Full download Understandable Statistics: Concepts And Methods (AP Edition) Charles Henry Brase file pdf all chapter on 2024

Understandable Statistics: Concepts
And Methods (AP Edition) Charles

Henry Brase
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookmass.com/product/understandable-statistics-concepts-and-methods-ap-
edition-charles-henry-brase/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
Understandable Statistics: Concepts And Methods (AP

Edition) Charles Henry Brase
https://ebookmass.com/product/understandable-statistics-concepts-
and-methods-ap-edition-charles-henry-brase/
Understandable Statistics: Concepts and Methods 12th

Edition
https://ebookmass.com/product/understandable-statistics-concepts-
and-methods-12th-edition/
Understanding Basic Statistics 8th Edition Charles

Henry Brase
https://ebookmass.com/product/understanding-basic-statistics-8th-
edition-charles-henry-brase/
Understandable Statistics 12th Edition Brase C.H.
https://ebookmass.com/product/understandable-statistics-12th-
edition-brase-c-h/
Understanding Basic Statistics Solutions Manaul 8th
Edition Charles Henry Brase
https://ebookmass.com/product/understanding-basic-statistics-
solutions-manaul-8th-edition-charles-henry-brase/
Understanding basic statistics 8 metric version Edition

Charles Henry Brase
https://ebookmass.com/product/understanding-basic-
statistics-8-metric-version-edition-charles-henry-brase/
Statistics: Concepts and Controversies 9th Edition,

(Ebook PDF)
https://ebookmass.com/product/statistics-concepts-and-
controversies-9th-edition-ebook-pdf/
Smart Manufacturing: Concepts and Methods Masoud

Soroush
https://ebookmass.com/product/smart-manufacturing-concepts-and-
methods-masoud-soroush/
Family Therapy: Concepts and Methods 11th Edition,

(Ebook PDF)
https://ebookmass.com/product/family-therapy-concepts-and-
methods-11th-edition-ebook-pdf/
br ase
br ase
U n d e r s ta n d a b l e s tat i s t i c s
U n d e r s ta n d a b l e s tat i s t i c s
co n c e p t s a n d m e t h o d s
To register or access your online learning solution or purchase materials
co n c e p t s a n d br ase
for your course, visit www.cengagebrain.com.
methods br ase
12E
12E
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
twelfth Edition
Understandable
Statistics
Concepts and Methods
Charles Henry Brase

Regis University
Corrinne Pellillo Brase

Arapahoe Community College
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

This book is dedicated to the memory of
a great teacher, mathematician, and friend
Burton W. Jones
Professor Emeritus, University of Colorado
Understandable Statistics: Concepts and © 2018, 2015, 2012 Cengage Learning

Methods, Twelfth Edition
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein
Charles Henry Brase and Corrinne Pellillo may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, except as
Brase permitted by U.S. copyright law, without the prior written permission of the
Product Director: Terry Boyle copyright owner.
Product Manager: Catherine Van Der Laan

For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
Content Developer: Spencer T. Arritt Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706.
Product Assistant: Gabriela Carrascal For permission to use material from this text or product,
Marketing Manager: Mike Saver submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions
Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to
Content Project Manager: Hal Humphrey permissionrequest@cengage.com
Senior Art Director: Vernon Boes
Manufacturing Planner: Douglas Bertke Student Edition:
Production Service: Stephanie Staszcuk,
ISBN: 978-1-337-11991-7
Graphic World
Intellectual Property Analyst: Brittani Morgan Loose-leaf Edition:
Intellectual Property Project Manager: Reba
ISBN: 978-1-337-27659-7
Frederic
Photo Researcher: Mathangi Ananthraman,
Lumina Datamatics Cengage Learning
20 Channel Center Street
Text Researcher: Kachana Vijayarangan
Boston, MA 02210
Text Designer: Diane Beasley USA
Cover Designer: Irene Morris
Cover Image: Roger de la Harpe/Gallo Images/ Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions
Getty Images with employees residing in nearly 40 different countries and sales in
Compositor: Graphic World more than 125 countries around the world. Find your local representative at
www.cengage.com
Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd.
To learn more about Cengage Learning Solutions, visit www.cengage.com
Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred
online store www.cengagebrain.com
Printed in the United States of America

Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2016
Contents
Preface xv
Table of Prerequisite Material 1
1 Getting Started 2
Focus Problem: Where Have All the Fireflies Gone? 3
1.1 What Is Statistics? 4
1.2 Random Samples 13
1.3 Introduction to Experimental Design 22
Summary 32
Important Words & Symbols 32
Chapter Review Problems 33
Data Highlights: Group Projects 35
Linking Concepts: Writing Projects 36
Using Technology 37
2 Organizing Data 40
Focus Problem: Say It with Pictures 41
2.1 Frequency Distributions, Histograms, and Related Topics 42
2.2 Bar Graphs, Circle Graphs, and Time-Series Graphs 59
2.3 Stem-and-Leaf Displays 69
Summary 78
Using Technology 85
3 Averages and Variation 88

Focus Problem: Water: Yellowstone River 89
3.1 Measures of Central Tendency: Mode, Median, and Mean 90
3.2 Measures of Variation 102
3.3 Percentiles and Box-and-Whisker Plots 121
Summary 132
Using Technology 138
Cumulative Review Problems: Chapters 1-3 139
iii
iv contents
4 Elementary Probability Theory 142

Focus Problem: How Often Do Lie Detectors Lie? 143
4.1 What Is Probability? 144
4.2 Some Probability Rules—Compound Events 155
4.3 Trees and Counting Techniques 177
Summary 188
5 The Binomial Probability

Distribution and Related Topics 196
Focus Problem: Personality Preference Types: Introvert or Extrovert? 197
5.1 Introduction to Random Variables and Probability Distributions 198
5.2 Binomial Probabilities 212
5.3 Additional Properties of the Binomial Distribution 229
5.4 The Geometric and Poisson Probability Distributions 242
Summary 260
6 Normal Curves and Sampling Distributions 270

Focus Problem: Impulse Buying 271
Part I: Normal Distributions 272
6.1 Graphs of Normal Probability Distributions 272
6.2 Standard Units and Areas Under the Standard Normal Distribution 288
6.3 Areas Under Any Normal Curve 299
Part II: Sampling Distributions and the Normal Approximation to Binomial
Distribution 314
6.4 Sampling Distributions 314
6.5 The Central Limit Theorem 320
6.6 Normal Approximation to Binomial Distribution and to p̂ Distribution 332
Summary 343
7 Estimation 358
Focus Problem: The Trouble with Wood Ducks 359
Part I: Estimating a Single Mean or Single Proportion 360
7.1 Estimating m When s Is Known 360
contents v
7.2 Estimating m When s Is Unknown 374

7.3 Estimating p in the Binomial Distribution 387
Part II: Estimating the Difference Between Two Means or Two Proportions 400
7.4 Estimating m1 2 m2 and p1 2 p2 401
Summary 423
8 Hypothesis Testing 436

Focus Problem: Benford’s Law: The Importance of Being Number 1 437
Part I: Testing a Single Mean or Single Proportion 438
8.1 Introduction to Statistical Tests 438
8.2 Testing the Mean m 454
8.3 Testing a Proportion p 470
Part II: Testing a Difference Between Two Means or Two Proportions 481
8.4 Tests Involving Paired Differences (Dependent Samples) 481
8.5 Testing m1 2 m2 and p1 2 p2 (Independent Samples) 496
Summary 522
Finding the P-Value Corresponding to a Sample Test Statistic 522
9 Correlation and Regression 532

Focus Problem: Changing Populations and Crime Rate 533
Part I: Simple Linear Regression 534
9.1 Scatter Diagrams and Linear Correlation 534
9.2 Linear Regression and the Coefficient of Determination 552
9.3 Inferences for Correlation and Regression 573
Part II: Multiple Regression 593
9.4 Multiple Regression 594
Summary 610
10 Chi-Square and F Distributions 622

Focus Problem: Archaeology in Bandelier National Monument 623
Part I: Inferences Using the Chi-Square Distribution 624
Overview of the Chi-Square Distribution 624
10.1 Chi-Square: Tests of Independence and of Homogeneity 625
vi contents
10.2 Chi-Square: Goodness of Fit 640

