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Ethics of Transitions
Innovation and Responsibility Set
coordinated by
Robert Gianni and Bernard Reber
Volume 8
Ethics of Transitions
What World
Do We Want
to Live in Together?
Jim Dratwa
First published 2022 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as
permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced,
stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers,
or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the
CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the
undermentioned address:
www.iste.co.uk www.wiley.com
Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the
author(s), contributor(s) or editor(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of ISTE Group.
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Bernard REBER
Introductions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Before the first evening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
I.1. First evening – First story . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
I.2. Second evening – Second story . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
I.3. Third evening – Ultimate story . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
I.4. Beginning of the awakening – Histories found (Return to the roots) . . 27
I.5. The two sources (seeds, seedlings, schemes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
I.6. Far and wide open book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Inter-section 2. Cis-theme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Good that you are reading the book at this stage.
Thank you, I am glad that we are sharing it like this. that way.
Typographer’s note:
This handwritten note, apparently intended for the reader, was found attached to the original
manuscript. It is presented here faithfully reproduced.
Foreword
Dratwa succeeds in enabling the reader to step up and engage with the thought. It
means taking seriously the sense of responsibility as responsiveness, conversation or
dialogue, the matrix of ancient philosophy, and even the style of its oral presentation
in teaching and seminar practices.
This book also has the merit of questioning how we read and what we look for in
a text – and indeed what a book can do. Philosophers such as Gilles Deleuze and
Felix Guattari, for example, have tried to escape the overly organized book, the
“livre racine”. In A Thousand Plateaus, a book whose editorial form has challenged
many, the authors want to free us from the paradigm of simplification and oppose it
with the figure of the rhizome, underground stem, bulb, tuber, which obeys a
principle of connection and heterogeneity, multiplicity, vanishing line. Their
criticism of considering books as instruments of deterministic thinking thus leads to
imagining other forms of organization of knowledges. To a certain extent, hypertext
meets this expectation and may appear to be a more appropriate medium for
complex thinking than most classic books.
Jim Dratwa proposes a book that liberates as much as it makes available, as the
etymology of the word livre reminds us. It is a book that binds and opens.
Combining multiplicity and coherence, this book is polymathic, the work of a
polymath: senior European public servant and engaged intellectual, physicist and
philosopher, award-winning game author and artist, activist for peace and social
justice, professor of political philosophy and also of game design and game studies.
The text is carefully helpfully marked out and so are the different levels of
interpretation, yet his book does not leave you untroubled and impassible, it is the
opposite of a frozen museum in which the route would be imposed and all would be
fossilized. The reflection on form also forms the reflection. Mallarmé said that a
book does not end and Hugo claimed that form is the content rising to the top. The
present project is part of this perspective. It does not only explain how transforming
the world calls on developing relations (conviviality and narrations), it also nurtures
this and performatively brings it about.
This concern for intertextuality and dialogue, which leads Jim Dratwa and allows
him to achieve feats of minstrelsy and acuteness, is also highly apropos with regard
to ethics, as evoked in the erstwhile subtitle of this book of many layers: Ethics to
Europe, echoing Aristotle’s Ethics to Nicomachus. Indeed, Europe here is not only
the European Union, whose institutional machinery the author knows so well,
especially in matters of ethics, environment and innovation, but it is also the
mythological figure, along with its questions beyond bounds. Ethics is first and
foremost a questioning. Jim Dratwa takes this up unfailingly through the text, also
by calling upon the reader. For him it is up to everyone, alone or together, to reflect
on these questions. And it is therefore incumbent to offer the reader thought
experiments that open up these spaces of possibilities.
