ASSIGNMENT NO # 02

Sub- Architecture and Town Planning (19CE8OE04T)

Program: B.Tech, 8th Semester , (Batch-2019)
Due Date:15/04/2023 Full Mark-- 50

Q1. Define zoning and enlist principle of zoning.

Ans.
Zoning is the application of common sense and fairness to public regulation governing the
use of private land. Zoning can be defined as the creation by law of the zones such as
residential, commercial, industrial, civic, institutional and recreational in which regulations
prevent misuse of lands and buildings and limit their height and densities of population
differing in different zones.
The principles of zoning typically include:
 Arrangement of zones: The usual pattern of zones is in central area, and
undeveloped area. The other pattern of zones would be to provide blocks or units for
various uses in different parts of the town.
 Boundaries: The design of boundaries for different zones should be carefully made.
A railway line or a park or an open green space may prove to be satisfactory
boundary.
 Existing towns: When zoning is to be applied to an existing town, the information
regarding the existing use of land is gathered and as far as possible, the town is
divided into zones by considering the pre-dominant use in the particular areas.
 Flexibility: The principles of zoning may be rigidly enforced. But at the same time,
care should be taken to observe flexibility in working out the details for zoning. For
instance, homes should be very near to places of work to reduce time of travel.
Similarly, the small shopping centres for day-to-day requirements should be allowed
in residential zone.
 New towns: For designing a new town of known population, the areas required for
residence, industry and business are worked out with the help of suitable methods.
The town is divided into suitable zones.
Q2. Define masterplan and its objectives.

Ans.
A master plan may be defined as a general plan for the future layout of a city showing both
the existing and proposed streets and roads, open spaces, public buildings, etc.
Following are the objects of Master plan:
 It serves an overall picture and programme for the development of the town.
 It helps in restricting the haphazard and unplanned growth.
 It places various functions which a town has to perform in physical relationship of
each other so as to avoid the chances of mutual conflict. It helps to bring harmony and
understanding between the different groups of the people.
 It stimulates wider interest in community problems and brings a well- coordinated
development.
 It aims at intelligent and economic spending of the public funds for achieving welfare
of the inhabitants in respect of amenity, convenience and health.
 It arranges the pattern of a town in such a way so as to satisfy the present
requirements without introduction of future improvements by the coming generations.
 It serves as a guide to the planning body for making any recommendations for public
improvement.

Q3. Explain principle of neighborhood planning.

Ans.
Principles of Neighbourhood Planning
 Size: The town is divided into self-contained units or sectors of 10,000
population. This is further divided into smaller units called neighbourhood unit
with 2,000 to 5,000 based on the requirement of one primary school. The size of
the unit is therefore limited to about 1 to 1.5 sq. km i.e., within walkable distance
of 10 to 15minutes.
 Boundaries: The unit should be bounded on all its sides by main road, wide
enough for traffic.
 Protective Strips: These are necessary to protect the neighbourhood from
annoyance of traffic and, to provide suitable facilities for developing parks,
playgrounds, and road widening scheme in future. These are also called Minor
Green Belts.
 Internal Streets: The internal streets are designed to ensure safety to the people
and the school going children in particular, since the mothers are anxious every
day till the safe return of the child. The internal streets should circulate
throughout the unit with easy access to shops and community centres.
 Layout of Buildings: To encourage neighbourhood relation and secure social
stability and balance, houses to suit the different income group should
 be provided such as single-family houses, double family houses, cottages, flats,
etc.
 Shopping Centres: Each shop should be located on the circumference of the
unit, preferably at traffic junctions and adjacent to the neighbourhood units.
 Community Centres: Each community will have its centre with social, cultural
and recreational amenities.
 Facilities: All public facilities required for the family for their comfort and
convenience should be within easy reach. These include the primary school,
temple, club, retail shop, sport centre, etc. These should be located within 1km in
the central place so as to form a nucleus to develop social life of the unit.

Q4. What do you mean by 'Land uses ' for town planning?

Ans.
• Land use: man’s activities on land, which are directly related to the land.
• Land coverage: the natural cover like vegetation, forests, rivers, desert etc.
Artificial cover like buildings, landscaped areas, canals, roads, railways etc.
Land use planning means the scientific, aesthetic and orderly disposition of land,
resources, facilities and services with a view to securing the physical, economic and
social efficiency, health and well-being of urban and rural communities.
Importance of Land Use Planning:
 The scientific principles applied to city form helps to understand the role of
various types of urban connectivity.
 Land use planning helps to understand Complex connection between visual,
geometrical and path defines the life style of a city.
 In a living city there must be a optimal connection and distribution of the land and
its respective use.
 The land use planning gives the definition to the city and city life.
Principles of Land Use Planning:
 Consider the local conditions and attributes.
 Cultural viewpoints and local environmental knowledge.
 Use traditional strategies.
 The process must be transparent and involvement of the community is
required.
 Experts from various fields must be consulted and their views on the
planning process must be considered.
 It must be flexible and dynamic in nature.
Q5. Write the advantages of Zoning.