10.3 Testing and Estimating a Single Variance or Standard Deviation 650
Part II: Inferences Using the F Distribution 663
Overview of the F Distribution 663
10.4 Testing Two Variances 664
10.5 One-Way ANOVA: Comparing Several Sample Means 673
10.6 Introduction to Two-Way ANOVA 689
Summary 701
11 Nonparametric Statistics 710

Focus Problem: How Cold? Compared to What? 711
11.1 The Sign Test for Matched Pairs 712
11.2 The Rank-Sum Test 720
11.3 Spearman Rank Correlation 728
11.4 Runs Test for Randomness 739
Summary 748
Appendix I: Additional Topics A1

Part I: Bayes’s Theorem A1
Part II: The Hypergeometric Probability Distribution A5
Appendix II: Tables A9

Table 1: Random Numbers A9
Table 2: Binomial Coefficients Cn,r A10
Table 3: Binomial Probability Distribution Cn,r prqn2r A11
Table 4: Poisson Probability Distribution A16
Table 5: Areas of a Standard Normal Distribution A22
Table 6: Critical Values for Student’s t Distribution A24
Table 7: The x2 Distribution A25
Table 8: Critical Values for F Distribution A26
Table 9: Critical Values for Spearman Rank Correlation, rs A36
Table 10: Critical Values for Number of Runs R
(Level of Significance a 5 0.05) A37
Answers and Key Steps to Odd-Numbered Problems A39

Answers to Selected Even-Numbered Problems A73
Index I1
Critical Thinking
Students need to develop critical thinking skills in order to understand and evaluate the limitations of
statistical methods. Understandable Statistics: Concepts and Methods makes students aware of method
appropriateness, assumptions, biases, and justifiable conclusions.
CRITICAL
 Critical Thinking
THINKING Unusual Values
Critical thinking is an important
Chebyshev’s theorem tells us that no matter what the data distribution looks like, skill for students to develop in
at least 75% of the data will fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean. As order to avoid reaching misleading
we will see in Chapter 6, when the distribution is mound-shaped and symmetric,
conclusions. The Critical Thinking
about 95% of the data are within 2 standard deviations of the mean. Data values
beyond 2 standard deviations from the mean are less common than those closer
feature provides additional clari-
to the mean. fication on specific concepts as a
In fact, one indicator that a data value might be an outlier is that it is more safeguard against incorrect evalua-
than 2.5 standard deviations from the mean (Source: Statistics, by G. Upton and tion of information.
I. Cook, Oxford University Press).
UNUSUAL VALUES
For a binomial distribution, it is unusual for the number of successes r to be
higher than m 1 2.5s or lower than m 2.5s.
We can use this indicator to determine whether a specified number of successes

out of n trials in a binomial experiment are unusual.
For instance, consider a binomial experiment with 20 trials for which probability
of success on a single trial is p 5 0.70. The expected number of successes is m 5 14,
with a standard deviation of s < 2. A number of successes above 19 or below 9
would be considered unusual. However, such numbers of successes are possible.
Interpretation  SOLUTION: Since we want to know the number of standard deviations from the mean,
we want to convert 6.9 to standard z units.
Increasingly, calculators and computers are used
to generate the numeric results of a statistical pro- x m 6.9 8
cess. However, the student still needs to correctly z5 5 5 2.20
s 0.5
interpret those results in the context of a particu-
lar application. The Interpretation feature calls Interpretation The amount of cheese on the selected pizza is only 2.20 standard
attention to this important step. Interpretation is deviations below the mean. The fact that z is negative indicates that the amount of
stressed in examples, in guided exercises, and in cheese is 2.20 standard deviations below the mean. The parlor will not lose its fran-
the problem sets. chise based on this sample.
6. Interpretation A campus performance series features plays, music groups,  Critical Thinking and Interpretation
dance troops, and stand-up comedy. The committee responsible for selecting
the performance groups include three students chosen at random from a pool
Exercises
of volunteers. This year the 30 volunteers came from a variety of majors. In every section and chapter problem set, Critical Thinking
However, the three students for the committee were all music majors. Does
this fact indicate there was bias in the selection process and that the selection problems provide students with the opportunity to test their
process was not random? Explain. understanding of the application of statistical methods and
7. Critical Thinking Greg took a random sample of size 100 from the popula- their interpretation of their results. Interpretation problems
tion of current season ticket holders to State College men’s basketball games. ask students to apply statistical results to the particular
Then he took a random sample of size 100 from the population of current application.
season ticket holders to State College women’s basketball games.
(a)
venience, random) did Greg use to sample from the population of current
season ticket holders to all State College basketball games played by
either men or women?
(b) Is it appropriate to pool the samples and claim to have a random sample of
size 200 from the population of current season ticket holders to all State
College home basketball games played by either men or women? Explain. vii
viii Chapter 1 Getting Started
Statistical Literacy
No language, including statistics, can be spoken without learning the vocabulary. Understandable
Statistics: Concepts and Methods introduces statistical terms with deliberate care.
 What Does (concept, method,

What Does the Level of Measurement Tell Us? statistical result) Tell Us?
The level of measurement tells us which arithmetic processes are appropriate for the This feature gives a brief summary of the informa-
data. This is important because different statistical processes require various kinds of tion we obtain from the named concept, method, or
arithmetic. In some instances all we need to do is count the number of data that meet statistical result.
specified criteria. In such cases nominal (and higher) data levels are all appropriate. In
other cases we need to order the data, so nominal data would not be suitable. Many
other statistical processes require division, so data need to be at the ratio level. Just
keep the nature of the data in mind before beginning statistical computations.
Important Features of a
(concept, method, or result)  Important Features of a Simple Random Sample
For a simple random sample
In statistics we use many different types of graphs,
• n from the population has an equal chance
samples, data, and analytical methods. The features
of being selected.
of each such tool help us select the most appropriate
• No researcher bias occurs in the items selected for the sample.
ones to use and help us interpret the information we
•
receive from applications of the tools.
For instance, from a population of 10 cats and 10 dogs, a random sample
of size 6 could consist of all cats.
 Statistical Literacy Problems

SECTION 6.1 PROBLEMS 1. Statistical Literacy Which, if any, of the curves in Figure 6-10 look(s) like a
normal curve? If a curve is not a normal curve, tell why.
In every section and chapter problem set,
2. Statistical Literacy m,
m 1 s, and s. Statistical Literacy problems test student under-
FIGURE 6-10 standing of terminology, statistical methods, and
the appropriate conditions for use of the differ-
ent processes.
FIGURE 6-11
Definition Boxes 
Box-and-Whisker Plots
Whenever important terms are introduced in
The quartiles together with the low and high data values give us a very useful
text, blue definition boxes appear within the
number summary of the data and their spread.
discussions. These boxes make it easy to reference
or review terms as they are used further.
FIVE-NUMBER SUMMARY
Lowest value, Q1, median, Q3, highest value
box-and-whisker plot. Box-and-whisker plots provide another useful technique

viii from exploratory data analysis (EDA) for describing data.
IMPORTANT WORDS & SYMBOLS  Important Words & Symbols
SECTION 4.1 Multiplication rules of probability (for The Important Words & Symbols within the
Probability of an event A, P(A) 144 independent and dependent events) 156
Intuition 144 More than two independent events 161 Chapter Review feature at the end of each
Relative frequency 144 Probability of A or B 161
Event A and B 161
chapter summarizes the terms introduced in the
Equally likely outcomes 144
Law of large numbers 146 Event A or B 161 Definition Boxes for student review at a glance.
Mutually exclusive events 163
Statistical experiment 146
Addition rules (for mutually exclusive and general
Page numbers for first occurrence of term are
Event 146
Simple event 146 events) 163 given for easy reference.
Sample space 146 More than two mutually exclusive events 165
Complement of event Ac 148 Basic probability rules 168
SECTION 4.2 SECTION 4.3

