IBY1_Revision_CT-2_24 [74 marks]

1. [Maximum mark: 1] 19M.1.HL.TZ2.12

What are the functions of DNA primase and DNA polymerase I in DNA replication?

[1]
2. [Maximum mark: 8] 22N.2.HL.TZ0.4
The diagram shows a nucleosome from the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.

[Source: Weissman Lab at UCSF. UCSF Team Views Genome as it Turns On and Off Inside Cells. [diagram online]
Available at https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2011/01/98118/ucsf-team-views-genome-it-turns-and-inside-cells
[Accessed 1 December 2022].]

(a) Identify the protein labelled in the diagram. [1]

(b) Outline how nucleosomes affect the transcription of DNA. [1]

The image shows the regulation of the gene responsible for producing lactase.

[Source: Lac Operon, n.d. [diagram online] T A RAJU. Available at:

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lac_Operon.svg [Accessed 29 October 2021].]

(c.i) Identify X, the enzyme which copies a DNA sequence. [1]

(c.ii) Identify Y, non-coding DNA at the start of a gene. [1]

(d) Explain the role of lactose in the expression of the gene for lactase production. [3]

(e) State one reason that identical twins may show different methylation patterns as they grow older. [1]

3. [Maximum mark: 5] 22M.2.HL.TZ1.8

(a) Describe how DNA profiling can be used to establish paternity. [5]
4. [Maximum mark: 3] 18M.2.HL.TZ2.2
(a.i) State one role of nucleosomes in eukaryotic cells. [1]

(a.ii) State one function for a region of DNA that does not code for proteins. [1]

(a.iii) Outline the role of the A-site of ribosomes in translation. [1]

5. [Maximum mark: 4] 18N.2.HL.TZ0.3

(a) State one similarity and one difference between the structure of genes and short tandem repeats.

[2]

(b) Outline the role of short tandem repeats in DNA profiling. [2]

6. [Maximum mark: 3] 22M.2.HL.TZ2.2

The onion (Allium cepa) root cells shown in the micrograph are in different stages of mitosis.

[Source: Reischig, J., 2014. Mitosis (261 13) [Pressed; root meristem of onion]. [image online] Available at
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mitosis_(261_13)_Pressed;_root_meristem_of_onion_(cells_in_prophase,_metaphase,_anaphase,_teloph
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution -ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en [Accessed 3 December 2019].]

(a.i) Identify, with a reason, the stage shown at X. [2]

(a.ii) State the role of cyclins in the cell cycle. [1]

7. [Maximum mark: 1] 17N.3.HL.TZ0.03

(a) Some regions of DNA act as telomeres or produce tRNA. State one other function of DNA sequences that do not
code for protein. [1]
8. [Maximum mark: 1] 19N.1.SL.TZ0.17
What is PCR used for?

A. Separate fragments of DNA by size

B. Amplify small amounts of DNA

C. Compare DNA samples

D. Genetically modify organisms’ DNA [1]

9. [Maximum mark: 4] 19N.2.SL.TZ0.2

A short base sequence of mRNA and a table of the genetic code are shown below.

Sequence of mRNA

Table of the genetic code

(a) Outline the function of codons. [1]

(b) Determine the sequence of amino acids that could be translated from the sequence of mRNA. [1]

(c) Determine the DNA base sequence transcribed to form this sequence of mRNA. [1]

(d) Suggest a hypothesis that accounts for the slightly different meaning of some codons in a very limited number of
organisms. [1]
10. [Maximum mark: 1] 20N.1.HL.TZ0.27
Which are two proteins that assist in the unwinding and separation of DNA strands during replication?

A. Helicase and DNA polymerase III

B. DNA gyrase and DNA polymerase I

C. Helicase and DNA primase

D. Single-strand binding protein and DNA gyrase [1]

11. [Maximum mark: 1] 22N.1.HL.TZ0.26

In transcription, which enzyme has a role similar to that of helicase in replication?

A. DNA polymerase III

B. Gyrase

C. RNA polymerase

D. DNA polymerase I [1]

12. [Maximum mark: 8] 19M.2.HL.TZ2.2
(a.i) Identify the stage of mitosis labelled X in the image, giving a reason.