Ans.
Advantages of zoning are:
 Business or commercial areas are separately located with their garages and service
stations at a distance from the residential areas.
 The industrial area is located away from the residential area so it is not affected by
dangerous gases, smoke, etc.
 The population is distributed throughout the town by zoning, so there will be no
concentration of population in any one particular zone.
 Height zoning regulates the height of the buildings. Hence high-rise buildings will
not be allowed to construct near small houses.
 The zoning permits the economic use of various public utility services such as water
supply, drainage lines, and telephone lines, etc.
 A land in the form of recreational area is provided to use as playgrounds,
stadiums, parks, talkies, etc.
 Zoning promotes health, safety, prosperity, orderly development and overall
welfare of community.
 The zoning results into minimum chances of fire occurrence.
 If zoning is adopted, it results into controlled future development of the town.

Q6. Explain the theory of three magnets. Also explain the theory of Garden city.

Ans.

The "Three Magnets" theory is an urban planning concept developed by Ebenezer Howard, a
British social reformer, in his book "Garden Cities of Tomorrow" published in 1902. The
theory is based on the idea of balancing urban development with the natural environment and
involves the creation of planned communities or garden cities.

Here are the points that explain the theory of three magnets in town planning:

 Town-Country Magnet: The first magnet in the theory of three magnets is the
"town-country magnet". According to this concept, the ideal city should have a
balance between urban development and rural life. This means that the city should
have easy access to open spaces, parks, and green areas to provide residents with fresh
air, natural beauty, and recreational activities.
 Town Magnet: The second magnet in the theory is the "town magnet". This magnet
refers to the central business district of the city, which is the economic and social hub
of the community. It is important that the town magnet is easily accessible to all
residents of the city, and it should have a good transportation network to connect it
with other parts of the city.
 Country Magnet: The third magnet in the theory is the "country magnet". This
magnet refers to the industrial and agricultural activities that are necessary to support
the city's economy. The country magnet should be located close to the city, but not
too close to create pollution or other environmental hazards.
Overall, the theory of three magnets in town planning emphasizes the importance of
balancing urban development with the natural environment, creating a healthy living
environment, and promoting economic growth. It advocates for the creation of garden cities
that can provide people with a high quality of life and a sustainable future.

The theory of Garden City is an urban planning concept developed by Ebenezer Howard in
his book "Garden Cities of Tomorrow" published in 1902. It aims to create self-sustaining,
well-planned communities that provide a better quality of life for residents. Here are the
points that explain the theory of Garden City:

 Self-contained communities: Garden cities are designed to be self-contained

communities that offer a balance of residential, commercial, and industrial areas. This
means that residents can work, live, and play within the community, reducing the
need to commute to other areas for employment, shopping, or entertainment.
 Limited size: Garden cities are designed to be limited in size, with a maximum
population of 32,000 people. This is to ensure that the community remains
manageable and cohesive, while also preserving the surrounding natural environment.
 Greenbelts: Garden cities incorporate greenbelts, which are areas of open space and
natural vegetation that surround the community. These greenbelts help to improve air
quality, provide recreational opportunities for residents, and protect the surrounding
landscape from development.
 Functional zoning: Garden cities use functional zoning, which means that different
areas of the community are designated for specific purposes, such as residential,
commercial, or industrial. This helps to reduce traffic congestion and make the
community more efficient.
 Public ownership: Garden cities are often owned by public authorities, rather than
private developers. This helps to ensure that the community is developed with the
needs of the residents in mind, rather than for the profit of developers.
 Social cohesion: Garden cities are designed to promote social cohesion and
community involvement. This can be achieved through the design of public spaces,
the provision of community facilities, and the organization of community events.

Overall, the theory of Garden City emphasizes the importance of planning and designing
communities with the needs of residents and the natural environment in mind. It aims to
create self-sustaining communities that offer a high quality of life, promote social cohesion,
and protect the natural environment.

Q7. According to your understanding discuss the characteristics of the Slum.

