Contents:

- How to develop ideas

- Topic: Environment
● Topic Vocabulary
● Essay Topics

I. How to develop ideas:

Theory: Students will have to take notes
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How to develop examples in an essay:

- Global warming should be taken more seriously as it can result in a number of
disastrous consequences. To give a clear example, the melting polar ice caps have
 not only caused a loss of habitat for polar bears but are also threatening seas
levels worldwide.
- More and more women are choosing to start a family later in life. 20% of women
giving birth to their first child, for instance, are over the age of 30 in the UK.
- Crimes should not have the same punishment. Minor crimes, such as pick
pocketing and traffic offences, should not have the same penalty as major crimes,
namely murder and manslaughter.
- Children often learn behaviour from the adults around them subconsciously. To
illustrate, around 50% of children who are brought up by aggressive parents often
use aggression to solve their own problems later in life.
- Parents should be responsible for teaching their children right and wrong. If, for
example, they see their child using bad language, they should spend time
explaining to their child the serious consequences that can result from this type
of behaviour.
- More and more people are leading sedentary lifestyles due to work conditions.
Take for example office workers in the UK who spend at least 8 hours a day, 5 days
a week sitting in front of their computers.
- Example-led: Music can certainly reach across cultural and national boundaries
and bring people together. Perhaps the best example of this would be the Live Aid
concerts that took place back in the 1980s, and which were broadcast to a global
audience. Two live events were held simultaneously in the UK and the US, and the
objective was to raise funds for famine relief in Ethiopia. The concerts were a
huge success, both in terms of the number of people around the world who
watched them and their impact on international public awareness of the famine.
They demonstrated, I believe, that music truly is the planet’s global language.
Practice:
1. Teachers’ guidance is key to the learning process of a student.
2. Firstly, art is an essential subject which children, especially young children, should
learn in order to help promote their creativity and imagination.
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II. Marking Criteria:

- Many people say that the only way to guarantee a good job is to complete a
course of university education. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
- Some people say that the best way to improve public health is by increasing the
number of sports facilities. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
- Some people say that increasing business and cultural contact between countries
is a positive development, while others think that many countries will lose their
national identities as a result. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
- Researching family history or focusing on the present and future generation:
Some people argue that we should do research into their family history. Others
agree with the view that we should focus on the present and future generations.
Discuss both views and give your opinion.
III. Topic: Environment
1. Topic Vocabulary:
Source 1:
Disposal of household waste is a daunting task for local authorities. Towns and cities
cannot just dump such waste and hope it will go away. Household waste contains many
materials and substances which are extremely harmful to the environment, and
authorities need long-term solutions. Efforts to recycle waste are only a partial solution.
Meanwhile, the problem of toxic waste remains. One expert recently warned that the
risks to public health are so great that we may have less than a decade to avoid an
environmental catastrophe on a global scale.

Interviewer: Would you agree that climate change is the most urgent issue facing us
today?
Prime: Definitely. You only have to look at the changing weather patterns in many parts
of the world. It's absolutely vital that we change our ways before it's too late. Parts of
Europe which used to be cooler now experience intense, searing heat', and
temperatures soar above the average every summer. Other areas suffer widespread
flooding on a regular basis. We can't continue in this way without there being dire
consequences.
Interviewer: So what can people do in the face of this irreversible climate change?
Prime: Yes, there is. We can all reduce our carbon footprint by flying less, and reduce our
food miles by buying local produce. Some airlines have schemes now for offsetting
carbon emissions.
Interviewer: Flying's only one part of it, though. Most of the problems come from
vehicle
emissions and power stations.
Prime: True, but there are things we can do about that too. Buy a hybrid car, develop
alternative energy sources for homes, solar heating for instance, and build more
offshore wind farms. Oil supplies will run dry within 50 years. Renewable energy can
make a real difference. And politicians shouldn't be afraid of introducing green taxes and
incentives to encourage eco-friendly design in architecture. With sufficient will, we can
find a solution.
Interviewer: Gary Prime, thank you for giving up your time for this interview.
Prime: No problem, I've got just enough time to catch my flight to Los Angeles.

