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AUDIO VIDEO
PRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2
C R E AT I V E P R O C E S S E S & P R O D U C T I O N
PIPELINE
PA R T 1 1

Prepared by :
Masyura Ahmad Faudzi
Dr. Nazrita Ibrahim
Updated (2019,2022) : Ts. T.J. Iskandar Abd. Aziz
OBJECTIVES
• At the end of this session, you should be able to :
– Identify the generic list of production crews and their
– Describe the roles and responsibilities of different types of production
crews
– Identify and briefly describe the departments involved in film making
– Identify basic equipments used in film production
– Describe the budget involved in a film production

2
PRODUCTION CREW
 https://skystorm.com/commercial-production-crew-guide/

https://nofilmschool.com/film-crew-jobs
PRODUCTION CREW – PRODUCER
AND ASSOCIATE PRODUCER (AP)
• Oversees the production of a film Producer
• Responsible for business organization, budget, choice of staff and crew,
interdepartmental coordination, script acceptance and production
scheduling

• Assist the producer

• Coordinating appointments and production schedules, make sure the contracts
completed, supervising post production
Assoc.
Producer
PRODUCTION CREW – DIRECTOR AND
ASST. DIRECTOR (AD)
Director
• Visualizing the script
• Advise, guide and coordinate scenic, lighting,
sound, camera, costumes etc

Asst. Director
• Assist the director
• Supervising pre-rehearsal, organize location
• Review storyboard, implement shooting schedule, ensure the
director is not interrupted
• Take director’s notes
PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT

• Production Manager
– make sure the filming stays on schedule and within its budget.
• Production Coordinator
– Organize the logistics from hiring crew, renting equipment, and booking talent.
• Script supervisor
– keeps track of what parts of the script have been filmed and makes notes of any
deviations between what was actually filmed and what appeared in the script
LIGHTING AND ELECTRICAL
DEPARTMENT
• Grips (lighting and rigging technicians)
– working closely with the camera department especially if the
camera is mounted onto a dolly or crane;
– work closely with the electrical department to put in lighting set
ups necessary for a shot.
– handle all other necessary equipment
– responsible for all “rigging” on the set including lighting
equipment rigged over actors and crew
– working with pulleys, steel cables
– responsible for all safety on the set as it relates to the equipment
they work with.
LIGHTING AND ELECTRICAL
DEPARTMENT
• Gaffer
– In film and television crews, the gaffer or chief
lighting technician is the head electrician,
responsible for the execution (and sometimes
the design) of the lighting plan for a production.
– The term "gaffer" originally related to the
moving of overhead equipment to control
lighting levels using a gaff.
• Best boy electric (assistant gaffer)
– Responsible for the daily running of the lighting
– hiring and scheduling of the crew

https://www.prostudiohire.co.uk/studio-and-location-gaffer
ART DEPARTMENT - PRODUCTION
DESIGNER
Art Director
• oversees artists and craftspeople such as set designers, graphic artists and illustrators who
assist in the development of the production design
Set Designer
– a draftsman or architect who realizes the structures or interior spaces called for by the production
designer.
Set Decorator
– decorate the film set including furnishings and all other objects that will be seen in the film.
Buyers
– work for the set decorator. Responsible for locating and purchasing or renting the set dressing.
 ART DEPARTMENT - PRODUCTION
DESIGNER
Props Master
– find and manage all of
the props required for
the shooting of the film.

Props Builder
– builds the props that are used for the film.
Set Dressers
– responsible for the placement of all furniture, drapery, carpeting and all accessories you might find
on any particular set. Most of the work of the dressers is accomplished before the crew arrives and
after they have left the set. Generally one or more dressers remain on the set during filming.
ART DEPARTMENT – CONSTRUCTION
DEPARTMENT
• Construction Coordinator
– oversees the construction of all the sets.
– The coordinator orders materials,
schedules the work, and supervises the
(often sizeable) crew of carpenters,
painters and laborers.
• Greens
– a specialized set dresser dealing with the
artistic arrangement or landscape design of
plant material.
CAMERA DEPARTMENT
• Director of Photography (D.P) / Cinematographer
– The head of all technical departments on a film crew
– responsible for establishing how the script is translated
into visual images based on the director’s request
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BXAr2yiYCV4
– https://nofilmschool.com/2014/07/what-does-it-mean-to-
be-cinematographer-video
• Camera Operator (C.O.)
– Works closely with the D.P to determine the composition
for each shot as instructed by the director.
• First Assistant Cameraman ( 1st A.C.) (Focus
Puller)
– knows and understands all professional motion picture
camera equipment and accessories currently used in the
industry.
CAMERA DEPARTMENT