Ans.
 Appearance: The slum area gives an ugly look and speaks of its bad conditions.
 Hazard: Environment of slum may be the cause of various hazards like fire, flood,
health, etc.
  Health and sanitation: The people of slum have poor health for which poor
sanitation, poor air-circulation, and poor penetration of sunlight due various
obstructions are responsible.
 Low income: Generally, slum people belong to low-income group and they cannot
afford living in better houses.
 Morals: Slum people have low morale, these people also get involved in
immoral works which cannot give a healthy teaching to their children.
 Density of population: Slums have high density of population which gives
mental and physical discomforts to man.
 Way of living: In slums, way of living is poor due to poor social interactions,
poverty and evils.
 Improper use of land: Due to shortage of space, the open area is converted to
living area and even some times encroachment of roads takes place.
 Industrialization: Due to industrialization number of migrants will increase.
 Economic conditions and education: Due to poverty slum dwellers are unable
to educate their children.
 Imbalance of surrounding conditions: The various conditions of slum are
responsible to destroy the landscape and imbalance of ecology of place.
 Power of local authorities: Local authorities escape from exercising their
power to handle slum due to unnecessary interference of political people.

Q8. Write the main objects of urban roads.

Ans. The main objectives of urban roads can be summarized as follows:

 Mobility: Urban roads are designed to facilitate the movement of people and goods
within a city. They aim to provide efficient and safe transportation options for
pedestrians, cyclists, public transport, and private vehicles, while minimizing
congestion and travel time.
 Accessibility: Urban roads should provide easy access to different areas of the city,
connecting neighbourhoods, commercial centres, and public facilities. They should be
designed to ensure that people can reach their destinations conveniently and safely,
regardless of their mode of transportation or mobility capabilities.
 Safety: Urban roads should prioritize the safety of all road users, including
pedestrians, cyclists, and motorized vehicles. They should be designed with
appropriate traffic management measures, such as pedestrian crossings, traffic signals,
signage, and road markings, to reduce the risk of accidents and ensure safe
transportation.
 Sustainability: Urban roads should be designed with consideration for
environmental sustainability. This may include provisions for green spaces, trees,
stormwater management, and other measures to minimize the environmental impact
of road infrastructure.
 Livability: Urban roads should contribute to the overall livability and quality of life
in a city. They should be designed to create attractive and enjoyable spaces
 for people, with provisions for sidewalks, cycling lanes, street lighting, and amenities
that enhance the urban environment and promote social interaction.
 Inclusivity: Urban roads should be designed to be inclusive and accessible to all
members of society, including people with disabilities, elderly individuals, and
vulnerable populations. This may involve providing accessible sidewalks, curb ramps,
crosswalks, and other measures that ensure equitable access to urban spaces.
 Economic Development: Urban roads can play a significant role in supporting
economic development by providing access to commercial and business areas,
facilitating the movement of goods and services, and supporting economic activities
such as trade, tourism, and investment.
 Urban Design: Urban roads should be designed with consideration for the aesthetic
and urban design elements that contribute to the character and identity of a city. This
may include provisions for street furniture, landscaping, public art, and other design
features that enhance the visual appeal and sense of place of urban roads.
 Resilience: Urban roads should be designed to withstand the impacts of natural
disasters, climate change, and other unforeseen events. This may include measures
such as appropriate drainage, flood management, and disaster-resistant design to
ensure the resilience of road infrastructure.

Q9. Write short note on: (i) Open plot scheme for slum (ii) Difficulties in slum
clearance

Ans.
(i) Open Plot Scheme for Slums:
 The Open Plot Scheme is a government initiative in India aimed at improving the
living conditions of people living in slums.
 The scheme provides free or subsidized land to slum dwellers to build their own
homes.
 The government typically acquires a large plot of land, which is then divided into
smaller plots for individual families.
 The scheme allows slum dwellers to build their own homes according to their own
needs and preferences.
 The government provides infrastructure such as water, electricity, and sewage
connections, and may also provide subsidies or loans to help families finance the
construction of their homes.
 The scheme can lead to more personalized and comfortable living spaces, and can
also foster a sense of community and belonging among residents.
 However, availability of land can be a challenge, particularly in densely populated
urban areas.
 Some families may lack the resources or skills to build their own homes, which can
create inequalities within the community.
  The scheme requires careful planning and management to ensure that it is
implemented effectively and equitably.
(ii) Difficulties in Slum Clearance:
Slum clearance, which involves the relocation or demolition of informal settlements, can be a
challenging and complex process due to a range of social, economic, and political factors.
Some of the difficulties in slum clearance include:
 Lack of affordable housing alternatives: Slum residents often lack access to
affordable housing alternatives, which makes it difficult for them to relocate. This can
lead to resistance and conflict during the clearance process.
 Informal land tenure: Many slum residents do not have formal land tenure, which
makes it difficult to determine who has the right to occupy and use the land. This can
lead to legal and regulatory challenges during the clearance process.
 Resistance from slum dwellers: Slum residents may resist clearance efforts due
to a lack of trust in government officials, fear of losing their homes, and a lack of
participation in decision-making processes.
 Cost: Slum clearance can be expensive, especially if there is a need for
compensation, resettlement, and infrastructure development. This can be a significant
challenge for governments and organizations seeking to clear slums.
 Environmental and health risks: Slums are often located in areas with poor
sanitation, water supply, and waste management systems. Clearance efforts can
expose residents and workers to environmental and health risks if appropriate
measures are not taken.
Overall, slum clearance requires careful planning, stakeholder engagement, and consideration
of the complex social and economic factors involved in informal settlements.