Source 2:
Exercise 1: Find alternative expressions for the following words or phrases
- Rare animals
- Animal protection
- A situation in which something no longer exists
Exercise 2: Choose an antonym of the words and phrases in bold.
1. Health care is closely linked with the welfare of the population.
A. separably B. tightly C. inextricably
 2. Dangerous wastes deposited by error in the rivers and the dump sites will
threaten residential neighborhoods.
A. endanger B. jeopardize C. safeguard
3. The beautiful, majestic gray wolves, which have been historically
misunderstood and demonized, have been hunted almost to extinction.
A. demise B. vanishing C. survival
4. Environmental conservation generally works in favour of maintaining the
status quo.
A. preservation B. destruction C. shielding

The government and the people

a) What are some alternative words for 'the government'?
- the au.…..
- the s..…..
b) What are some alternative words for 'the people'?
- the p…..
- o..….. citizens
Exercise 3:
1. Which word is different from the others?
A. conserve C. preserve
B. wreck D. save
2. An adjective to describe the relationship between humankind and wildlife?
A. inexplicable B. inexorable
C. inextricable D. inexhaustible
3. ....... is a term used to describe the equilibrium between living organisms such as
human beings, plants, and animals as well as their environment.
A. Ecological balance C. Ecological footprint
B. Ecosystem services D. Ecosystem diversity
4. What is the antonym of 'combat' in the phrase 'combat the extinction of animals'?
A. mitigate B. exacerbate
C. alleviate D. curb
5. Which word is not a synonym of 'wildlife?
A. flora and fauna C. vegetation
B. natural species D. wild creatures
What are the different ways to say 'alternative energy'?
- energy from inexhaustible sources? re……………. (adj) energy or
re.……………. (noun - plural)
- energy that does not contain carbon? ………………….. energy
- energy that does not hurt the environment? ………………….. energy
Based on the answers above, can you guess 3 different ways to say 'fossil fuels'?
- energy can be exhausted? ex……………………….. (adj) resources.
- energy that is based on carbon?.................................... energy.
- energy that negatively affects the environment? un……………………… (adj)
sources.

Exercise 4: Nuclear Energy

Nuclear energy, properly harnessed, can be a reliable source of energy and the answer
to the world's energy c……………… (when we run out of energy).
However, it is often associated with the threat of w……………… (the process of
turning something into a weapon). Nuclear bombs can indeed cause catastrophic
outcomes, as evidenced by the horrific bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
In order to create a nuclear bomb, uranium has to be en……………………. (to create
more). This process creates w........................-g…………………….. (suitable for
weaponry) nuclear material which is the main component of a nuclear weapon.

Source 3:
A. Match

1. Some modern agricultural methods have been heavily criticized,...

2. If you wear a fur coat in public,...
3. It is illegal to kill pandas, tigers...
4. If we don't do more to protect pandas,...
5. A lot of British people are interested in unusual animals,…
6. National parks in Kenya are currently recruiting experts...
7. In an attempt to preserve forests around the country...
8. We would like to carry out more scientific study into rainforests…
9. I don't like zoos because I think...
10. I saw a fascinating documentary about the way animals live in Venezuela and
thought...
11. In order to increase the birth rate, the Chinese government has spent a lot of
money...
12. Hunters have killed so many animals that...

(A)..in many countries poaching is considered more serious than drug smuggling.

(B) ...and rare breeds parks are very popular with many.

(C) ...in wildlife management.

(D) ...the government's conservation programme has been very successful.

(E) …they'll soon be extinct.

(F) ...with battery farming in particular receiving a lot of condemnation.

(G) ...it was fascinating to observe their natural behaviour.

(H) ...on a successful panda breeding programme.

(1) ...keeping animals in captivity is cruel.

(J) ...or any other endangered species.