Independent events 156 Multiplication rule of counting 177
Dependent events 156 Tree diagram 178
Probability of A and B 156 Factorial notation 181
Event A | B 156 Permutations rule 181
Conditional probability 156 Combinations rule 183
P1A | B2 156
Linking Concepts:
Writing Projects  LINKING CONCEPTS: Discuss each of the following topics in class or review the topics on your own. Then
WRITING PROJECTS write a brief but complete essay in which you summarize the main points. Please
Much of statistical literacy is the ability include formulas and graphs as appropriate.
1. What does it mean to say that we are going to use a sample to draw an inference
to communicate concepts effectively. The about a population? Why is a random sample so important for this process? If
Linking Concepts: Writing Projects feature we wanted a random sample of students in the cafeteria, why couldn’t we just
at the end of each chapter tests both choose the students who order Diet Pepsi with their lunch? Comment on the
statement, “A random sample is like a miniature population, whereas samples
statistical literacy and critical thinking by that are not random are likely to be biased.” Why would the students who order
asking the student to express their under- Diet Pepsi with lunch not be a random sample of students in the cafeteria?
standing in words. 2. In your own words, explain the differences among the following sampling
-
ter sample, multistage sample, and convenience sample. Describe situations in
which each type might be useful.
5. Basic Computation: Central Limit Theorem Suppose x has a distribution  Basic Computation
with a mean of 8 and a standard deviation of 16. Random samples of size Problems
n 5 64 are drawn. These problems focus student
(a) Describe the x distribution and compute the mean and standard deviation attention on relevant formulas,
of the distribution. requirements, and computational pro-
(b) Find the z value corresponding to x 5 9. cedures. After practicing these skills,
(c) Find P1x 7 92. students are more confident as they
(d) Interpretation Would it be unusual for a random sample of size 64 from approach real-world applications.
the x distribution to have a sample mean greater than 9? Explain.
30. Expand Your Knowledge: Geometric Mean When data consist of percent-
ages, ratios, compounded growth rates, or other rates of change, the geomet-
ric mean is a useful measure of central tendency. For n data values,
Expand Your Knowledge Problems  n
Geometric mean 5 1product of the n data values, assuming all data
values are positive
Expand Your Knowledge problems present
optional enrichment topics that go beyond the average growth factor over 5 years of an investment in a mutual
material introduced in a section. Vocabulary -
and concepts needed to solve the problems are metric mean of 1.10, 1.12, 1.148, 1.038, and 1.16. Find the average growth
included at point-of-use, expanding students’ factor of this investment.
statistical literacy.
ix
Direction and Purpose
Real knowledge is delivered through direction, not just facts. Understandable Statistics: Concepts and
Methods ensures the student knows what is being covered and why at every step along the way to statis-
tical literacy.
Chapter Preview 
Questions Normal Curves and Sampling
Preview Questions at the beginning of
each chapter give the student a taste Distributions
of what types of questions can be
answered with an understanding of the
knowledge to come.
PREVIEW QUESTIONS
PART I
What are some characteristics of a normal distribution? What does
the empirical rule tell you about data spread around the mean?
How can this information be used in quality control? (SECTION 6.1)
Pressmaster/Shutterstock.com
Can you compare apples and oranges, or maybe elephants and butter-
flies? In most cases, the answer is no—unless you first standardize
your measurements. What are a standard normal distribution and
a standard z score? (SECTION 6.2)
How do you convert any normal distribution to a standard normal
distribution? How do you find probabilities of “standardized
events”? (SECTION 6.3)
PART II
FOCUS PROBLEM As humans, our experiences are finite and limited. Consequently, most of the important
decisions in our lives are based on sample (incomplete) information. What is a prob-
Benford’s Law: The Importance

ability sampling distribution? How will sampling distributions help us make good
decisions based on incomplete information? (SECTION 6.4)
There is an old saying: All roads lead to Rome. In statistics, we could recast this saying: All
of Being Number 1 probability distributions average out to be normal distributions (as the sample size
increases). How can we take advantage of this in our study of sampling
distributions? (SECTION 6.5)
Benford’s Law states that in a wide variety of circum-
The binomial and normal distributions are two of the most important probability
distributions in statistics. Under certain limiting condi-
disproportionately often. Benford’s Law applies to such
diverse topics as the drainage areas of rivers; properties of
BRENDAN SMIALOWSKI/AFP/Getty Images
magazines, and government reports; and the half-lives of

radioactive atoms!
“1” about 30% of the time, with “2” about 18% of time,
and with “3” about 12.5% of the time. Larger digits occur
less often. For example, less than 5% of the numbers in
circumstances such as these begin with the digit 9. This
is in dramatic contrast to a random sampling situation, in
which each of the digits 1 through 9 has an equal chance 8. Focus Problem: ForBenford’s Law resources,
online student visit theyou
Again, suppose Brase/Brase,
are the auditor for a very
Understandable Statistics, 12th edition web site
of appearing. at http://www.cengage.com/statistics/brase
-
puter data bank (see Problem 7). You draw a random sample of n 5 228 numbers
r 5 92 p represent the popu-
i. Test the claim that p is more than 0.301. Use a 5 0.01.

▲ Chapter Focus Problems ii. If p is in fact larger than 0.301, it would seem there are too many num-
The Preview Questions in each chapter are followed by a

Focus Problem, which serves as a more specific example of from the point of view of the Internal Revenue Service. Comment from
what questions the student will soon be able to answer. The the perspective of the Federal Bureau of Investigation as it looks for
Focus Problems are set within appropriate applications and
iii. Comment on the following statement: “If we reject the null hypothesis at
are incorporated into the end-of-section exercises, giving a, we have not proved H0 to be false. We can say that
students the opportunity to test their understanding. the probability is a that we made a mistake in rejecting H0.” Based on the
outcome of the test, would you recommend further investigation before
accusing the company of fraud?
x
Focus Points 
SECTION 3.1 Measures of Central Tendency: Mode,
Each section opens with bul- Median, and Mean
leted Focus Points describing FOCUS POINTS
the primary learning objectives • Compute mean, median, and mode from raw data.
• Interpret what mean, median, and mode tell you.
of the section. • Explain how mean, median, and mode can be affected by extreme data values.
• What is a trimmed mean? How do you compute it?
• Compute a weighted average.
The average price of an ounce of gold is $1350. The Zippy car averages 39 miles
This section can be covered quickly. Good per gallon on the highway. A survey showed the average shoe size for women is
discussion topics include The Story of Old size 9.
Faithful in Data Highlights, Problem 1; Linking In each of the preceding statements, one number is used to describe the entire
Concepts, Problem 1; and the trade winds of
sample or population. Such a number is called an average. There are many ways to
Hawaii (Using Technology).
compute averages, but we will study only three of the major ones.
Average The easiest average to compute is the mode.
Mode The mode of a data set is the value that occurs most frequently. Note: If a data set
has no single value that occurs more frequently than any other, then that data set
has no mode.
EXAMPLE 1 Mode
Count the letters in each word of this sentence and give the mode. The numbers of
letters in the words of the sentence are
5 3 7 2 4 4 2 4 8 3 4 3 4
 Looking Forward
LOOKING FORWARD
This feature shows students where the presented material will be used
In later chapters we will use information based later. It helps motivate students to pay a little extra attention to key
topics.
on a sample and sample statistics to estimate
population parameters (Chapter 7) or make
decisions about the value of population param-
eters (Chapter 8).
CHAPTER REVIEW
SUMMARY
In this chapter, you’ve seen that statistics is the study of how • Sampling strategies, including simple random,
to collect, organize, analyze, and interpret numerical infor-
mation from populations or samples. This chapter discussed Inferential techniques presented in this text are based
some of the features of data and ways to collect data. In on simple random samples.
particular, the chapter discussed • Methods of obtaining data: Use of a census, simula-
• Individuals or subjects of a study and the variables tion, observational studies, experiments, and surveys
associated with those individuals • Concerns: Undercoverage of a population, nonre-
• sponse, bias in data from surveys and other factors,
levels of measurement of data effects of confounding or lurking variables on other
• Sample and population data. Summary measurements variables, generalization of study results beyond the
from sample data are called statistics, and those from population of the study, and study sponsorship
populations are called parameters.
▲ Chapter Summaries
The Summary within each Chapter Review feature now also appears in bulleted
form, so students can see what they need to know at a glance.
xi
Real-World Skills
Statistics is not done in a vacuum. Understandable Statistics: Concepts and Methods gives students valu-
able skills for the real world with technology instruction, genuine applications, actual data, and group
projects.
REVISED! Tech Notes  > Tech Notes Box-and-Whisker Plot