How to delineate and to further the Ethics of Transitions, such a vast and crucial
challenge. He could have chosen an abstract philosophical style or, as senior
European civil servant, the cold style of reports and gray literature. Rather, he offers
a writing that is not an obstacle for those who are not necessarily accustomed to
Foreword 3
philosophical texts. Sometimes lyrical, very colorful, always attentive, he brings the
readers on a journey of individual and collective reflection and transition. To be
clear, for Dratwa philosophy is a practice of questioning and of inquiry, reflexivity
and reference, perplexity and creation of concepts. It is even a cutting-edge
technology, a hard science, a precision technique. With this high standard,
remarkable care is taken to accompany the reader on this eventful voyage.
One of the key questions traversing this book is indeed how to think about ethics,
innovation and democracy in other ways; how to think differently about “living-
one’s-values” and “making-world-together”. This book traces an ethical and thus
political gesture of overturning of narratives and of questioning of relationships and
forms of engagement. Ethics of Transitions.
May the publisher who made available to all a text as demanding as it is original
be thanked as well.
Bernard REBER
Research Director, CNRS
Centre de recherches politiques
Sciences Po Paris
1. See notably (Pellé and Reber 2016a, 2016b); (Grunwald 2016); (Maesschalck 2017);
(Lenoir 2018); (Reber 2016); respectively.
Introductions
This book is about the future, about alternative futures. More specifically, this
book on ethics and innovation is about the ways in which futures are made – and
made to come to pass. What world do we want to live in together? That is its
principal question.
Open your eyes, look around you, lo and behold, all around. And look inside too.
We are the authors of the worlds we live in. With what we invent, that which we say
and feel, that which we craft and share, what we accept and reject, with our dreams
and questions, with the how and why of what we do and who we are, alone and
together. That is how worlds1 are made.
But wait, it is not just us, some of this was built before our time. Yes, it was.
The Talmud recounts this encounter that Khoni HaMe’agel had2. One day as he
was walking along the road, he saw a man planting a carob tree. Khoni said to him:
1. As I write to you, it is this book that gets progressively written. As I type the sentence
above, the word processing software underlines the word “worlds”, underscoring and
warning: surely you mean world, for there can be only one. It couldn’t be any other way. Oh
but it could. It is. Worlds.
2. This is the Babylonian Talmud (Tractate Ta’anit, 23a), compiled around the fifth century,
and Khoni the Circle-Drawer, a sage of the first century BCE. Having good encounters,
stopping on the way, talking to the other, sharing one’s perplexity, asking questions,
recounting and being recounted; preliminary figures of wisdom.
6 Ethics of Transitions
“This tree, in how many years will it bear fruit?” “It will not produce fruit until
seventy years have passed,” the man replied. Khoni asked him: “Do you plan to live
another seventy years, to expect to enjoy this tree?” The man shook his head: “When
I was born, I found a world full of carob trees. Like my ancestors had planted for me,
I plant for those who are to come.”
Let us hear the call and questions of the child to come, of the people to come.
What have you done? What stories are you leaving us? And what worlds.
In quest of Europe
“The European ideal touches the very foundations of European society.
It is about values, and I underline this word: values.”
The European Union – the European project – was founded on the burning ashes
of the Second World War. From a painful past it was to build a better future. From
terrible divisions, it was to build togetherness, to build a community. It is a project
of peace, progress and solidarity. In the words of its founding figures, in the texts
that have established and re-established the Union, as well as in its concrete
achievements and self-image, developed over the past seven decades, such is the
founding story – amply woven with values – of the European integration project.
How, then, do values affect political projects? How is the future reflected and
shaped? What is the place of science and technology and innovation in this regard?
And what about Europe? And so: What ethics of transitions?
In this book we will address these questions and question these stories.
Another thesis developed in the book is that ethics – with the tangle of paradoxes
that weave it and which will be explained over the course of the book – rests on...
stories.
Stories: powerful, enthralling, even dangerous devices which, like an incantation or
anointment, like the seal and wax, trace or close off or cover the foundations.
To thwart this fate, to ward off adversity, to enter together into this edifice, partly
buried, collapsed, petrified and perennial, we will therefore also have to mobilize...
stories.