(K) ...but it is often difficult to get people to fund the research.

(L) ...you risk coming under attack from animal rights activists.

B. Replace the expressions in bold with a word or expression from the box which has
the same meaning.
• unleaded petrol • fossil fuels • recycle (things) • organic genetically modified
• greenhouse • rainforest • global warming • erosion • contaminated
 • environmentalists • emissions • biodegradable packaging • acid rain • Green Belt
• ecosystem

1. In Britain, building is restricted or completely banned in the area of farming land or

woods and parks which surround a town.
2. Many companies are developing boxes, cartons and cans which can easily be
decomposed by organisms such as bacteria, or by sunlight, sea, water, etc.
3. The burning of some fuels creates carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide,
methane and other gasses which rise into the atmosphere.
4. Farmers have cleared hectares of thick wooded land in tropical regions where the
precipitation is very high.
5. Planting trees provides some protection from the gradual wearing away of soil.
6. We should all try to process waste material so that it can be used again.
7. These potatoes are cultivated naturally, without using any chemical fertilisers or
pesticides.
8. This bread is made from wheat which has been altered at a molecular level so as to
change certain characteristics which can be inherited.
9. More and more cars are built to use fuel which has been made without lead
additives.
10. Polluted precipitation which kills trees falls a long distance away from the source of
the pollution.
11. Human beings have had a devastating effect on the living things, both large and
small, in many parts of the world.
12. The gases and other substances which come from factories using oil, coal and other
fuels which are the remains of plants and animals can cause serious damage to the
environment.
13. Don't drink that water! It's been made dirty by something being added to it.
14. Friends of the Earth, Greenpeace and other people concerned with protecting the
environment are holding a forum in London next month.
15. The heating up of the earth's atmosphere by pollution is threatening life as we
know it.
C. Now look at this essay and complete the gaps with one of the words or expressions
from Tasks A and B. In some cases, more than one answer may be possible. You may
need to change the form of some of the words.
'Environmental degradation is a major world problem. What causes this problem, and
what can we do to prevent it?'
There is no doubt that the environment is in trouble. Factories burn 1……………..
which produce 2.…………….. and this kills trees. At the same time, 3.……………..
gases rise into the air and contribute to 4…………….. which threatens to melt the polar
ice cap. Meanwhile farmers clear huge areas of 5.…………….. in places such as the
Amazon to produce feeding land for cattle or produce wood for building. Rivers and
oceans are so heavily 6…………….. by industrial waste that it is no longer safe to go
swimming. Cars pump out poisonous 7.…………….. which we all have to breathe in. 8
…………….. and overfishing are killing off millions of animals, including whales,
elephants and other 9…………….. . In fact, all around us, all living things large and
small which comprise our finely balanced 10…………….. are being systematically
destroyed by human greed and thoughtlessness.

There is a lot we can all do, however, to help prevent this. The easiest thing, of course, is
to 11…………….. waste material such as paper and glass so that we can use it again.
We should also check that the things we buy from supermarkets are packaged in
12…………….. packaging which decomposes easily. At the same time, we should make
a conscious effort to avoid foods which are 13…………….. (at least until someone
proves that they are safe both for us and for the environment). If you are truly
committed to protecting the environment, of course, you should only buy
14.…………….. fruit and vegetables, safe in the knowledge that they have been
naturally cultivated. Finally, of course, we should buy a small car that uses
15…………….. which is less harmful to the environment or, even better, make more
use of public transport.

The serious 16…………….. , however, do much more. They are aware of the global
issues
involved and will actively involve themselves in 17…………….. by making sure our
forests
are kept safe for future generations. They will oppose activities which are harmful to
animals, such as 18…………….. . And they will campaign to keep the 19……………..
around our towns and cities free from new buildings.

We cannot all be as committed as them, but we can at least do our own little bit at grass
roots level. We, as humans, have inherited the earth, but that doesn't mean we can do
whatever we like with it.