Both Minitab and the TI-84Plus/TI-83Plus/TI-nspire calculators support box-
and-whisker plots. On the TI-84Plus/TI-83Plus/TI-nspire, the quartiles Q1 and Q3
Tech Notes appearing throughout the text are calculated as we calculate them in this text. In Minitab and Excel 2013, they are
give students helpful hints on using TI- calculated using a slightly different process.
84Plus and TI-nspire (with TI-84Plus TI-84Plus/TI-83Plus/TI-nspire (with TI-84Plus Keypad) Press STATPLOT ➤On.
keypad) and TI-83Plus calculators, Highlight box plot. Use Trace and the arrow keys to display the values of the
Microsoft Excel 2013, Minitab, and Minitab
Express to solve a problem. They include
display screens to help students visualize
and better understand the solution.
Med = 221.5
Excel 2013 Does not produce box-and-whisker plot. However, each value of the
Home ribbon, click the Insert Function
fx. In the dialogue box, select Statistical as the category and scroll to Quartile. In
> USING TECHNOLOGY

the dialogue box, enter the data location and then enter the number of the value you
Minitab Press Graph ➤ Boxplot. In the dialogue box, set Data View to IQRange Box.
MinitabExpress Press Graph ➤ Boxplot ➤ simple.
Binomial Distributions -
Although tables of binomial probabilities can be found in priate subtraction of probabilities, rather than addition of
most libraries, such tables are often inadequate. Either the
value of p (the probability of success on a trial) you are look- 3 to 7 easier.
ing for is not in the table, or the value of n (the number 3. Estimate the probability that Juneau will have at most 7
of trials) you are looking for is too large for the table. In clear days in December.
Chapter 6, we will study the normal approximation to the bi- 4. Estimate the probability that Seattle will have from 5 to
nomial. This approximation is a great help in many practical 10 (including 5 and 10) clear days in December.
5. Estimate the probability that Hilo will have at least 12
 REVISED! Using Technology
applications. Even so, we sometimes use the formula for the
binomial probability distribution on a computer or graphing clear days in December.
calculator to compute the probability we want. 6. Estimate the probability that Phoenix will have 20 or Further technology instruction is
more clear days in December. available at the end of each chapter in
Applications 7. Estimate the probability that Las Vegas will have from
The following percentages were obtained over many years 20 to 25 (including 20 and 25) clear days in December. the Using Technology section. Problems
of observation by the U.S. Weather Bureau. All data listed Technology Hints are presented with real-world data from
are for the month of December.
TI-84Plus/TI-83Plus/TI-nspire (with TI-84 a variety of disciplines that can be
Location
Long-Term Mean % of
Clear Days in Dec.
Plus keypad), Excel 2013, Minitab/MinitabExpress solved by using TI-84Plus and TI-nspire
Juneau, Alaska 18% for binomial distribution functions on the TI-84Plus/
(with TI-84Plus keypad) and TI-83Plus
Seattle, Washington 24% TI-83Plus/TI-nspire (with TI-84Plus keypad) calculators, calculators, Microsoft Excel 2013, Minitab,
Hilo, Hawaii 36% Excel 2013, Minitab/MinitabExpress, and SPSS.
Honolulu, Hawaii 60%
and Minitab Express.
SPSS
Las Vegas, Nevada 75%
In SPSS, the function PDF.BINOM(q,n,p) gives the prob-
Phoenix, Arizona 77%
ability of q successes out of n trials, where p is the prob-
Adapted from Local Climatological Data, U.S. Weather Bureau publication, “Normals, ability of success on a single trial. In the data editor, name
Means, and Extremes” Table.
a variable r and enter values 0 through n. Name another
In the locations listed, the month of December is a rela- variable Prob_r. Then use the menu choices Transform ➤
tively stable month with respect to weather. Since weather Compute. In the dialogue box, use Prob_r for the target
patterns from one day to the next are more or less the same, variable. In the function group, select PDF and Noncentral
it is reasonable to use a binomial probability model. PDF. In the function box, select PDF.BINOM(q,n,p). Use
1. Let r be the number of clear days in December. Since the variable r for q and appropriate values for n and p. Note
December has 31 days, 0 r 31. Using appropriate that the function CDF.BINOM(q,n,p), from the CDF and
Noncentral CDF group, gives the cumulative probability of
the probability P(r) for each of the listed locations when 0 through q successes.
r 5 0, 1, 2, . . . , 31.
2. For each location, what is the expected value of the
probability distribution? What is the standard deviation?
xii
EXAMPLE 13 Central Limit Theorem
A certain strain of bacteria occurs in all raw milk. Let x be the bacteria count per
milliliter of milk. The health department has found that if the milk is not contami-
 UPDATED! Applications
nated, then x has a distribution that is more or less mound-shaped and symmetric. Real-world applications are used
The mean of the x distribution is m 5 2500, and the standard deviation is s 5 300.
In a large commercial dairy, the health inspector takes 42 random samples of the milk from the beginning to introduce each
produced each day. At the end of the day, the bacteria count in each of the 42 samples statistical process. Rather than just
is averaged to obtain the sample mean bacteria count x. crunching numbers, students come
(a) Assuming the milk is not contaminated, what is the distribution of x? to appreciate the value of statistics
SOLUTION: The sample size is n 5 42. Since this value exceeds 30, the central
through relevant examples.
limit theorem applies, and we know that x will be approximately normal, with
mean and standard deviation
11. Pain Management: Laser Therapy “Effect of Helium-Neon Laser

Auriculotherapy on Experimental Pain Threshold” is the title of an article in
the journal Physical Therapy (Vol. 70, No. 1, pp. 24–30). In this article, laser
therapy was discussed as a useful alternative to drugs in pain management of
chronically ill patients. To measure pain threshold, a machine was used that de-
livered low-voltage direct current to different parts of the body (wrist, neck, and
back). The machine measured current in milliamperes (mA). The pretreatment
Most exercises in each section  detectable) at m 5 3.15 mA with standard deviation s 5 1.45 mA. Assume that
are applications problems. the distribution of threshold pain, measured in milliamperes, is symmetric and
more or less mound-shaped. Use the empirical rule to
(a) estimate a range of milliamperes centered about the mean in which about
68% of the experimental group had a threshold of pain.
(b) estimate a range of milliamperes centered about the mean in which about
95% of the experimental group had a threshold of pain.
12. Control Charts: Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone Park Medical
Services (YPMS) provides emergency health care for park visitors. Such
health care includes treatment for everything from indigestion and sunburn
to more serious injuries. A recent issue of Yellowstone Today (National Park
DATA HIGHLIGHTS: Break into small groups and discuss the following topics. Organize a brief outline in
GROUP PROJECTS which you summarize the main points of your group discussion.
 Data Highlights: Group