Retrace, reweave, reinvest, reinvite and reinvent the matricial threads.
How to think ethics and innovation and democracy differently; how to think
differently about living-one’s-values and making-world-together. It is a matter here
of discerning, drawing and deploying new (old) resources to rethink the relationship
with the self, with the other and with the world.
Another life is possible, and another Europe, and another world.
It is up to us to invent it3.
3. Wait a minute. Did I use an “us”, a “we”? Yes. Yes that is clearly what just happened!
Well, this can indeed happen... But, anytime it does, it is important to stop for a moment and
to think about who or what is in the “we”.
Two clarifications need to be made from the outset: as to the we and as to participation in the
choices.
(1) The “we” traces a vast field of possibilities, modular and uncertain, extending somewhere
between the locutor (or the scriptor, the one who expresses) and all the possible entities and
relationships. The construction of this “we” is the research question that underlies this book.
No conclusion before the inquiry, but these two invitations, these two exhortations now. What
would happen if you asked yourself the question, every time you are in front of a “we”: Who
is in this we? and who is out, and how is this in-or-out established? Furthermore, what would
happen if you asked the question, every time you are in a situation of “choices” (or of
“ethics”, of “politics”, of “democracy”, of representation, of participation, of deliberation):
where are the others?
(2) “It’s up to you to choose” (or perhaps even more formidable: “it’s up to us”) evokes for
me the electoral advertising slogan of the conglomerate to be reinstated in a totalitarian
democracy with a single party. Or the end-user license agreement at the bottom of which you
must give your consent – click and check the small box – to be able to open your parachute
when jumping from a falling plane. The question of choice (choice of life, choice of society,
choice of world) is at the heart of this book. Forced choices or real choices? Who is it exactly
that frames and participates in these choices? It may be that the choices have been taken out
(out of scope, out of reach), abducted. It may be that they are nevertheless recoverable. This
book investigates this abduction and partakes in this recovery. To be continued.
8 Ethics of Transitions
In Transitions
“This generation wants to move fast – and they are right. Because in front of us
are the major twin ecological and digital transitions.”
The central thesis of this book is that we can – and ought to – change the world.
Building on a questioning of the values it incorporates and holds over.
Values are baked into everything. One can neither act nor govern, nor design nor
innovate, without them. No narratives evolve, no decisions are taken, no
technologies are developed without values shaping them, whether wittingly or
unwittingly, explicitly or implicitly.
From pacifiers to plasticisers, from the Plantagenets to the Plantation, from Europa
to the European project, from what has come to pass to what is to come, for all that
bears in some way or other the human touch, for constitutions, for institutions, for
lands, atmospheres, ecosystems, for devices, processes, events, relations, you name
it.
The world is “under construction”. It is full of stuff – such stuff as dreams are made
on – and this stuff is full of values… But how to decides what values – shaping and
shaped in return – ought to go in?
What if values were not for some small group to decide in everyone else’s stead?
What if these considerations – what values, what world – were neither left undone
nor left to a happy few, but open instead to a wide societal deliberation?
To summarize the above in the most succinct form: how can the ought be
related – not as an afterthought, not as a dogma, but as an ongoing question – to the
is?
And to be clear: no need to be in the midst of a catastrophe or for it to lie in wait, on
the brink of the abyss or in a post-apocalyptic aftermath, on a desert island disc or
on a newly reached planet, to “build (back) better”!
What is more, while environmental and digital are the order of the day, the
necessary transition is also social, political, conceptual, individual as well as
collective.
Further, we will discover that at the heart of the notion of transition is the question
of democracy alongside the question of innovation.
But first, wait a moment, what is Transition in the first place?
Deep down, all contemporary mobilizations of the notion of transition have this
in common: the realization that a past state is problematic and would – without
intervention – lead to a problematic future state. That is to say: change is needed.