Some other phrases: reverse climate change, combat climate change, intense heat,
polar ice melting, rising sea levels, vulnerable low-lying coastal areas, environmental
degradation.
2. Topics:
Topic 1: Some people think that a huge amount of time and money is spent on
protection of wild animals, and that this money could be better spent on the human
population. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
Topic 2: Fossil fuel is the main source of energy. In some countries, the use of
alternative sources of energy is encouraged. Is it a positive or negative development?
Topic 3: Some people think that current environmental issues are global problems and
should therefore be dealt with by the government while others believe that these
problems can only be tackled by individuals. Discuss both sides and give your opinion.
Topic 4: Global environmental issues are the responsibility of rich nations not of poorer
nations. Do you agree with this opinion?
Topic 5: Many people believe that global environmental problems should be dealt with
internationally rather than domestically. What is your opinion?
READING PASSAGE 1

The Research for Intelligence

A In Robert Plomin’s line of work, patience is essential. Plomin, a behavioral geneticist

at the Institute of Psychiatry in London, wants to understand the nature of intelligence.
As part of his research, he has been watching thousands of children grow up. Plomin
asks the children questions such as “What do water and milk have in common?” and “In
what direction does the sun set?” At first he and his colleagues quizzed the children in
person or over the telephone. Today many of those children are in their early teens, and
they take their tests on the Internet. In one sense, the research has been a rousing
success. The children who take the tests are all twins, and throughout the study identical
twins have tended to get scores closer to each other than those of non-identical twins,
who in turn have closer scores than unrelated children. These results— along with
similar ones from other studies— make clear to the scientists that genes have an
important influence on how children score on intelligence tests.

B But Plomin wants to know more. He wants to find the specific genes that are
influencing. And now he has a tool for pinpointing genes that he could not have even
dreamed of when he began quizzing children. Plomin and his colleagues have been
scanning the genes of his subjects with a device called a microarray, a small chip that can
recognize half a million distinctive snippets of DNA. The combination of this powerful
tool with a huge number of children to study meant that he could detect genes that had
only a tiny effect on the variation in scores.

C Still, when Plomin and his co-workers unveiled the results of their micro-array
study—the biggest dragnet for intelligence-linked genes ever undertaken—they were
underwhelming. The researchers found only six genetic markers that showed any sign of
having an influence on the test scores. When they ran stringent statistical tests to see if
the results were flukes, only one gene passed. It accounted for 0.4 percent of variation in
the scores. And to cap it all off, no one knows what the gene does in the body.” It’s a real
drag in some ways,” Plomin says.

D Plomin’s experience is a typical one for scientists who study intelligence. Along with
using microarrays, they are employing brain scans and other sophisticated technologies
to document some of the intricate dance steps that genes and environment take
together in the development of intelligence. They are beginning to see how differences
in intelligence are reflected in the structure and function of the brain. Some scientists
have even begun to build a new vision of intelligence as a reflection of the ways in which
information flows through the brain. But for all these advances, intelligence remains a
profound mystery. “It’s amazing the extent to which we know very little,” says Wendy
Johnson, a psychologist at the University of Minnesota.

E In some ways, intelligence is very simple. “It’s something that everybody observes in
others,” says Eric Turkheimer of the University of Virginia. Everybody knows that some
people are smarter than others, whatever it means technically. It’s something you sense
in people when you talk to them. “Yet that kind of gut instinct does not translate easily
into a scientific definition. In 1996 the American Psychological Association issued a
report on intelligence, which stated only that “individuals differ from one another in
their ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to
learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning, to overcome obstacles
by taking thought.”