1.Examine Figure 2-20, “Everyone Agrees: Slobs Make Worst Roommates.”
This is a clustered bar graph because two percentages are given for each re-
sponse category: responses from men and responses from women. Comment
about how the artistic rendition has slightly changed the format of a bar graph. Projects
Do the bars seem to have lengths that accurately the relative percentages
of the responses? In your own opinion, does the artistic rendition enhance or Using Group Projects, students gain
confuse the information? Explain. Which characteristic of “worst roommates” experience working with others by
does the graphic seem to illustrate? Can this graph be considered a Pareto chart
for men? for women? Why or why not? From the information given in the - discussing a topic, analyzing data,
ure, do you think the survey just listed the four given annoying characteristics? and collaborating to formulate their
Do you think a respondent could choose more than one characteristic? Explain
response to the questions posed in
FIGURE 2-20 the exercise.
Source: Advantage Business Research for Mattel Compatibility
xiii
Making the Jump
Get to the “Aha!” moment faster. Understandable Statistics: Concepts and Methods provides the push
students need to get there through guidance and example.
 Procedures and
PROCEDURE
Requirements
How to test M when S is known Procedure display boxes summarize
simple step-by-step strategies for
Requirements
carrying out statistical procedures
Let x be a random variable appropriate to your application. Obtain a simple and methods as they are intro-
random sample (of size n) of x values from which you compute the sample duced. Requirements for using
mean x. The value of s is already known (perhaps from a previous study). the procedures are also stated.
If you can assume that x has a normal distribution, then any sample size n Students can refer back to these
will work. If you cannot assume this, then use a sample size n 30. boxes as they practice using the
Procedure procedures.
1. In the context of the application, state the null and alternate hypothe-
ses and set the a.
2. Use the known s, the sample size n, the value of x from the sample, and m
from the null hypothesis to compute the standardized sample test statistic.
x m
z5 GUIDED EXERCISE 11 Probability Regarding x
s
1n In mountain country, major highways sometimes use tunnels instead of long, winding roads over high passes. However,
too many vehicles in a tunnel at the same time can cause a hazardous situation. Traffic engineers are studying a long
3. Use the standard normal distribution and the
tunnel in Colorado. type ofthetest,
If x represents one-tailed
time for a vehicle to goorthrough the tunnel, it is known that the x distribution
has mean m 5 12.1 minutes and standard deviation s 5 3.8 minutes under ordinary traffic conditions. From a
P-value corresponding to the test statistic.
histogram of x values, it was found that the x distribution is mound-shaped with some symmetry about the mean.
4. Conclude the test. If P-value a, then reject H0. If P-value 7 a,
Engineers have calculated that, on average, vehicles should spend from 11 to 13 minutes in the tunnel. If
then do not reject H0. the time is less than 11 minutes, traffic is moving too fast for safe travel in the tunnel. If the time is more than
5. Interpret your conclusion in 13
theminutes,
contextthereof
is athe application.
problem of bad air quality (too much carbon monoxide and other pollutants).
Under ordinary conditions, there are about 50 vehicles in the tunnel at one time. What is the probability that the
mean time for 50 vehicles in the tunnel will be from 11 to 13 minutes?
We will answer this question in steps.
(a) Let x represent the sample mean based on sam- From the central limit theorem, we expect the x dis-
ples of size 50. Describe the x distribution. tribution to be approximately normal, with mean and
standard deviation
s 3.8
mx 5 m 5 12.1 sx 5 5 < 0.54
1n 150
(b) Find P111 6 x 6 132. We convert the interval

11 6 x 6 13
Jupiterimages/Stockbyte/Getty Images
to a standard z interval and use the standard normal

probability table to find our answer. Since
x m x 12.1
Guided Exercises  z5
s/ 1n
<
0.54
11 12.1
Students gain experience with new x 5 11 converts to z < 5 2.04
0.54
procedures and methods through 13 12.1
Guided Exercises. Beside each problem and x 5 13 converts to z < 5 1.67
0.54
in a Guided Exercise, a completely Therefore,
worked-out solution appears for im- P111 6 x 6 132 5 P1 2.04 6 z 6 1.672
mediate reinforcement. 5 0.9525 0.0207
5 0.9318
(c) Interpret your answer to part (b). It seems that about 93% of the time, there should be no
xiv safety hazard for average traffic flow.
Preface
Welcome to the exciting world of statistics! We have written this text to make statis-
tics accessible to everyone, including those with a limited mathematics background.
Statistics affects all aspects of our lives. Whether we are testing new medical devices
or determining what will entertain us, applications of statistics are so numerous that,
in a sense, we are limited only by our own imagination in discovering new uses for
statistics.
Overview
The twelfth edition of Understandable Statistics: Concepts and Methods contin-
ues to emphasize concepts of statistics. Statistical methods are carefully presented
with a focus on understanding both the suitability of the method and the meaning
of the result. Statistical methods and measurements are developed in the context of
applications.
Critical thinking and interpretation are essential in understanding and evaluat-
ing information. Statistical literacy is fundamental for applying and comprehending
statistical results. In this edition we have expanded and highlighted the treatment of
statistical literacy, critical thinking, and interpretation.
We have retained and expanded features that made the first 11 editions of the
text very readable. Definition boxes highlight important terms. Procedure displays
summarize steps for analyzing data. Examples, exercises, and problems touch on
applications appropriate to a broad range of interests.
The twelfth edition continues to have extensive online support. Instructional
videos are available on DVD. The companion web site at http://www.cengage.com/
statistics/brase contains more than 100 data sets (in JMP, Microsoft Excel, Minitab,
SPSS, and TI-84Plus/TI-83Plus/TI-nspire with TI-84Plus keypad ASCII file for-
mats) and technology guides.
Available with the twelfth edition is MindTap for Introductory Statistics. MindTap
for Introductory Statistics is a digital-learning solution that places learning at the
center of the experience and can be customized to fit course needs. It offers algorith-
mically-generated problems, immediate student feedback, and a powerful answer
evaluation and grading system. Additionally, it provides students with a personalized
path of dynamic assignments, a focused improvement plan, and just-in-time, inte-
grated review of prerequisite gaps that turn cookie cutter into cutting edge, apathy
into engagement, and memorizers into higher-level thinkers.
MindTap for Introductory Statistics is a digital representation of the course
that provides tools to better manage limited time, stay organized and be successful.
Instructors can customize the course to fit their needs by providing their students
with a learning experience—including assignments—in one proven, easy-to-use
interface.
With an array of study tools, students will get a true understanding of course
concepts, achieve better grades, and set the groundwork for their future courses.
These tools include:
• A Pre-course Assessment—a diagnostic and follow-up practice and review oppor-
tunity that helps students brush up on their prerequisite skills to prepare them to
succeed in the course.
xv
xvi preface
• Just-in-time and side-by-side assignment help –provide students with scaffolded

and targeted help, all within the assignment experience, so everything the student
needs is in one place.
• Stats in Practice—a series of 1-3 minute news videos designed to engage students
and introduce each unit by showing them how that unit’s concepts are practically
used in the real world. Videos are accompanied by follow-up questions to rein-
force the critical thinking aspect of the feature and promote in-class discussion.
Learn more at www.cengage.com/mindtap.
Major Changes in the Twelfth Edition

With each new edition, the authors reevaluate the scope, appropriateness, and effec-
tiveness of the text’s presentation and reflect on extensive user feedback. Revisions
have been made throughout the text to clarify explanations of important concepts and
to update problems.
Additional Flexibility Provided by Dividing Chapters into Parts

In the twelfth edition several of the longer chapters have been broken into easy to
manage and teach parts. Each part has a brief introduction, brief summary, and list
of end-of-chapter problems that are applicable to the sections in the specified part.
The partition gives appropriate places to pause, review, and summarize content. In
addition, the parts provide flexibility in course organization.
Chapter 6 Normal Distributions and Sampling Distributions: Part I discusses the
normal distribution and use of the standard normal distribution while Part II
contains sampling distributions, the central limit theorem, and the normal
approximation to the binomial distribution.
Chapter 7 Estimation: Part I contains the introduction to confidence intervals
and confidence intervals for a single mean and for a single proportion while
Part II has confidence intervals for the difference of means and for the differ-
ence of proportions.
Chapter 8 Hypothesis Testing: Part I introduces hypothesis testing and includes
tests of a single mean and of a single proportion. Part II discusses hypothesis
tests of paired differences, tests of differences between two means and differ-
ences between two proportions.
Chapter 9 Correlation and Regression: Part I has simple linear regression while
Part II has multiple linear regression.
Revised Examples and New Section Problems

Examples and guided exercises have been updated and revised. Additional section
problems emphasize critical thinking and interpretation of statistical results.
Updates in Technology Including Mindtab Express

Instructions for Excel 2013, Minitab 17 and new Minitab Express are included in the
Tech Notes and Using Technology.
Continuing Content
Critical Thinking, Interpretation, and Statistical Literacy
The twelfth edition of this text continues and expands the emphasis on critical
thinking, interpretation, and statistical literacy. Calculators and computers are very
good at providing numerical results of statistical processes. However, numbers from
a computer or calculator display are meaningless unless the user knows how to
interpret the results and if the statistical process is appropriate. This text helps stu-
dents determine whether or not a statistical method or process is appropriate. It helps
PREFACE xvii
students understand what a statistic measures. It helps students interpret the results of
a confidence interval, hypothesis test, or liner regression model.
Introduction of Hypothesis Testing Using P-Values

