OPR, OR = distance of
from O = |Z + z2|. Similarly OP = lz| and
PR = 0Q=|z,1. Using the triangle inequalityin
triangle OPR, we get OR < OP + PR ’ z, +zl
<lzl+ lz,|. However if 0, P and Q arecollinear
(P and Q being on the same side of O), then
OR = OP+ PR, i.e. lz + < = lz|+ |z|.
Hence for any complexnumbers z, 2 lz tz,s
la|+ lzzl. This is called the triangle inequality.
Iz, +z4| + lz - z| =2(]2,|² + |zzl)
Its geometrical interpretation can now be explained
as OR? + PQ² = OP? + PR² + RQ² + Q02, in
a parallelogram the sum of the squares of the
diagonals is equal to the sum of the squares of
the four sides.
ARGUMENT OF A COMPLEXNUMBER
Let z be a non-zero complex number, which
corresponds to the point P on the Argand plane.
If z = r, then 0satiafies x = rcos, y = rsinb,
where z=x+ iy, and 0 is called the argument of
the given complex number.
The angle of the line segment OP with the positive
direction of x-axis is 0. The angle can also be taken
as 2nTt + 0, n E I. This angle is
called
or amplitude of the complex number zargumen. denoted
by arg(z) or amp(z). Value of 0 having
modulus value is called the principal minimum
argumeni
of z.
Thus for any non-zero z EC, principal
(-n, T]. Obviously a non-zero complex arg(z)e
zis real if and only if numbe
Oor n and it is purely principal argument ofZ
imaginary if and only
principal argument of z is t*.
 Some Properties of Argument -i
Let z be a
non-zero
(1) arg(-z) = arg(2) complex number and n e I Thus, cos =
2
and sin 9=
2i
+ (2n + I)n
(i) arg(z+Z) =nT, z not DE MOIVRE'STHEOREM
being purely imaginary. We define e = cos + i sin).
(iii) arg(z -7)=(4nt1)* z not
real. 2 being purely Let n be any integer, then
(cos0 +isin 9)" =(ey" =eib = cOS no+isin n
(iv) arg Z=arg + 2nn Thus (cos + isin0)" = cos n + isin n, nE I
(v) arg z+arg~ = 2nT This result is called De Moivre's Theorem for a
Method of finding principal argument of a non integer. However if n= P.q¬.¬l,p#0 and q>
zero complex number then
Let z =x+ iy be a given non-zero (cos®+ isin 9)" = (cos +isin )PIq = cos . +isin
complex
whose principal argument is to be found.number, which is one of the values of (cos + isin)P
Let a= tan Now , n , - T + ,
To make this point more clear, consider (-1)/
- O
i.e., allthe complex numbers whose square is -1
becomes the principal argument of z according which are i and-i, for -1 = cosT + isint. Hence
as the point P(z) lies in first, second, third, fourth
(-1)"2 = (cos T + isin )/2 =cos+isin=i,
2 2
quadrant respectively.
which is one of the value of (-1)1/2,
POLAR FORM OF A COMPLEX NUMBER For the other value, we write -1 = cos 3Tt + isin3c
Let z be agiven non-zero complex number, 3T 3T
which corresponds to the point P in the Argand ’ 1 =cos 2
+isin
2
plane. Let z'= x + iy. Then OM = x, PM = y. Let NOTE:De Moivre's Theorem is true for irrational
t= z, then OP = r. Let O= argl),then POM = 0. values ofn also.
Now x = rcos and y = r sin. Applications of De Moivre's Theorem to
Hence z=X+iy=r (cos + i sin0). This form is
Trigonometry
called polar form of z, sometimes written in short as (i) Let n be a positive integer. Then
rcis). Note that (r, 0) are polar coordinates of z. (cos + i sin 9)" = cos n + isinno. Also
NOTE: It is a known fact that
expanding (cose + isin®)" by using Binomial
cos=1 Theorem and comparing the real and imaginary
2 4 6 parts, we get
cos ne = cos"e "C, cos-20 sin?0
and sin0=0 + "C, cos"-40 sin0 -
sin n = "C, cos"-0 sin "C, cos"-0 sin 0 +...
i0. (0)
Hence cos +isin =1++
(i0) t...... "G, tan 6-"C, tan +....
Hence, tan n =
3 1-"C, tan0+"C, tane-....
Also we know that e =lt;2 3 (ii) Let z, =r,(cose, + isin,)
and z, = r, (cos®, + isinl,), then
Hence, ei = cos + isin
Some Consequences of Euler Formula
Let z be a non-zero complex number and let rei®
=Hg(cos(®,+,) +isin(, +6,))
be its polar form. As arg(z) = 0, so Hence |2,2, =r,=lllzl
arg(z) = 2nT +0, ne I. Hence z=reltn) and arg(z,,) =0, +6, =arg(z,) +argz,)
NOTE: (i) Infact, arg (z,2,) = arg z t arg z,
Now logz= logreaim) =logr +i(0+2nr),nel. + 2nTt, for some n E I