F To measure these differences, psychologists in the early 1900s invented tests of

various kinds of thought, such as math, spatial reasoning and verbal skills. To compare
scores on one type of test to those on another, some psychologists developed standard
scales of intelligence. The most familiar of them is the intelligence quotient, which is
produced by setting the average score at 100. IQ scores are not arbitrary numbers,
however. Psychologists can use them to make strong predictions about other features of
people’s lives. It is possible to make reasonably good predictions, based on IQ scores in
childhood, about how well people will fare in school and in the workplace. People with
high IQs even tend to live longer than average.” If you have an IQ score, does that tell
you everything about a person’s cognitive strengths and weaknesses? No,” says Richard
J. Haier of the University of California, Irvine. But even a simple number has the
potential to say a lot about a person. “When you go see your doctor, what’s the first
thing that happens? Somebody takes your blood pressure and temperature. So you get
two numbers. No one would say blood pressure and temperature summarize everything
about your health, but they are key numbers.”

G Then what underlies an intelligence score?” It’s certainly tapping something,” says
Philip Shaw, a psychiatrist at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). The most
influential theory of what the score reflects is more than a century old. In 1904
psychologist Charles Spearman observed that people who did well on one kind of test
tended to do well on others. The link from one score to another was not very tight, but
Spearman saw enough of a connection to declare that it was the result of something he
called a g factor, short for general intelligence factor. How general intelligence arose
from the brain, Spearman could not say. In recent decades, scientists have searched for
an answer by finding patterns in the test scores of large groups of people. Roughly
speaking, there are two possible sources for these variations. Environmental
influences— anything from the way children are raised by their parents to the diseases
they may suffer as they develop 一 are one source. Genes are another. Genes may shape
the brain in ways that make individuals better or worse at answering questions on
intelligence tests.

Questions 1-6. The reading passage has seven paragraphs, A-G. Choose the correct
heading for paragraphs B-G from the list below. Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes
1-6 on your answer sheet

List of Headings

i Low probability triggers unpersuasive findings

ii Understanding of intelligence remains limited

iii Difficulty in accurately defining intelligence

iv People with high IQ seldom fall sick

v An innovative appliance to improve the probe

vi The financial cost of a new research

vii Why an indicator is imperfect but referable

viii Genes mean extra when compared with environment

ix A vital indicator for kids’ intelligence performance

x Multiple factors involved in intelligence

Example Answer

Paragraph A ix

1 Paragraph B

2 Paragraph C

3 Paragraph D

4 Paragraph E

5 Paragraph F

6 Paragraph G

Questions 7-10

Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-G) with opinions or
deeds below.

Write the appropriate letters A-G in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.

A Plomin

B Philip Shawn

C Eric Turkheimer

D Charles Spearman

E Richard J. Haier
F Wendy Johnson

7 A full conclusion can be hardly reached just by the one example in IQ test.

8 It is not easy to exclude the occasionality that existed in the research.

9 Humans still have more to explore in terms of the real nature of intelligence.

10 It is quite difficult to find the real origins where general intelligence comes from.

Questions 11-13

Summary

Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using NO MORE
THAN THREE WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.

Many researchers including Plomin have faced the typical challenge when 11 _________
are implemented. They try to use all possible methods to record certain 12 _________
performed both by genes and environment which contributes to the progress of
intelligence. The relationship between intelligence and brain become their targeted
area. What’s more, according to some researchers, intelligence is regarded to be 13
_________ of how messages transmit in the brain.

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading
Passage 2 below.

The Sweet Scent of Success

A Innovation and entrepreneurship, in the right mix, can bring spectacular results and
propel a business ahead of the pack. Across a diverse range of commercial successes,
from the Hills Hoist clothes line to the Cochlear ear implant, it is hard to generalize
beyond saying the creators tapped into something consumers could not wait to get their
hands on. However, most ideas never make it to the market. Some ideas that innovators
are spruiking to potential investors include new water-saving shower heads, a keyless
locking system, ping-pong balls that keep pollution out of rainwater tanks, making teeth
grow from stem cells inserted in the gum, and technology to stop LPG tanks from
exploding. Grant Kearney, chief executive of the Innovation Xchange, which connects
businesses to innovation networks, says he hears of great business ideas that he knows
will never get on the market. “Ideas by themselves are absolutely useless,” he says. “An
idea only becomes innovation when it is connected to the right resources and
capabilities”.