[Source: Copyright 2002, The Trustees of Indiana University] [1]

(a.ii) Outline what is indicated by the mitotic index of tissue taken from a tumour. [2]

(a.iii) DNA has regions that do not code for proteins. State two functions of these regions.

1.

2.

[2]

DNA methylation has a critical role in gene regulation by affecting transcription. Samples were taken from two colon cancer
tumours (T1 and T2) and two normal colon samples (N1 and N2). A particular gene was implicated as a possible cause of cancer.
The promoter of this gene was cloned (A–J). The data show the DNA methylation patterns from these samples. The numbers (32–
269) represent different markers in the promoter.
[Source: Philipp Schatz, Dimo Dietrich & Matthias Schuster. Rapid analysis of CpG methylation patterns using RNase T1
cleavage and MALDI-TOF. Nucleic Acids Research (2004) 32 (21): e167, doi:10.1093/nar/gnh165.
Reproduced by permission of Oxford University Press]
(b.i) Outline the difference in methylation pattern between tumorous and normal tissue samples.

[2]

(b.ii) Suggest a way methylation may affect tumour cell genes. [1]
13. [Maximum mark: 1] 22M.1.HL.TZ2.27
Promoters are non-coding regions in DNA. What is the role of a promoter?

A. It starts translation.

B. It starts mRNA splicing.

C. It is a binding site for DNA polymerase during DNA replication.

D. It is a binding site for RNA polymerase during transcription. [1]

14. [Maximum mark: 1] 22N.1.SL.TZ0.11

Cells were grown in heavy nitrogen (15N) for many generations and then grown in light nitrogen (14N) for two rounds of
DNA replication. Which diagram shows the result of the centrifuged DNA?

[1]

15. [Maximum mark: 1] 19N.1.HL.TZ0.26

What is a function of DNA polymerase I?

A. Adds nucleotides in a 5’ to 3’ direction to elongate the chain

B. Uncoils the DNA double helix and splits it into two template strands

C. Removes RNA primer and replaces it with DNA

D. Produces sugar-phosphate bonds to link Okazaki fragments [1]

16. [Maximum mark: 1] 22N.1.HL.TZ0.27
The diagram illustrates some of the processes involved in DNA replication.

[Source: Rohrmann, G., 2019. AcMNPV DNA replication. [diagram online] Available at:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK543453/figure/ch05.F1/ [Accessed 26 October 2021].]

What is shown in the diagram?

A. DNA polymerase bonding nucleotides in a 3’ to 5’ direction

B. Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins on the old strands

C. Gyrase reforming the double helix

D. DNA ligase joining Okazaki fragments in the leading strand [1]

17. [Maximum mark: 1] 21M.1.HL.TZ2.4

When does DNA replication occur?

A. S phase of interphase

B. Early prophase

C. G phase of interphase

D. Late prophase [1]

18. [Maximum mark: 1] 22N.1.SL.TZ0.10

A DNA triplet on the strand that is transcribed has the bases TAG. Which anticodon on tRNA is used in translation?

A. AUC

B. UAG

C. TAG

D. ATC [1]
19. [Maximum mark: 1] 19M.1.HL.TZ2.22
Two restriction endonucleases (EcoRI and BamHI) were used to cut a DNA sample into smaller fragments. These were
then subjected to gel electrophoresis and the results are shown. The lengths of the DNA fragments are measured in
kilobases (kb). One kilobase is 1000 DNA bases.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

Which statement is supported by the data?

A. The DNA sample is approximately 16 kb in size.

B. Each endonuclease produces a 2 kb fragment.

C. Both endonucleases produce the same number of fragments.

D. The fragments produced using both endonucleases are all different from those produced by the individual
endonucleases. [1]

20. [Maximum mark: 1] 21N.1.HL.TZ1.27

What is the difference between the DNA of adult identical (monozygotic) twins?

A. Order of genes

B. Sequence of nucleotides

C. Methylation pattern

D. Ratio of complementary base pairs [1]

21. [Maximum mark: 1] 22N.1.SL.TZ0.14

Which event occurs in the first division of meiosis?

