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The Music Professor Online
The Music
Professor Online
Judith Bowman
1
3
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers
the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education
by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University
Press in the UK and certain other countries.
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197547366.001.0001
1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2
Paperback printed by Marquis, Canada
Hardback printed by Bridgeport National Bindery, Inc., United States of America
Contents
Preface vii
Introduction 1
10. Coda: Teaching in the Time of Pandemics and Other Disruptions 240
I nitial Response 240
Into the Future 241
Glossary 243
Bibliography 245
Index 261
Preface
Since the first fully online music courses were offered in the early 2000s, on-
line instruction in music in higher education has continued to grow, with in-
dividual course offerings in bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral programs as
well as fully online graduate music degree programs. That growth has been
documented in recent surveys (Johnson & Hawley, 2017; McConville &
Murphy, 2017), showing increases in the number of classes offered and the
size of those classes. McConville and Murphy concluded, “We think the next
step in the study of online courses should be a more comprehensive inquiry
addressing specific teaching strategies, pedagogical frameworks, and curric-
ular approaches that are generating successful online music courses in various
sub-disciplines and degrees” (2017, Part II, para. 10). And I had previously
suggested a similar strategy:
now is the time to reconsider the broader musical, educational, and technolog-
ical contexts in which online education in music is implemented; to conduct qual-
itative studies of how people learn in online environments; to investigate specific
strategies for online learning in music; and to direct more attention toward devel-
opment of appropriate instructional models and practical teaching approaches.
(Bowman, 2014, p. 50)
Book Overview
The Music Professor Online. Judith Bowman, Oxford University Press. © Oxford University Press 2022.
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197547366.003.0001
2 Introduction
This book is for instructors who want to teach online; for those who have
been asked to teach online although they had not planned to do so; for cur-
rent online instructors who may be teaching a course in a different music dis-
cipline, for music teacher educators who want to prepare their students for
online music instruction at the K–12 level, for graduate students anticipating
college level teaching, for instructors who are already teaching online and are
interested in different approaches and fresh ideas, and for others who may be
assisting prospective online music instructors.
The aim of the book is to help music professors integrate online teaching
into their current pedagogical repertoires—to frame the path to successful on-
line teaching as the evolution of a familiar role, to showcase models and ideas
from practitioners in various music disciplines, and to provide tools to guide
their course design process. Given the continued growth of online instruc-
tion together with the sudden pivot to remote instruction, online learning will
continue to be a critical area for music in higher education.
PART I
EXPOSITION: THE CHANGING
LANDSCAPE
1
In Person and Online
What’s the Difference?
The Music Professor Online. Judith Bowman, Oxford University Press. © Oxford University Press 2022.
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197547366.003.0002
8 Exposition: The Changing Landscape
The survey report Online Education: Heading toward the Future, published by
the Chronicle of Higher Education (Masterson, 2017), announced that “Online
learning has reached a tipping point in higher education,” and that since its
beginnings with early adopters, it has become “an accepted way of delivering
education that is now deeply embedded in the majority of colleges and uni-
versities” (p. 4). The report, based on a 2017 survey of 1,287 higher education
administrators involved with online education, identifies factors related to the
maturing of online learning: growth in numbers of online courses offered and
in numbers of students enrolled; growing consideration of online learning as
critical to institutions’ strategic plans; increased focus on quality (e.g., Quality
Matters certification); increasingly positive faculty attitudes toward online
teaching and learning, particularly among those who try online teaching and
engage with instructional designers or participate in training workshops; a
sense that online teaching resulted in improved face-to-face teaching; and a
tendency to use instructional designers in light of the different skills needed
in online course design.
For the future, it points to the continued and growing significance of online
education. It concludes with a recommendation to develop communities of
practice “where members can exchange ideas and stories of what worked for
them teaching online and what didn’t” (p. 33). For music professors consid-
ering online teaching, this kind of information from faculty with experience
teaching online in the music disciplines would be most helpful as they plan
and design their own online courses.
the fabric of U.S. colleges and universities” (p. 6). The report is extensive.
It covers multiple aspects of online learning, including enrollment trends,
course design, finances, support services, and organizational structure. As
indicated by the title of the report, online education is becoming increas-
ingly mainstream. Institutions are using a variety of approaches in adapting
their practices to support online education, and online education is likewise
adapting to institutional models. Although there was continued enrollment
growth in 2019, many schools reported stable rather than increased enroll-
ment. Fully online courses and programs continued to be more common
than blended models except at community colleges. Master’s programs were
the most commonly offered online programs, accounting for up to 35% of
online degree programs, with about 40% of master’s students studying on-
line. Faculty were the primary course developers, and instructional designers
were somewhat involved.