B One of Australia’s latest innovation successes stems from a lemon-scented bathroom

cleaner called Shower Power, the formula for which was concocted in a factory in Yatala,
Queensland. In 1995, Tom Quinn and John Heron bought a struggling cleaning products
business, OzKleen, for 250,000. It was selling 100 different kinds of cleaning products,
mainly in bulk. The business was in bad shape, the cleaning formulas were ineffective
and environmentally harsh, and there were few regular clients. Now Shower Power is
claimed to be the top-selling bathroom cleaning product in the country. In the past 12
months, almost four million bottles of OzKleen’s Power products have been sold and the
company forecasts 2004 sales of 10 million bottles. The company's sales in2003 reached
$11 million, with 70% of business being exports. In particular, Shower Power is making
big inroads on the British market.

C OzKleen’s turnaround began when Quinn and Heron hired an industrial chemist to
revitalize the product line. Market research showed that people were looking for a
better cleaner for the bathroom, universally regarded as the hardest room in the home
to clean. The company also wanted to make the product formulas more environmentally
friendly. One of Tom Quinn’s sons, Peter, aged 24 at the time, began working with the
chemist on the formulas, looking at the potential for citrus-based cleaning products. He
detested all the chlorine-based cleaning products that dominated the market. “We
didn’t want to use chlorine, simple as that,” he says. “It offers bad working conditions
and there’s no money in it.” Peter looked at citrus ingredients, such as orange peel, to
replace the petroleum by-products in cleaners. He is credited with finding the Shower
Power formula. “The head,” he says. The company's recipe is in a vault somewhere and
is the sole owner of the intellectual property.

D To begin with, Shower Power was sold only in commercial quantities but Tom Quinn
decided to sell it in 750ml bottles after the constant “raves” from customers at their
retail store at Beenleigh, near Brisbane. Customers were travelling long distances to buy
supplies. Others began writing to OzKleen to say how good Shower Power was. “We did
a dummy label and went to see Woolworths,” Tom Quinn says. The Woolworths buyer
took a bottle home and was able to remove a stain from her basin that had been
impossible to shift. From that point on, she championed the product and OzKleen had its
first supermarket order, for a palette of Shower Power worth $3000. “We were over the
moon,” says OzKleen’s financial controller, Belinda McDonnell.

E Shower Power was released in Australian supermarkets in 1997 and became the
top-selling product in its category within six months. It was all hands on deck at the
factory, labelling and bottling Shower Power to keep up with demand. OzKleen ditched
all other products and rebuilt the business around Shower Power. This stage, recalls
McDonnell, was very tough. “It was hand-to-mouth, cash flow was very difficult,” she
says. OzKleen had to pay new-line fees to supermarket chains, which also squeezed
margins.

F OzKleen’s next big break came when the daughter of a Coles Myer executive used the
product while on holidays in Queensland and convinced her father that Shower Power
should be in Coles supermarkets. Despite the product's success, Peter Quinn says the
company was wary of how long the sales would last and hesitated to spend money on
upgrading the manufactur​ing process. As a result, he remembers long periods of
working round the clock to keep up with orders. Small tanks were still being used, so
batches were small and bottles were labelled and filled manually. The privately owned
OzKleen relied on cash flow to expand. “The equipment could not keep up with
demand,” Peter Quinn says. Eventually a new bottling machine was bought for $50,000
in the hope of streamlining production, but he says: “We got ripped off.” Since then, he
has been developing a new automated bottling machine that can control the amount of
foam produced in the liquid, so that bottles can be filled more effectively – “I love
coming up with new ideas.” The machine is being patented.
G Peter Quinn says OzKleen’s approach to research and development is open slather. “If
I need it, I get it. It is about doing something simple that no one else is doing. Most of
these things are just sitting in front of people … it’s just seeing the opportunities.” With
a tried and tested product, OzKleen is expanding overseas and developing more
Power-brand household products. Tom Quinn, who previously ran a real estate agency,
says: “We are competing with the same market all over the world, the cleaning products
are sold everywhere.” Shower Power, known as Bath Power in Britain, was launched four
years ago with the help of an export development grant from the Federal Government.
“We wanted to do it straight away because we realised we had the same opportunities
worldwide.” OzKleen is already number three in the British market, and the next stop is
France. The Power range includes cleaning products for carpets, kitchens and pre-wash
stain removal. The Quinn and Heron families are still involved. OzKleen has been
approached with offers to buy the company, but Tom Quinn says he is happy with things
as they are. “We’re having too much fun.”