• Second Assistant Cameraman ( 2nd A.C.) (Clapper/Loader)

– obtain a supply of empty cans, black bags, camera reports, and cores from the lab or asks the
production manger to arrange for these supplies
– prepares a list of expendables with the 1st A.C, also preps camera package along with the 1st A.C.
• Loader
– loads and unloads all film magazines during the course of filming, properly labels all loaded film
magazines and cans of exposed film and short ends, prepares exposed film for delivery to the lab and
delivers it to the production company representative at the end of each shooting day, and also
provides all the necessary tools and accessories that are associated with performing the job.
OTHERS - MAKE UP & HAIR & LOCATION
DEPARTMENT
• Make-up Artist
– to make everyone on screen look as good as possible
• Hair Stylist
– prepares the performers scalp and skin and creates
hairstyles that suit production requirements.
• Location Scout
– find location that is fulfill the director’s requirement
and is feasible
• Location Manager
– responsible for making all the practical arrangements
necessary for filming on location.
WHAT TO ASK WHEN YOU ARE
LOOKING FOR A LOCATION
• Does it fulfill the requirements set by the director?
• Is there power?
• Do you need permission to enter?
• Is the area safe?
• Will there be a place to set up your equipment?
• Does the location cost money?
• Is there bathroom?
• Is it located on a busy street?
CASTING
• A pre-production process for selecting certain
type of actor, dancer, singer or extra.
• Tips for casting:
– Pre-screen your talent before calling them for the audition
– Direct as much as possible
– Pair actors together
– Callbacks https://d3avoj45mekucs.cloudfront.net/rojakdaily/media/marcus-
images/yee%20sang/16601977_1245507115484611_5173375706235076961_o.jpg
EQUIPMENT NEEDED

• Video camera and lenses

• Tripod
• Camera light
• 3 point lighting kit (if you have outdoor
shooting) [3:00]
• Microphone
• Wireless microphone
• Portable audio recorder
• Headphone
• Extra batteries and storage
BUDGET AND FINANCIAL
Pre-production Production Post production

• Casting
• Assembling crew
• Location scouting • Working with
• Screenplay Camera
• Editing the video
breakdown • Lighting and
• Film trailer
• Storyboarding filters
• Adding audio
• Shooting • Shooting and
• Aesthetic
schedule framing
process
• Prop and • Creating
• Distributing and
costume design movement
marketing
• Budget (talent and
development background)
• Ethics and
copyright
BUDGET AND FINANCIAL
Pre-production Production Post production

• Casting
• Assembling crew
• Location scouting • Working with
• Screenplay Camera
• Editing the video
breakdown • Lighting and
• Film trailer
• Storyboarding filters
• Adding audio
• Shooting • Shooting and
• Aesthetic
schedule framing
process
• Prop and • Creating
• Distributing and
costume design movement
marketing
• Budget (talent and
development background)
• Ethics and
copyright
BUDGET AND FINANCIAL
You can use
this template
to track your
budget
HOW TO LOWER THE COST OF YOUR
MOVIE MAKING PROCESS?
• Use cameras available for cheap
• Choose free location
• Shoot during daytime (use natural light)
• Be flexible
• Focus on the story and the fun of making it
• Understand and accept the limitation early on
COPYRIGHT & CONTRACTS

• Copyright
– Make sure you get the permission to use copyright material
– Use public domain material
• Contracts
– Hiring people
– Union agreements