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Improvement of Hardness and Biodegradability of Natural

Based Bioplastic - Effect of Starch Addition during
Synthesis

Article in Advanced Engineering Forum · June 2018

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AEF.28.67

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Nanang Eko Wahyuningtiyas Heru Suryanto

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Sukarni Sukarni Novita Dwi Intan Sari

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Table of Contents

Design Optimisation of Internally Reinforced Beams Subjected to Torsion Loading

H.M. Silva and J.F.B. de Meireles 1
Design Optimisation of Internally Reinforced Beams Subjected to Bending Loading
H.M. Silva and J.F.B. de Meireles 18
Analysis of MHD Non-Newtonian Fluid over a Stretching Sheet with Thermophoresis and
Brownian Moment
K. Avinash, R.H. Reddy and A.O. Oyem 33
The Influence of Boundary Condition on the Impact Behavior of High Performance Fabrics
S. Gürgen 47
Effects of Process Parameters on Material Removal Rate and Surface Roughness in Wedm
of H-13 Die Tool Steel
K. Singh, K. Goyal and D.K. Goyal 55
Improvement of Hardness and Biodegradability of Natural Based Bioplastic - Effect of
Starch Addition during Synthesis
N. Eko Wahyuningtiyas, H. Suryanto, Sukarni and N.D.I. Sari 67
Kinetic Studies on the Thermal Synthesis of Fluorapatite: Model Free and Model-Fitting
Methods
H.R. Javadinejad, S.A. Hosseini, M.S. Rizi, E. Aghababaei and H. Naseri 75
Statistical Modeling and Optimization of Coag-Flocculation Process of Phosphate Removal
from Aqueous Solution Using Ox-Eye Seed (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum) as Coagulant
K.A. Babayemi, D.O. Onukwuli and O.A. Okewale 90
Effectiveness of Geogrid for Protecting Polder in Sundarban Coastal Region
A.B.M.T.U. Chy, S. Barua and M.A. Ansary 96
Assemblage of Urban Small Parcels in Three Different Scales with the Emphasize on the
Citizenship Participation, Case Study: Tehran - Iran
S.A. Siyahrood, A. Ebrahimi and M. Mahdavinejad 112
Gait Analysis of Pedestrians with the Aim of Detecting Disabled People
A. Mukhtar, M.J. Cree, J.B. Scott and L. Streeter 120
Complementarity between Solar and Wind Energy Potentials in Benin Republic
M. Aza-Gnandji, F.X. Fifatin, A.H.J. Hounnou, F. Dubas, D. Chamagne, C. Espanet and A.
Vianou 128
Economic Power Dispatch with Emission Constraint and Valve Point Loading Effect Using
Moth Flame Optimization Algorithm
A.A. Elsakaan, R.A. El-Sehiemy, S.S. Kaddah and M.I. Elsaid 139
 dvanced Eng neer ng orum Subm tted 2017-09-08
SSN 223 -991 , ol. 28, 67-7 Rev sed 2018-0 -01
do 10. 028/ .sc ent f c.net/ E .28.67 cce ted 2018-0 -02
2018 rans ech ubl cat ons, S t erland Onl ne 2018-06-27

Improvement of Hardness and Biodegradability of Natural Based

Bioplastic—Effect of Starch Addition during Synthesis
Nanang Eko Wahyuningtiyas1,2*, Heru Suryanto2,
Sukarni2, and Novita Dwi Intan Sari3
1
Environmentalist, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Universitas Negeri Malang, East Java, Indonesia
3
Department of Medical Laboratory Technician,
Health Polytechnic East Kalimantan, Indonesia
*
Corresponding Author: nanang.ftum@gmail.com

Keywords: bioplastic, cassava starch, glycerol, hardness, density, moisture absorption,

biodegradability

Abstract. Biodegradable plastic are renewable packaging technology that are bio-based made of
starch. The use of starch as a manufacture of bioplastic has great potential due to in Indonesia has
various biodiversity of starch-producing plants. The objective of this research was to determine
effect of cassava starch addition to hardness, density, moisture absorption, and biodegradability of
bioplastic. The methods is a synthesis of bioplastic using a casting procedure ie mixing cassava
starch at various concentrations 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% (b/v) into the glycerol. This was demonstrated
of bioplastic hardness and density of 31.56; 46.78; 52.34; 67.99 Shore A and 1.164; 1.178; 1.184;
1.191 g/cm3. Revealed that complete decomposition could be achieved on the 12, 13, 14, and 15
days. It shows that the cassava starch addition can improve hardness, density, moisture, and
accelerate the decomposition process.