Questions 14-20

Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-G.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter A-G, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.

14 Description of one family member persuading another of selling cleaning products

15 An account of the cooperation of all factory staff to cope with sales increase

16 An account of the creation of the formula of Shower Power

17 An account of buying the original OzKleen company

18 Description of Shower Power’s international expansion

19 The reason for changing the packaging size of Shower Power

20 An example of some innovative ideas

Questions 21-24

Look at the following people and the list of statements below.

Match each person with the correct statement.

Write the correct letter A-E in boxes 21-24 on your answer sheet

21 Grant Kearney

22 Tom Quinn

23 Peter Quinn

24 Belinda McDonnell

List of Statement

A Described his story of selling his product to a chain store

B Explained there was a shortage of money when sales suddenly increased

C Believe innovations need support to succeed

D Believes new products like Shower Power may incur risks

E Says business won’t succeed with innovations

Questions 25-26

Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.

Write your answers in boxes 25-26 on your answer sheet.

25 Tom Quinn changed the bottle size to 750ml to make Shower Power

A easier to package.

B appealing to individual customers.

C popular in foreign markets.

D attractive to supermarkets.

26 Why did Tom Quinn decide not to sell OzKleen?

A No one wanted to buy OzKleen.

B New products were being developed in OzKleen.

C He couldn’t make an agreement on the price with the buyer.

D He wanted to keep things unchanged.

READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading
Passage 3 below.