In keeping with the use of computer technology and standard practice in research,
hypothesis testing is introduced using P-values. The critical region method is still
supported but not given primary emphasis.
Use of Student’s t Distribution in Confidence Intervals and

Testing of Means
If the normal distribution is used in confidence intervals and testing of means, then the
population standard deviation must be known. If the population standard d eviation is
not known, then under conditions described in the text, the Student’s t distribution
is used. This is the most commonly used procedure in statistical research. It is also
used in statistical software packages such as Microsoft Excel, Minitab, SPSS, and
TI-84Plus/TI-83Plus/TI-nspire calculators.
Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Tests of Difference

of Means
If the normal distribution is used, then both population standard deviations must be
known. When this is not the case, the Student’s t distribution incorporates an approx-
imation for t, with a commonly used conservative choice for the degrees of freedom.
Satterthwaite’s approximation for the degrees of freedom as used in computer soft-
ware is also discussed. The pooled standard deviation is presented for appropriate
applications (s1 < s2).
Features in the Twelfth Edition

Chapter and Section Lead-ins
• Preview Questions at the beginning of each chapter are keyed to the sections.
• Focus Problems at the beginning of each chapter demonstrate types of questions stu-
dents can answer once they master the concepts and skills presented in the chapter.
• Focus Points at the beginning of each section describe the primary learning objec-
tives of the section.
Carefully Developed Pedagogy

• Examples show students how to select and use appropriate procedures.
• Guided Exercises within the sections give students an opportunity to work with
a new concept. Completely worked-out solutions appear beside each exercise to
give immediate reinforcement.
• Definition boxes highlight important definitions throughout the text.
• Procedure displays summarize key strategies for carrying out statistical procedures
and methods. Conditions required for using the procedure are also stated.
• What Does (a concept, method or result) Tell Us? summarizes information we
obtain from the named concepts and statistical processes and gives insight for
additional application.
• Important Features of a (concept, method, or result) summarizes the features of the
listed item.
• Looking Forward features give a brief preview of how a current topic is used later.
• Labels for each example or guided exercise highlight the technique, concept, or
process illustrated by the example or guided exercise. In addition, labels for sec-
tion and chapter problems describe the field of application and show the wide
variety of subjects in which statistics is used.
xviii preface
• Section and chapter problems require the student to use all the new concepts mas-
tered in the section or chapter. Problem sets include a variety of real-world appli-
cations with data or settings from identifiable sources. Key steps and solutions to
odd-numbered problems appear at the end of the book.
• Basic Computation problems ask students to practice using formulas and statisti-
cal methods on very small data sets. Such practice helps students understand what
a statistic measures.
• Statistical Literacy problems ask students to focus on correct terminology and
processes of appropriate statistical methods. Such problems occur in every section
and chapter problem set.
• Interpretation problems ask students to explain the meaning of the statistical
results in the context of the application.
• Critical Thinking problems ask students to analyze and comment on various issues
that arise in the application of statistical methods and in the interpretation of
results. These problems occur in every section and chapter problem set.
• Expand Your Knowledge problems present enrichment topics such as negative bino-
mial distribution; conditional probability utilizing binomial, Poisson, and normal
distributions; estimation of standard deviation from a range of data values; and more.
• Cumulative review problem sets occur after every third chapter and include key
topics from previous chapters. Answers to all cumulative review problems are
given at the end of the book.
• Data Highlights and Linking Concepts provide group projects and writing projects.
• Viewpoints are brief essays presenting diverse situations in which statistics is used.
• Design and photos are appealing and enhance readability.
Technology Within the Text

• Tech Notes within sections provide brief point-of-use instructions for the
TI‑84Plus, TI-83Plus, and TI-nspire (with 84Plus keypad) calculators, Microsoft
Excel 2013, and Minitab.
• Using Technology sections show the use of SPSS as well as the TI-84Plus,
TI-83Plus, and TI-nspire (with TI-84Plus keypad) calculators, Microsoft Excel,
and Minitab.
Interpretation Features
To further understanding and interpretation of statistical concepts, methods, and
results, we have included two special features: What Does (a concept, method,
or result) Tell Us? and Important Features of a (concept, method, or result).
These features summarize the information we obtain from concepts and statistical
processes and give additional insights for further application.
Expand Your Knowledge Problems and Quick Overview Topics

With Additional Applications
Expand Your Knowledge problems do just that! These are optional but contain very
useful information taken from the vast literature of statistics. These topics are not
included in the main text but are easily learned using material from the section or
previous sections. Although these topics are optional, the authors feel they add depth
and enrich a student’s learning experience. Each topic was chosen for its relatively
straightforward presentation and useful applications. All such problems and their
applications are flagged with a sun logo.
Expand Your Knowledge problems in the twelfth edition involve donut graphs;
stratified sampling and the best estimate for the population mean m; the process of
using minimal variance for linear combinations of independent random variables;
and serial correlation (also called autocorrelation).
Some of the other topics in Expand Your Knowledge problems or quick over-
views include graphs such as dotplots and variations on stem-and-leaf plots; out-
liers in stem-and-leaf plots; harmonic and geometric means; moving averages;
PREFACE xix
calculating odds in favor and odds against; extension of conditional probability to

various distributions such as the Poisson distribution and the normal distribution;
Bayes’s theorem; additional probability distributions such as the multinomial
distribution, negative binomial distribution, hypergeometric distribution, contin-
uous uniform distribution, and exponential distribution; waiting time between
Poisson events; quick estimate of the standard deviation using the Empirical rule;
plus four confidence intervals for proportions; Satterthwaite’s approximation
for degrees of freedom in confidence intervals and hypothesis tests; relationship
between confidence intervals and two-tailed hypothesis testing; pooled two-
sample procedures for confidence intervals and hypothesis tests; resampling (also
known as bootstrap); simulations of confidence intervals and hypothesis tests
using different samples of the same size; mean and standard deviation for linear
combinations of dependent random variables; logarithmic transformations with
the exponential growth model and the power law model; and polynomial (curvi-
linear) regression.
For location of these optional topics in the text, please see the index.
Most Recent Operating System for the

TI-84Plus/TI-83Plus Calculators
The latest operating system (v2.55MP) for the TI-84Plus/TI-83Plus calculators is
discussed, with new functions such as the inverse t distribution and the chi-square
goodness of fit test described. One convenient feature of the operating system is that
it provides on-screen prompts for inputs required for many probability and statistical
functions. This operating system is already on new TI-84Plus/TI-83Plus calculators
and is available for download to older calculators at the Texas Instruments web site.
Alternate Routes Through the Text

Understandable Statistics: Concepts and Methods, Twelfth Edition, is designed to be
flexible. It offers the professor a choice of teaching possibilities. In most one-semester
courses, it is not practical to cover all the material in depth. However, depending on the
emphasis of the course, the professor may choose to cover various topics. For help in
topic selection, refer to the Table of Prerequisite Material on page 1.
• Introducing linear regression early. For courses requiring an early presentation
of linear regression, the descriptive components of linear regression (Sections 9.1
and 9.2) can be presented any time after Chapter 3. However, inference topics
involving predictions, the correlation coefficient r, and the slope of the least-
squares line b require an introduction to confidence intervals (Sections 7.1 and
7.2) and hypothesis testing (Sections 8.1 and 8.2).
• Probability. For courses requiring minimal probability, Section 4.1 (What Is
Probability?) and the first part of Section 4.2 (Some Probability Rules—Compound
Events) will be sufficient.
Acknowledgments
It is our pleasure to acknowledge all of the reviewers, past and present, who have
helped make this book what it is over its twelve editions:
Jorge Baca, Cosumnes River College Abraham Biggs, Broward Community

Wayne Barber, Chemeketa Community College
College Dexter Cahoy, Louisiana Tech University
Molly Beauchman, Yavapai College Maggy Carney, Burlington County College
Nick Belloit, Florida State College Christopher Donnelly, Macomb
at Jacksonville Community College
Kimberly Benien, Wharton County Tracy Leshan, Baltimore City Community
Junior College College
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Tahvanus on tallirenki,
Hän sanoi sanalla tuolla:
"Onko jo toet toteni,
Walehettomat vakani? —
Nousipa härkä ammomahan, 60
Pääpönttä pölöttämähän;
Jo on syntynyt Jumala,
Yliarmo auennunna."
Haastoi Ruotus rualtansa,