Introduction
Plastic technology are an most important part of life [1] due to all human activities using
plastic. The need for plastic caused by its long usage time [2] and excellent mechanical properties.
Plastic are generally made of petroleum, coal, and natural gas [3]. However, the price of petroleum
each year is always improving and from non-renewable sources. The use of synthetic plastic as food
packaging resulting in toxic due to the migration of the plastic monomers into the food materials [4]
and cause serious problems in waste management.
Indonesia disposes of 3.2 million tons of waste plastic per year [5], the highest waste
production per day is in Java due to of its higher population density compared to other islands [6].
The use synthetic plastic take a long time to decompose in nature [7]. If synthetic plastic are burnt it
releases harmful gases into the atmosphere [2], such as SO2, CO, NO, NOx, N2O, HCl, and HF [8]
can results environmental pollution and when buried plastic in soil difficult to decompose. To solve
the synthetic plastic waste made of petroleum [9] that always accumulate. The solution to overcome
the problem of plastic waste can use bio-based plastic.
Plastic that are bio-based or bioplastic suitable replacing plastic made of petroleum due to has
the same properties as synthetic plastic. However, offer additional benefts, can reduce carbon, to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions, reduce the dependency on limited fossil resources [1], and
beneficial on the environmental aspects. Bioplastic starch-based were the most utilized bioplastic
due to their low CO2 emission [10] and can decompose by microorganisms from plant-derived
compounds, such as starch, cellulose, and lignin [11], faster than synthetic plastic.
Plants such as maize, banana, potato, sago, rice, and cassava is starch. Starch is the major
carbohydrate in plant that contains amylopectin molecules and amylose molecules [12] which can
improve mechanical properties [13]. The content of starches derived from cassava plants may be
used as bioplastic [14] due to plenty of availability, the high starch content in cassava plants, low

ll r ghts reserved. o art of contents of th s a er ma be re roduced or transm tted n an form or b an means thout the r tten erm ss on of Trans
Tech ubl cat ons, .sc ent f c.net. ( 10 7675 1, n vers tas eger Malang, Samar nda, ndones a-2 /06/1 ,00 10 6
72 d nc d En n n um l 28

Figure 5. Results of bioplastic decomposition testing at various concentrations of cassava starch

However, the addition of 2% (b/v) cassava starch decomposition for 15 days shown in the Figure
5 due to the hydroxyl group (OH) in the cassava starch a little causes a slow bioplastic loss. The
decomposition rate bioplastic cassava starch depends on factors, such as pH, the microbial
population, water absorption, temperature, oxygen content, mainly, the amount of starch
incorporated in the blend [37], the polymer chain (it seems that the shorter the chain, the easier the
decomposition), and the crystallinity of the polymer (crystalline parts are more difficult to
decompose than amorphous) [38].

Conclusion
The addition of concentration of cassava starch can increase hardness of 31.56 to 67.99 Shore A,
increase density of 1.164 to 1.191 g/cm3, and accelerate the decomposition process (the complete
decomposition occurred on the 12th day) is affected by oxygen content in carbohydrates, the
amount of cassava starch, and moisture absorption.

Acknowledgments
Authors are thankful to the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Universitas Negeri Malang for support of this research. Authors would like to thank Mr. Reza
Wanjaya, Mr. Andoko, and Mrs. Poppy Puspitasari from Universitas Negeri Malang for facilitating
in the manufacture of bioplastic from cassava starch.

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