Tattoo on Tikopia
A
There are still debates about the origins of Polynesian culture, but one thing we can
ensure is that Polynesia is not a single tribe but a complex one. Polynesians which
include Marquesans, Samoans, Niueans, Tongans, Cook Islanders, Hawaiians, Tahitians,
and Maori, are genetically linked to indigenous peoples of parts of Southeast Asia. It’s a
sub-region of Oceania, comprising a large grouping of over 1,000 islands scattered over
the central and southern Pacific Ocean, within a triangle that has New Zealand, Hawaii
and Easter Island as its corners.
B
Polynesian history has fascinated the western world since Pacific cultures were first
contacted by European explorers in the late 18th century. The small island of Tikopia, for
many people – even for many Solomon Islanders – is so far away that it seems like a
mythical land; a place like Narnia, that magical land in C. S. Lewis’ classic, ‘The Chronicles
of Narnia.’ Maybe because of it – Tikopia, its people, and their cultures have long
fascinated scholars, travelers, and casual observers. Like the pioneers Peter Dillion,
Dumont D’Urville and John Coleridge Patterson who visit and write about the island in
the 1800s, Raymond Firth is one of those people captured by the alluring attraction of
Tikopia. As a result, he had made a number of trips to the island since the 1920s and
recorded his experiences, observations, and reflections on Tikopia, its people, cultures
and the changes that have occurred.
C
While engaged in the study of the kinship and religious life of the people of Tikopia, Firth
made a few observations on their tattooing. Brief though these notes are, they may be
worth putting on record as an indication of the sociological setting of the practice in this
primitive Polynesian community. The origin of the English word ‘tattoo’ actually comes
from the Tikopia word ‘tatau’. The word for tattoo marks, in general, is tau, and the
operation of tattooing is known as ta tau, ta being the generic term for the act of
striking.
D
The technique of tattooing was similar throughout Polynesia. Traditional tattoo artists
create their indelible tattoos using pigment made from the candlenut or kukui nut. First,
they burn the nut inside a bowl made of half a coconut shell. They then scrape out the
soot and use a pestle to mix it with liquid. Bluing is sometimes added to counteract the
reddish hue of the carbon-based pigment. It also makes the outline of the inscribed
designs bolder on the dark skin of tattooing subjects.
E
For the instruments used when tattooing, specialists used a range of chisels made from
albatross wing bone which were hafted onto a handle which was made from the
heartwood of the bush and struck with a mallet. The tattooer began by sketching with
charcoal a design on the supine subject, whose skin at that location was stretched taut
by one or more apprentices. The tattooer then dipped the appropriate points – either a
single one or a whole comb – into the ink (usually contained in a coconut-shell cup) and
tapped it into the subject’s skin, holding the blade handle in one hand and tapping it
with the other. The blood that usually trickled from the punctures was wiped away
either by the tattooer or his apprentice, the latter having also inevitably painful – a test
of fortitude that tattooers sought to shorten by working as fast as possible. In fact,
tattoos nearly always festered and often led to sickness – and in some cases death.
F
In ancient Polynesian society, nearly everyone was tattooed. It was an integral part of
ancient culture and was much more than a body ornament. Tattooing indicated ones’
genealogy and/or rank in society. It was a sign of wealth, of strength and of the ability to
endure pain. Those who went without them were seen as persons of lower social status.
As such, chiefs and warriors generally had the most elaborate tattoos. Tattooing was
generally begun at adolescence, and would often not be completed for a number of
years. Receiving tattoos constituted an important milestone between childhood and
adulthood, and was accompanied by many rites and rituals. Apart from signaling status
and rank, another reason for the practice in traditional times was to make a person more
attractive to the opposite sex.
G
The male facial tattoo is generally divided into eight sections of the face. The center of
the forehead designated a person’s general rank. The area around the brows designated
his position. The area around the eyes and the nose designated his hapu, or sub-tribe
rank. The area around the temples served to detail his signature. This signature was
once memorized by tribal chiefs who used it when buying property, signing deeds, and
officiating orders. The cheek area designated the nature of the person’s work. The chin
area showed the person’s mana. Lastly, the jaw area designated a person’s birth status.
H
A person’s ancestry is indicated on each side of the face. The left side is generally the
father’s side, and the right side is the mother’s. The manutahi design is worked on the
men’s back. It consists of two vertical lines drawn down the spine, with short vertical
lines between them. When a man had the manutahi on his back, he took pride in
himself. At gatherings of the people he could stand forth in their midst and display his
tattoo designs with songs. And rows of triangles designed on the men’s chest indicate his
bravery.
I
Tattoo was a way of delivering information of its owner. It’s also a traditional method to
fetch spiritual power, protection and strength. The Polynesians use this as a sign of
character, position and levels in a hierarchy. Polynesian peoples believe that a person’s
mana, their spiritual power or life force, is displayed through their tattoo.

Questions 27-30
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement is true

NO if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

27 Scientists like to do research in Tikopia because this tiny place is of great

remoteness.
28 Firth was the first scholar to study Tikopia.
29 Firth studied the culture differences on Tikopia as well as on some other islands of
the Pacific.
30 The English word ‘tattoo’ evolved from the local language of the island.

Questions 31-35
Label the diagram below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from Reading Passage for each answer.
bowl made of 31 _______ burn the material inside to get 32 _______, and stir in the 33
_______
produced from 34 _______ of small trees
produced from 35 _______ of seabird

Questions 36-40
Complete the notes below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

LOCATION ON THE BODY SIGNIFICANCE GEOMETRIC

PATTERNS

36 ________ of male face general rank

37 ________ of male face prestige

Female’s right side of the 38 ________

face

male back sense of pride 39 ________

male chest bravery 40 ________