The report addresses learning activities in what might be considered a
typical online course. However, it notes that because direct observation
was not possible within the large sample, COOs provided that informa-
tion, and their insights on this topic were likely to vary. Nevertheless,
the findings showed that interaction with course materials (e.g., study of
materials, work on assignments) accounted for 50% of online student time;
interaction with instructors and other students (e.g., participation in dis-
cussion forums, team projects) accounted for 20% of their time; and time
spent with other staff (e.g., advisers) accounted for the remaining time. The
most common online student engagement techniques were assignments
and discussion board posts. Although online cheating continued to be a
commonly cited concern, 70% of the COOs found no difference between
their online and on-campus students; cheating was equally common or
uncommon.
Significantly, the report includes a qualification of the findings regarding
learning activities based on COOs’ opinions, which suggests that information
directly from online instructors would provide more clarity:
Moving Forward
The conclusion of Online education: Heading toward the future contains a rec-
ommendation for developing communities of practice for discussion of on-
line teaching practices and concerns, and the CHLOE 4 report points out the
limitations of its findings about student interaction due to lack of direct ob-
servation. It would be helpful for both current and prospective online music
professors to hear directly from practicing online music faculty about what
works and what does not work in their own disciplines, what pedagogical
practices they find most effective, and what recommendations they might
have for others in their disciplines who are engaged in or considering on-
line teaching. First steps in that direction are presented in this book in the
discipline-specific chapters of Part II.
summer, with the greatest number of courses offered during the summer.
Nearly 90% of the online courses were at the undergraduate level, and most
were lower-division courses.
There was little change from 2013 to 2016 in the courses offered. The
highest number of online courses remained in the subdisciplines of musi-
cology/music appreciation, music theory, music education, and music tech-
nology, with a greater variety of topics as indicated by course titles in 2016.
In contrast to the growth of online courses in these subdisciplines, courses in
music composition declined, and aural skills courses were no longer offered
in 2016, a decline that appears to support the idea that online learning is better
suited to knowledge-based courses than to skills-based courses.
In addition, there was a significant increase in typical class size: from fewer
than 50 students in 2013 to 75 or more in 2016. Because both classes and class
sizes increased, a question about the cause arose and was proposed as a po-
tential survey topic: whether class size increased because the class was offered
online or whether the number of classes increased due to increased class size.
Another change involved the instructors teaching the online classes, with
fewer classes taught by tenure-track and adjunct faculty and more classes
taught by non-tenure-track faculty. The authors speculated that this change
could be indicative of a general change in higher education. Some content
changes from 2013 to 2016 included small increases in online content (6.8%),
recorded lectures, and online assessments. However, there was a substantial
decrease in lecture/online meetings (15.6%) and online office hours (6%)—
another potential survey topic.
The kinds of materials used in online courses remained constant
(e.g., videos, audio examples, website links, slide presentations, and text
documents), but there was an increase in the use of social media and mobile
apps that suggests movement toward more active learning techniques. Course
development showed a significant change in 2016, with more faculty devel-
oping courses than publishers and professional authors, as in the findings of
the CHLOE 4 report. Further, online course development time increased in
tandem with the increase in faculty developers: 84.9% at a year or less, 6.6% at
one to two years, and 4.1% at two to three years, perhaps indicative of the lim-
ited time faculty may have available for development activities.
As a next step in studying online courses, the authors recommended “a
more comprehensive inquiry addressing specific teaching strategies, peda-
gogical frameworks, and curricular approaches that are generating successful
online music courses in various sub-disciplines and degrees,” and they con-
cluded, “Such a study, as well as a continued self-examination of our own on-
line offerings and blended learning course components, will ensure we are
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VI
"Näkyi olevan."
*****
Tähän mennessä oli siis kaikki hyvin. Mutta Helmi jatkaa, että
Nikolain piti kaikesta huolimatta pitää kiirettä, sillä aika kului päivä
päivältä ja pian tulisi se aika, jolloin ihmiset alkaisivat häntä katsella.
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*****
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Ja kysyy:
"Hyvää yötä."
Askelet etenivät. Helmi ajattelee, että taas hänelle tulee uneton yö,
mutta vastoin tavallisuutta tuleekin uni nopeasti ja yllättämällä. Ehkä
yökin oli jo kovin pitkälle kulunut.
*****