Thus logarithm of an imaginary number is not Similarly, arg =argz - arg z, +2nT,
unique. ,-i0 for somneneI
cos 0+isin 9= e cos(-0) +isin(-0) =e and arg (2") = narg(z) + 2kn, ke I
 Using the concept of
get rotation at the point R, we (iii) General equation of a line is given by
z +a~ +b=0, where a is a complex number
and b is a real number. Slope of this line is

If Rdivides PQ 1+À given by Re(a) and its distance from a point

externally in à :1, then it can be Im{a)
shown that z=-Az az t az, +b|
Z is given by
1-7 2|a|
THE h ROOTS OF UNITY
Consider the polynomial equation z" = 1.
The roots of this
COMPLEX SLOPE OF A LINE

equation are n in Ifa line passes through the points z and z, then its
are called nth
roots of unity. number and complex slope is defined as 1 2. The complex
In order to find the roots of z" = 1, we write the
polar form of 1, i.e,
z" = cos 2k + i slope of the line az +a7 is given by -:
sin2kt, ke I
2kT 2kTi EQUATION OF A CIRCLE IN COMPLEX FORM
Z= C0S 2kT
+isin =e n ,keI (i) The equation of the circle having centre at z,
Now if we give different integral values to k, and radius ris given by |z - Z =r
we always get roots of z" = 1, but some of then (ii) The general equation of circle is
be repeated. However, if we take k = 0, them may z7 +z +az + b= 0, where a is a complex
1, 2, 3,
n- 1, then we get (all) distinct roots of z" = 1... number and b is a real number. The centre
Thus n, nth roots of unity are
2ki
e n , k=0, 1, 2, ....., n - 1.
of this circle is -a and radius is
Jaß-b.
(iii) The equation of the circle described on the
2Ti line segment joining z, and z, as diameter is
If we take a=e n, then the ntn roots of given by (z-z)(8-z,) +(z-z)(7-Z)=0.
unity
are 1, ., a',. gn-l,
(iv) |z-z =,>0, 2 #1 represents a circle
PROPERTIES OFn, nth ROOTS OF UNITY
(i) If n, nth roots of unity are represented on the having diameter AB, when A and B divide
argand plane, then they form the vertices of the join of z, and z, in à :1internally and
a regular n-gon having centre at origin and externally respectively.
circumcircle of this n-gon is |z =l, as modulus
value of every root is 1. () arg =9, represents an arc of the circle
(ii) 1+ + a't .... + -= 0
(iii) 1+ a + (a' +.. + (oa) -l = 0, if g.c.d. through z, and z,.
(p, n) = 1. (vi) |z - z' + z - z,' =k, represents a circle
(iv) 1--0a .... "-l= (-1)-l provided
(v) z"- l=(z- 1)(z - a)(z - a).(z - -l)
EQUATION OF CONICSECTION IN COMPLEX
(vi) The imaginary roots form conjugate pair. FORM
COMPLEX
EQUATION OF STRAIGHT LINE IN (1) Equation of parabola with focus at z, and directrix
FORM
(i) Equation of line through the points z and z, a~ +ãz+b=0 is az +az+b|
in parametric form is
given by |z-z|= 2|a|
R (ii) Equation of ellipse with foci at z, and z, and
Z=, t (z, - z,), 1e given by
and z, is length of major axis \, is <z - z +|z-z =
(i) Equation ofline through z, (ii) Equation of hyperbola with foci at z, and z,
-

il=) and length of transverse axis A, is

or 21
lz - z|- lz-z4l| =A.