The epigraph of this section also draws attention to the sens de l’histoire ; it draws
attention to the question of temporalities (and of related ascriptions of ordering and
of pace), which further down we will unpack as constitutive of the notion of
transition.
It is interesting to think of Transition as the answer to the “evolution or revolution?”
conundrum. At bottom, Transition denotes a profound transformation, with a
particular attention to the question of coexistence, to the question of interweaved
temporalities, or simply put: a particular attention to what happens between
the “before” and the “after”.
Thinking in Transition.
10 Ethics of Transitions
Thinking over the course of stories and through them does not mean advancing a
point of view – or “making points”, demonstrating, persuading – with implacable
argumentative machinery.
It is not a mathematical construction or a Death Star or a game of chess. It is more of
a good meal, a campfire with its evening gathering and songs, a forest trek. It is a
INNER PROLOGUE
Hello, my name is Estella, I have just been recruited to an artificial intelligence
research center to work with other colleagues in the humanities, social sciences
and natural sciences, with doctors and engineers, to develop a robot with values,
a robot endowed with universal values. Well, it is a little more specific than that in
principle, the work has European funding and the robot is supposed to be
designed with European values. It is a challenge and an opportunity, that’s what
they said. It will be a perfect mix of continuity and change, of tradition and
innovation. It sounds good, it’s got a nice ring to it. Or maybe hollow, maybe it
just doesn’t ring true. I like traveling, chocolate, gastronomy and good food. I like
people, forests, landscapes. That’s it, I’ve unpacked everything for you in one go,
that’s because I need to know, to know if you can help me.
The sun was only just beginning to rise and Estella was only just leaving her
house when she realized she didn’t know Professor Smith’s exact address. The
message indicated a rendezvous at ten o’clock at Liberty Square. Well then, that is
where she would go. On her way she was playing out in her mind what she would
say to the professor.
When she arrived at the edge of the square, in the middle of the central area,
between the statue and the fountain, she saw a silhouette draped in red that seemed
to gesticulate in her direction.
A few more steps and Estella recognized the professor’s face, looking like the
pictures she had found online. They greeted each other and then settled side by
side on a public bench right there.
So then, it was our dear doctor who suggested that we meet.
In response to this mention of their mutual friend, Estella explained to Professor
Smith her situation, her arrival, her new project, her aspirations and her doubts.
Introductions 11
Same here, I also love chocolate, interrupted the professor, glad to be able to
squeeze in a warm smile. You can simply call me Sophy.
The sun was high enough in the sky now and it was casting shafts of light straight
into the eyes of Estella, who changed position and placed herself in the shadow of
her older companion.
Estella: You see professor, all in all that is my problem, I ask myself a lot of
questions, I don’t know how to do to do things right!
Sophy: I know, I see, yes, I am familiar with this. “Science without conscience is
but the ruin of the soul”, warns Rabelais.
Estella: Right, that’s just it. For me it’s a question of responsibility. Research and
innovation are inseparable from moral questions, I am acutely conscious of that,
but I know nothing about all this.
Sophy: Don’t worry, Estella, between us let me tell you what matters most: you
have it all within you!
Estella: In me, I don’t know, but in you, surely, yes: if I understood correctly, you
participate as an expert in research ethics reviews for international
organizations?
Sophy: That’s right. For me it’s second nature.
Estella: But how can I go about this?
Sophy: For ethics, it is simple, clear and precise: it is a grid with checkboxes.
Does this research involve children? Animals? Human embryonic stem cells, and
so on? And then, if necessary, participants in the experiment must give their “free
and informed consent”. Well, there you go, I am glad I was able to address that
12 Ethics of Transitions
a poiesis, upon creating. Creating and thinking that which is created. It is a book of
interactive fiction, a “book of which you are the hero”.
What does the inquiry pertain to? What is the research question? In sum, what is
the book talking about?
About our relationship to ourselves, to others and to the world.
It talks by asking questions:
How do we live by our values? What is a good life?