Tiuskas tiskinsä nojasta: 65
"Äsken on toet totesi,
Walehettomat vakasi,
Kun tuo kukko laulanepi,
Kanan poika kajahtanepi,
Jok' on paistina vadissa, 70
Liha voilla voideltuna,
Höyhenillä höyhkenillä,
Jäsenillä järkkäneillä."
Nousipa kukko laulamahan,

Kanan poika kajahtamahan, 75
Luillansa luhisemahan,
Höyhenillä höyhkimähän,
Kynsin maata kaapimahan,
Siivin sillat pyyhkimähän,
Isännän ilolliseksi, 80
Emännän elolliseksi.
Lauloi kukko kujahutti,
Kanan poika kajahutti,
Kukko kuuelta sanalta,
Kanan poika kahdeksalta. 85
Hän sanoi sanalla tuolla:
"Jo nyt on toet totein,
Walehettomat vakani;
Nousipa kukko laulamahan, 90
Kanan poika kajahtamahan,
Jo on syntynyt Jumala,
Yliarmo auennunna."
Ruma Ruotuksen isäntä

Weitsen pöytähän vetäpi, 95
Sanopi sanalla tuolla:
"Äsken on toet totesi,
Walehettomat vakasi,
Kun veitsi vesottanepi,
Jonka pöytähän sivalsin; 100
Jot' on vuosi vuoliskeltu,
Kaksi kannettu tupessa —
Weitsenpää vesottanepi,
Wesaset lehdittynepi."
Alkoi veitsenpää vesota, 105
Kasvoi kaunihit vesaset,
Kuusi kullaista qesoa,
Lehtiqesan seitsemännen.
Hän sanoi sanalla tuolla: 110
"Joko on toet toteni,
Walehettomat vakani? —
Jopa veitsenpää vesosi,
Jonka pöytähän sivalsit;
Rupes kukko laulamahan, 115
Kanan poika kajahtamahan;
Nousi härkä ammomahan,
Pääpönttö pölöttämähän;
Jo nyt on syntynyt Jumala,
Yliarmo auennunna, 120
Jo nyt luovun Ruotuksesta,
Otan usko Jesuksesta."
Jouluna Jumala syntyi,
Paras poika pakkasella;
Syntyi heinille hevosen, 125
Sorajouhen soimen päähän.
Härkä olkia levitti,
Sika penkoi pehkuloita,
Pojan pienen peitteheksi,
Katteheksi kaikkivallan. 130
Jälkimaine. Tätä runoa on koottu sekä Hämeestä että Savosta ja

Wenäjän Karjalastaki, millä lienee aikoinansa niin hajalla
laulettavaksi joutunut. Nähtämästi on se paavinaikuisia jaarituksia
Wapahtajamme syntymästä ja semmoisena pidettävä. Ruotus lienee
yksi kun raamatun Herodes ja Tahvanusta laulovatki Hämeeessä ja
Savossa Tapaniksi, joka on raamatun Stephani. — Toisintoja tähän
runoon saapi, ken tahtoo kirjasta: Suom. Kans. Wanh. Runoja edl,
koonnut ja pr. Z. Topelius, 4. Osa, s. 20 ja Avisista: Helsingfors
Tidningar, Årgången 1829.
Murheruno Pielisen Kirkkoherran JACOB STENIUKSEN
Kuolemasta.
Harvon saat nähä hyviä

Syntisihmisten seassa,
Jotka kautta kaiken haaran
Aina arvossa asuvat,
Ja ovat kilvan kiitettävät 5
Sekä Herran Sionissa,
Että muissaki menoissa.
Harvon taitahan tavata,
Neki kuollo korjoapi,
Wiepi Tuoni viekkahasti, 10
Kaikki Kalma kaatelepi,
Peittelepi maan povehen.
Woi sinua, Tuoni tuima,

Kuollo kauhia, kamala!
Kun et vielä viivytellyt 15
Matkoillasi maailmassa,
Ettei Pielisen pitäjän
Kirkkoherra kiitettävä
Olis mennyt meiltä poies,
Ennen ehtoa erinnyt. 20
Wielä oli voimallinen,

Wahva varsin ruumihilta,
Wielä totta toivottihin
Suurta iloa hänestä,
Koska muuttu mustemmaksi, 25
Taivas pilvesty peräti,
Yö jo päivälle pätösi,
Loisti loppu luonahalta.
Jo olen jotaki nähnyt

Ajan entisen kulussa, 30
Nähnyt tulta, nähnyt tuulta,
Nähnyt nälkiä kovia.
Nähnyt suuria sotia,
Rajamailla raskahia;
Olen ollut onnetoinen, 35
Kokenut ajat kovimmat,
Eläessä Eenperinki,
Salomonin sauan alla;
Saanut Wielä saalihiksi
Sille suurelle Simolle, 40
Aflekille ankaralle.
Oh jos kaikki kaipaukset,

Kaikki surkiat suruni,
Kaikki vaivat vaikehimmat,
Tulisivat tutkituksi, 45
Pannuksi paperin päälle,
Niin ne nihki löytyisivät
Meren sannan vertaseksi.
Näien surujen sekahan

Pitää pantaa toella 50
Kuollo meiän kirkkoherran,
Uskollisen opettajan.
Nytpä, Pielisen pitäjä,
Surkuttele surman töistä,
Puhu päivistä pahoista, 55
Omistasi orvon lailla!
Olisiko vaaka vahva,

Waaka paljon painavainen,
Jolla Pielisen pitäjän
Saisin vaivat viesatuksi; 60
Kun en saattane sanoilla,
Tätä muiten muistutella.
Anto armias Jumala

Pitäjälle Pieliselle,
Jakopin jalon lähetti, 65
Juuri aikana kovana,
Wainon viimeisen nenässä;
Kun tuli käsky kovempi,
Juuri ankara anomus,
Että miesten miehullisten, 70
Uljanmuotosten urosten,
Pitäjältä Pielisjänven,
Lieksan kirkon, liepehiltä,
Piti mennä Öllöllähän,
Kittehelle kiiruhusti, 75
Soan tuimahan tulehen,
Wainon vallan valkiahan;
Jätetyksi jättämähän
Oikiat omat kotinsa,
Suen suuhun saalihiksi, 80
Metsän karhun kartanoksi,
Pesiksi metsän petojen.
Waan jos oisi joutununna
Tämä kansa Karjalahan,
Tuiki olisi tuhottu, 85
Kaikki tarkkahan tapettu,
Niinkuin kurjat Karjalaiset
Surkiasti surmattihin.
Kohta kiivas kirkkoherra

Arvasi tämän asian, 90
Käännytti pitäjän kaiken,
Palautti hyvä paimen,
Ennenkun Enohon pääsit,
Ulos uksesta pitäjän;
Sitte rajoja omia 95
Näillä varsin varjellutti.
Waan ei arvannut hyväksi

Yksi osa yllytetty
Töitä miehen miehullisen,
Toimia totisen miehen; 100
Alko juttu julma aivan,
Warsin vahvasti kuottu.—
Maan ei suonut suuri luoja,
Sallinut jalo Jumala,
Syyttömästi syyhyn saavan, 105
Tämän miehen merkillisen,
Tämän vartian vakaisen;
Ajo hänen asiansa,
Juuri selväksi selitti,
Päästi juonista pahoista, 110
Kiusauksista komista.
Eipä muistanut vihoja,
Eikä palkinnut pahalla
Tätä tyhmyyen tekoa,
Yllytystä ynsiätä; 115
Kimet makso kiitoksilla,
Töminät hyvillä töillä.
Koska korkia Jumala

Rauhan rakensi sulosen,
Kohta kiivas kirkkoherra 120
Alko huolella havata,
Kuinka kallis Katekismus
Oli jäänyt oppimata
Tässä Pielisin pitäässä,
Polosessä Pohjanmaassa; 125
Kuinka varsin vähä niitä
Löyty lapsien seassa,
Jotka tunnossa Jumalan
Olit oikein ojetut,
Warsin vähä vanhemmista 130
Opin oikian osasit.
Kohta alko ahkerasti