Q10. Explain the causes of slum. Describe the methods of slum clearance.

Ans. Causes of Slums:

Following are the main causes for the formation of slums:

 Industrialization: The slums may be said to be direct evil result from

industrialization. The labour class working in the factories generally make their living
as near as possible to the place of work. Their income is low and cannot afford daily
travelling from faraway places in the city. Hence, they occupy the land available or
the open spaces nearby build their house without proper planning. This gives rise to
the formation of slums.
 Improper use of land: If the land allotted for residence are used for industries or
vice-versa, the slums may be formed.
  Migrants: The labour class people migrating into cities from surrounding rural areas
may occupy, usually illegally, the vacant or empty places. Such colonies or squatters
may result in formation of slums.
 Lack of zoning: If the town is not divided into suitable zones and development is
allowed to take place randomly, the slums may be created.
 Lack of education: If the poor people are lacking in education, they may not pay
attention to improve the living conditions.
 Economic conditions: The main causes of slum formation are poverty,
unemployment and growth of population. It will be difficult for them to afford a
decent place on rent; thus, they move to slum areas.
 Repair & Maintenance: If cheap houses, constructed by the land owner for the
purpose of collection of rents, are not properly maintained, the condition will lead to
formation of slums.
 Decentralization: The rich and middle-class people move out to the extended
portion of the town and thus, the poor people are left unattended in the overcrowded
central area of the city.
 Inadequate powers: If the local authority concerned does not have adequate
powers to control the development of town, the slums may be formed.
Methods of Slum Clearance:
 In-Situ Slum Upgrading: This method involves improving the existing slum
settlements by upgrading the physical infrastructure, providing basic services such as
water supply, sanitation, and electricity, and improving housing conditions. In-situ
slum upgrading aims to improve the living conditions of slum dwellers without
displacing them from their current location.
 Relocation and Resettlement: This method involves relocating slum dwellers
from their current location to alternative housing options, either within the city or in
peri-urban areas. This method may be used when the existing slum settlements are
deemed unsafe, unsuitable for habitation, or incompatible with urban planning goals.
 Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): PPPs involve collaboration between the
government, private sector, and other stakeholders to address slum settlements. This
can include partnerships for funding, development, and management of affordable
housing options for slum dwellers.
 Tenure Regularization: Tenure regularization involves providing legal recognition
to informal land ownership and tenure ship in slums. This can involve issuing land
titles, providing secure land rights, and formalizing land- use planning and regulations
in slums, which can help prevent further slum formation and enable access to credit
for slum dwellers.
 Rehabilitation and Resettlement: This method involves rehabilitating and
resettling slum dwellers in formal housing options, typically outside the city or in
planned resettlement colonies. This method may be used when slums are located in
areas earmarked for development or when in-situ upgrading or relocation is not
feasible.
 Community Participation and Empowerment : Involving slum dwellers in the
decision-making process, providing them with education, skills training, and access to
livelihood opportunities, and empowering them to be active participants in the slum
clearance process can be an effective approach. This can help ensure that the needs
and aspirations of slum dwellers are considered and incorporated.
 Demolition: Demolishing the slum and rebuilding new housing units is another
method of slum clearance. This method is often controversial as it can displace
residents and disrupt their livelihoods.
 Land acquisition: Governments can acquire land to build affordable housing units,
which can be offered to slum residents as an alternative to living in informal
settlements.
 Participatory approaches: Participatory approaches involve involving slum
residents in the decision-making process of slum clearance. This method helps to
ensure that the needs and concerns of the residents are addressed during the clearance.