What world do we want to live in together?
What is the “we” and what about the others?
The two experiments we will examine in this book are the European project
and the ethics project. This is what underlies the architecture of the book in its
entirety; following the introductions, we explore the ethics project, then the
concern. No need for more information here. There is a user guide with
instructions and you can also find all the answers on Wikipedia.
Estella: The answers, okay, but what about the questions?
Sophy: What I am offering you here on a silver platter is precisely how to do it
right, fast and well, how to avoid giving rise to questions.
Estella: But values, responsible research, the future, Europe, the world, all the
possible paths?
Sophy: What I am offering you here is morality and responsibility ready-made,
plug-and-play. In other words: how to get the process done without any issues,
pains or complications.
Estella: I understand and I am very grateful, but how can I say this... Would you
agree to guide me through these issues, this pain, these complications?
Sophy: Well… Very well.
Estella saw Sophy Smith’s moue, her air of vexed or resigned disappointment,
turning into a sort of glow, of softness, as if at the evocation of a distant place or
of a loved one too soon departed.
Sophy: You know, Estella, deep down, all this bodes well. I thought I would tell
you quickly how to quickly proceed; satisfying you with a user guide. But it’s
good, you remind me of the time of yore...cultivating the questions. The good old
Introductions 13
On the one hand, the European project: project of peace and fraternity,
confronted with the trials of sovereignty and solidarity, with the trials of
constructions of stories and of constructions of “we”.
On the other hand, the ethical project: project of “our common values” and of the
incommensurability of pluralities, project of universality confronted with the
singular experience of living and thinking.
The book offers a reflection on the nature of the good and on the values in the
world.
The book offers a reflection on the relationship to stories and histories, on
experiments of thought and of life.
Thus the book invites particular forms of introspection. That being so, this manual
of perplexity is also a philosophical essay and novel, a joint work of fiction. Talking
of stories, yes, but not without living and recounting them.
Percentage of CO2.
Buckwheat (Polygonum fagopyrum) 80
Alfalfa (Mendicago Sativa) 70–80
Clover (Trifolium pratense) 70–80
Meadow grass 70–80
Indian corn (Zea Maïs) 70–80
Spurry (Spergula arvensis) 70–80
Hay of alfalfa or clover 70–80
Oats with cut straw 70–80
Yellow Lupin (Lupinus luteus) 60–70
Vetch (Vicia sativa) 60–70
Oats cut green 60–70
Potato tops 60–70
Potatoes 60–70
Meadow hay 60–70
Leaves of beet 50–60
Leaves of radish 50–60
Cabbage 40–50
The marsh gas varied from 16 to 39 per cent., being especially
abundant in cases of abstinence. It should, therefore, be in large
amount in the tympanies which accompany febrile and other chronic
affections. Hydrogen sulphide was found only in traces, recognizable
by blackening paper saturated with acetate of lead. Oxygen and
nitrogen were in small amount and were attributed to air swallowed
with the food. In the work of fermentation the oxygen may be
entirely used up.
Lesions. These are in the main the result of compression of the
different organs, by the overdistended rumen. Rupture of the rumen
is frequent. The abdominal organs are generally bloodless, the liver
and spleen shrunken and pale, though sometimes the seat of
congestion or even hemorrhage. Ecchymoses are common on the
peritoneum. The right heart and lungs are gorged with black blood,
clotted loosely, and reddening on exposure. The right auricle has
been found ruptured. Pleura, pericardium and endocardium are
ecchymotic. The capillary system of the skin, and of the brain and its
membranes, is engorged, with, in some instances, serous
extravasations.