A. Synthesis of DNA

B. Pulling apart of sister chromatids

C. Halving of the chromosome number

D. Division of centromeres [1]

22. [Maximum mark: 1] 19M.1.HL.TZ2.14
What applies to DNA base sequences?

I. Some genes do not code for proteins.

II. Promoters are transcribed along with the gene.

III. Introns are only found within genes coding for proteins.

A. I only

B. II only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III [1]

23. [Maximum mark: 1] 22M.1.HL.TZ1.12

Which process occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis?

A. Attachment of spindle fibres to the centromeres of each chromosome

B. Movement of homologous chromosomes to opposite ends

C. Replication of DNA prior to the start of cell division

D. Separation of sister chromatids during anaphase [1]

24. [Maximum mark: 1] 22M.1.SL.TZ2.5

Cisplatin is an anti-cancer drug that prevents tumour cells from dividing by mitosis as it inhibits cell processes at stage S
of interphase. How does cisplatin prevent cancer cells from dividing?

A. It inhibits the replication of DNA.

B. It inhibits the growth of the spindle fibres.

C. It prevents the breakdown of the nuclear membrane.

D. It prevents the condensation of chromosomes. [1]

25. [Maximum mark: 7] 18N.3.SL.TZ0.1
A variegated Pelargonium plant was grown outdoors in a plant pot. Figure 1 shows one leaf of the Pelargonium. The plant was left in the
dark for 24 hours to inhibit photosynthesis. After this time, a sketch was made of the leaf to show the colours (Figure 2), then part of
the leaf was covered with black card (Figure 3). Following the exposure of the plant to sunlight for six hours, the black card was
removed and the leaf tested for starch (Figure 4).

(a) Outline a reason for inhibiting photosynthesis for 24 hours. [1]

(b) Identify which two areas, W, X, Y or Z, in Figure 4 show that light is required for photosynthesis. [1]

(c) Identify which two areas, W, X, Y or Z, in Figure 4 show that chlorophyll is required for photosynthesis. [1]

(d) Discuss briefly whether the detection of starch in this experiment was proof that photosynthesis had occurred in
the leaf. [2]

(e) Using the axes, sketch the action spectrum for photosynthesis in the green area of the leaf in Figure 1.
 [1]

(f ) Predict how the action spectrum from the white areas of the leaf would differ from the green areas. [1]

26. [Maximum mark: 11] 21M.2.HL.TZ2.6

(a) Explain the role of hydrogen ions used in photosynthesis. [7]

(b) Describe how the structure of the chloroplast is adapted to its function in photosynthesis. [4]

27. [Maximum mark: 1] 17N.1.HL.TZ0.30

Which process occurs during the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis?

A. ATP, CO2 and H2O are produced.

B. CO2 is used to produce carbohydrates.

C. ATP and O2 are produced.

D. RuBP is phosphorylated.

[1]
28. [Maximum mark: 1] 22M.1.SL.TZ1.12
The graph shows how the rate of photosynthesis of a green plant varies with CO2 concentration at two different light
intensities. The temperature is kept constant at 20 °C.

What is the limiting factor at X?

A. Chlorophyll

B. Light intensity

C. Temperature

D. CO2 concentration [1]

29. [Maximum mark: 1] 23M.1.HL.TZ1.30
The cycle shows part of the light-independent reactions in photosynthesis.

What occurs in Step 1?

A. ATP is formed for Step 2.

B. Rubisco catalyses the hydrolysis of ribulose bisphosphate.

C. A carboxylase catalyses the carboxylation of ribulose bisphosphate.

D. NADP is converted to reduced NADP. [1]

30. [Maximum mark: 1] 22N.1.HL.TZ0.31

What occurs in the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?

A. Glycerate 3-phosphate is reduced to triose phosphate.

B. Ribulose bisphosphate is regenerated using reduced NADP.

C. Ribulose bisphosphate is oxidized to two molecules of glycerate 3-phosphate.

D. Both ATP and NADP are used to produce triose phosphate. [1]

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