Prevention. This would demand the avoidance or correction of all
those conditions which contribute to tympany. In fevers and
extensive inflammations, when rumination is suspended, the diet
should be restricted in quantity and of materials that are easily
digested (well boiled gruels, bran mashes, pulped roots, etc.,) and all
bulky, fibrous and fermentescible articles must be proscribed. In
weak conditions in which tympany supervenes on every meal, a
careful diet may be supplemented by a course of tonics, carminatives
and antiseptics such as fœungrec oxide of iron, hyposulphite of soda
and common salt, equal parts, nux vomica 2 drs. to every 1 ℔. of the
mixture. Dose 1 oz. daily in the food, or ½ oz. may be given with each
meal.
Musty grain and fodder should be carefully avoided, also
mowburnt hay, an excess of green food to which the stock is
unaccustomed, clover after a moderate shower, or covered with dew
or hoarfrost, frosted beet, turnip, or potato tops, frosted potatoes,
turnips or apples, also ryegrass, millet, corn, vetches, peas with the
seeds fairly matured but not yet fully hardened. When these
conditions cannot be altogether avoided, the objectionable ration
should be allowed only in small amount at one time and in the case
of pasturage the stock should have a fair allowance of grain or other
dry feed just before they are turned out. Another precaution is to
keep the stock constantly in motion so that they can only take in
slowly and in small quantity the wet or otherwise dangerous aliment.
When it becomes necessary to make an extreme transition from
one ration to another, and especially from dry to green food,
measures should be taken to make the change slowly, by giving the
new food in small quantities at intervals, while the major portion of
the diet remains as before, until the fæces indicate that the
superadded aliment has passed through the alimentary canal.
Another method is to mix the dry and green aliments with a daily
increasing allowance of the latter. Some have avoided the morning
dew and danger of fermentation by cutting the ration for each
succeeding day the previous afternoon and keeping it in the interval
under cover.
Treatment. Various simple mechanical resorts are often effective
in dispelling the tympany. Walking the animal around will
sometimes lead to relaxation of the tension of the walls of the
demicanal and even to some restoration of the movements of the
rumen with more or less free eructation of gas. The dashing of a
bucket of cold water on the left side of the abdomen sometimes
produces a similar result. Active rubbing or even kneading of the left
flank will sometimes lead to free belching of gas. The same may be at
times secured by winding a rope several times spirally round the
belly and then twisting it tighter by the aid of a stick in one of its
median turns.
A very simple and efficient resort is to place in the mouth a block
of wood 2½ to 3 inches in diameter and secured by a rope carried
from each end and tied behind the horns or ears. This expedient
which is so effective in preventing or relieving dangerous tympany in
choking appears to act by inducing movements of mastication, and
sympathetic motions of the œsophagus, demicanal and rumen. It not
only determines free discharge of gas by the mouth, but it absolutely
prevents any accession of saliva or air to the stomach by rendering
deglutition difficult or impossible. A similar effect can be obtained
from forcible dragging on the tongue but it is difficult to keep this up
so as to have the requisite lasting effect. Still another resort is to
rouse eructation by the motions of a rope introduced into the fauces.
The passing of a hollow probang into the rumen is very effective as
it not only secures a channel for the immediate escape of the gas, but
it also stimulates the demicanal and rumen to a continuous
eructation and consequent relief. Friedberger and Fröhner advise
driving the animals into a bath of cold water.
Of medicinal agents applicable to gastric tympany the best are
stimulants, antiseptics and chemical antidotes. Among stimulants
the alkaline preparations of ammonia hold a very high place. These,
however, act not as stimulants alone, but also as antacids and
indirectly as antidotes since the alkaline reaction checks the acid
fermentation which determines the evolution of the gas. They also
unite with and condense the carbon dioxide. Three ounces of the
aromatic spirits of ammonia, one ounce of the crystalline
sesquicarbonate, or half an ounce of the strong aqua ammonia may
be given to an ox, in not less than a quart of cold water. Next to this
is the oil of turpentine 2 oz., to be given in oil, milk, or yolk of egg.
But this too is an antiferment. The same remark applies to oil of
peppermint (½ oz.), the carminative seeds and their oils, and the
stronger alcoholic drinks (1 quart). Sulphuric or nitrous ether (2 oz.)
may be given in place. Pepper and ginger are more purely stimulant
and less antiseptic. Other alkalies—carbonate of potash or soda, or
lime water may be given freely.
Among agents that act more exclusively as antiseptics may be
named: muriatic acid 1 to 1½ drs. largely diluted in water; carbolic
acid, creosote or creolin, 4 drs. largely diluted; sulphite, hyposulphite
or bisulphite of soda 1 oz.; kerosene oil ½ pint; chloride of lime 4
drs.; chlorine water 1 pint; wood tar 2 oz. The latter agent is a
common domestic remedy in some places being given wrapped in a
cabbage leaf, and causing the flank to flatten down in a very few
minutes as if by magic. The extraordinarily rapid action of various
antiseptics is the most conclusive answer to the claim that the
disorder is a pure paresis of the walls of the rumen. The affection is
far more commonly and fundamentally an active fermentation, and
is best checked by a powerful antiferment. Even chloride of sodium
(½ lb.) and above all hypochlorite of soda or lime (½ oz.) may be
given with advantage in many cases.
Among agents which condense the gasses may be named
ammonia, calcined magnesia, and milk of lime for carbon dioxide,
and chlorine water for hydrogen.
Among agents used to rouse the torpid rumen and alimentary
canal are eserine (ox 3 grs., sheep ½ gr. subcutem), pilocarpin (ox 2
grs., sheep ⅕ gr.), barium chloride (ox 15 grs., sheep 3 to 4 grs.),
tincture of colchicum (ox 3 to 4 drs.). Trasbot mentions lard or butter
(ox 4 oz., sheep ½ oz.), as in common use in France.
In the most urgent cases, however, relief must be obtained by
puncture of the rumen, as a moment’s delay may mean death. The
seat for such puncture is on the left side, at a point equidistant from
the outer angle of the ilium, the last rib and the transverse processes
of the lumbar vertebræ. Any part of the left flank might be adopted to
enter the rumen, but, if too low down, the instrument might plunge
into solid ingesta, which would hinder the exit of gas, and would
endanger the escape of irritant liquids into the peritoneal cavity. In
an extra high puncture there is less danger, though a traumatism of
the spleen is possible under certain conditions. The best instrument
for the purpose is a trochar and cannula of six inches long and ⅓ to
½ inch in diameter. (For sheep ¼ inch is ample.) This instrument,
held like a dagger, may be plunged at one blow through the walls of
the abdomen and rumen until stopped by the shield on the cannula.
The trochar is now withdrawn and the gas escapes with a prolonged
hiss. If the urgency of the case will permit, the skin may be first
incised with a lancet or pen knife, and the point of the instrument
having been placed on the abdominal muscles, it is driven home by a
blow of the opposite palm. In the absence of the trochar the puncture
may be successfully made with a pocket knife or a pair of scissors,
which should be kept in the wound to maintain the orifice in the
rumen in apposition with that in the abdominal wall, until a metal
tube or quill can be introduced and held in the orifices.
When the gas has escaped by this channel its further formation can
be checked by pouring one of the antiferments through the cannula
into the rumen.
When the formation of an excess of gas has ceased, and the
resumption of easy eructation bespeaks the absence of further
danger, the cannula may be withdrawn and the wound covered with
tar or collodion.
When the persistent formation of gas indicates the need of
expulsion of offensive fermentescible matters, a full dose of salts may
be administered. If the presence of firmly impacted masses can be
detected, they may sometimes be broken up by a stout steel rod
passed through the cannula. If the solid masses prove to be hair or
woolen balls, rumenotomy is the only feasible means of getting rid of
them.
In chronic tympany caused by structural diseases of the
œsophagus, mediastinal glands, stomach or intestines, permanent
relief can only be obtained by measures which will remove these
respective causes.
CHRONIC TYMPANY OF THE RUMEN.