Opin töitä toimitella,
Hartahimmalla halulla;
Läksyt lapsille asetti, 135
Warotteli vanhempia
Ahkerasti etsimähän
Lastensa sielun parasta,
Josta tarkkahan tavotit
Pielisen pitäjän miehet 140
Kirjaopin kiiruhusti.
Nyt on kirjat, kiitos luojan!
Tallella joka talossa,
Saavat silmillä omilla
Tieon tahosta Jumalan. 145
Kuka kaikki kirjoiteli

Hänen työnsä toimelliset,
Joka joka askelessa
Etsi kaikkien etua!
Kun hän maalla matkusteli 150
Kyliä luettamassa,
Niin hän hellällä halulla,
Syämellä sulosella,
Puhutteli pienimmätki,
Jotka tunsi tarkimmasti, 155
Niminiettuhun nimitti.
Ei niin huonoa havannut,
Että häntä ylenkatso,
Oli isä itkeville,
Wahva turva vaivasille. 160
Empä ole ennen nähnyt,

Toiste tuokohon Jumala!
Joka kaikissa tiloissa
On niin selvä neuon seppä,
Kun tai Pielisen pitäjän 165
Äsken kuollut kirkkoherra,
Wasta tullut vainajaksi.
Sai se korvet kasvamahan,
Kuivina kukostamahan,
Anto opin oivallisen, 170
Kuinka kuitenki pitäisi
Niistä niittyjä raketa;
Tietti kirkon kiitettävän
Kappelille kaiketi'ki,
Toista myöski toimellansa 175
Juuvan rannalle rakenti,
Laitto Lieksahan lujasti
Juuri jalot kellonjalat,
Saatto paikkahan samahan.
Kuka kaikki kirjotti 180
Hänen työnsä toimelliset;
Ei se säitä säikähtänyt,
Walittanut vaivojansa,
Waikka kahesti vaelsi,
Kulki poikki Pohjan merta 185
Kuninkahan kaupunkihin,
Luoksi säätyjen läheni,
Tämän pitäjän hyväksi,
Ynnä kaiken Karjalanki.
Waanpa toisella tovilla 190
Kun kulki Waasan merellä,
Nousi tuuli tuima aivan,
Joka laivan lainehilta,
Aluksen ajo karille,
Hahen särki säien voima, 195
Pohjan puhkasi kivehen.
Kuitenki hänen hä'ästä,
Herra vaarasta vapahti.
Kohta tultua kotihin,
Piti sitte pistoksia, 200
Ehkei aivan raskahia;
Armo ainoan Jumalan
Huojensi hänen kipunsa,
Uskon uuisti lujaksi,
Poies poisti kuollon pelvon, 205
Halun hartahan lähetti.
Olla ulkona koista,
Maallisestahan majasta,
Tulla luoksi lunastajan,
Kanssa kaunihin karitsan, 210
Saaha veisata Hänelle
Halusesti Halleluja.
Tämä toivotus totinen,

Anomus alinomanen,
Kohta kuultuksi tulepi, 215
Koska tunnossa Jumalan
Maallisen majan rakennus
Piti pian purettaman;
Sitte enkelit ihanat
Hälle seisovat sivulla, 220
Uuen kaupungin avasit,
Saatit taivahan talohon,
Kirkkahasen kunniahan.
Näin hän, niinkun kynttiläinen,
Meille loisti, itse loppu, 225
Yhtehen elettyänsä
Tässä Tuonen voittomaassa,
Tässä kyynelten kylässä,
Wuotta täällä täytettyä
Kuusikymmentä ja kaksi, 230
Oltua opettajana,
Parahinna paimenena,
Pitäjässä Pielisessä,
Kaksikymmentä ja kuusi
Wuotta alkaen alusta. 235
Hältä kyynelet hävisit,

Meille murhe musta alko;
Kukin tuntepi kipunsa;
Kaipauksen kaikki kansa —
Wanhat varsin valittavat, 240
Lapset laulamat surulla:
"Woi kun vaipu vainajaksi
Kiitettävä kirkkoherra,
Kuoli paras paimenemme!"
Mutta Herra muistakohon 245
Meitä jääneitä jälille!
Antakoon avaran armon
Tulla päälle Pielisläisten,
Aina rauhan rakkahimman,
Suojan sulosen levätä, 250
Lasten lapsien ylite!
Huonettansa holhotkohon,
Orpolapset ottakohon,
Hänen huolensa sisälle!
Levätköön luusi levossa, 255
Pimiässä maan povessa,
Johon ovat kunnialla
Lahomahon laskettuna! —
Waan sun meno merkillinen
Meillä mielessä pysypi; 260
Sen me tieämmä sanoa,
Juuri luvata lujasti:
Kaivatahan kuolloasi,
Menoasi mainitahan,
Lasten lapsien seassa. 265
Jälkimaine. Tämän runon laulo minulle ulko muistilta, kesällä

1828, Lindbladin frouma Juukan kappelissa ja sano sen joltai
sukulaismainajaltansa, papilta Lyyralta muinen tehdyksi. Kirjotettuna
sitä ei löytynyt ei siel lä, eikä Pielisessä, koska oli joku minua ennen
paikalla käynyt runokokoilia saanut ainuan kirjotetun runon. —
Harmoilla Suomen papeilla taitaa olla tämmöisiä runoja
jälkimuistona, maikkemme kuitenkan epäile siitä, ettei usiampi aki
olisi löytynyt, jotka olisimat ansanneet samalla tamalla kiitettää.
Phteinen kiitollinen jälkimuisto on kuitenki kaikilla menneillä papeilla
Suomen kansan silmässä kirjalumussa ja ylimalkain totisissa
kristillisyyden tunnossa perustettu.
Tarina.
[Sodankylässä kuultu ja sana sanalta sitä myöten kirjotettu. En

tiedä, mahtaisiko kuitenki olla sopivampi, tämmöisiä tarinoita paikka
paikoin vähä muuttaa'ki?]
Oli kolme veljestä, kaksi hyvää, yksi tuhkamo. Heiltä kuoli isä ja
äiti, köyhiksi jäivät. Het siitä kovin murehellisiksi tutuvat ja itkit
itkemistään. Kauan itkettyähän käski unissa heitä isä vainaja
menemään laivarannalle yöksi hanhia vahtamaan, kunki yöksensä.
Niin meni esinnä vanhin, vaan kotvasen istuttua rupesi pimiä yö
peljättämään, jotta pois piti lähteä. Kotiin tulleelta kysyivät toiset:
"mitä sait?". "Itse nähnettä, kun käyttä," vastasi hän sihen. Toissa
yönä meni keskimmäinen veli ja hänen kävi samalla tavalla, kun
vanhimmanki. Niin lähti kolmanneksi yöksi tuhkamo, siinä istu kaiken
yön, ei peljännyt. Tuli päivän koittaissa aamulla kolme hanhia,
korjasit siipensä aian alle ja menit uimaan. Hän kaunihimmat siivet
sieltä valitti ja istausi taas paikallensa. Hanhet jonkun ajan uituahan
rupesivat pois lähtemään. Lähtivät toiset, vaan yksi ei päässyt, kun
siipiään ei löytänyt. Siinä ilmotti ittensä tuhkamo: "täällä siipesi on,
vaan et saa, ennenkun otat minun mieheksesi." Sillä hanhet kun
siipensä aian alle toivat, kaikki muuttuivat ihaniksi neioiksi. Lupasi
ruveta puolisoksi hänelle, sai siivet, puki päälleen, lenti kotiansa
hanhena. Tuhkamo kanssa meni kotiansa. Kysyit toiset veljet: "no
mitä sait hanhia vahettuasi?" Tuhkamo vastasi: "sain ma kuninkaan
tyttären puolisokseni." — "Sinä semmoinen kuninkaan tyttären! —
Lähti siitä sitte kuninkaan linnalle tuhkamo ja sano tytölle: täällä minä
nyt sitä vasten olen, sinua saamassa." — "Waan siitä emmet virka
kuninkaalle mitänä, vastasi tyttö, piämmä sala häitä." — "Mitä met
häitä piämmä, kun kuninkahalle emmet sano!" — "Kun sanot, se
panee semmoiset puustit ethesi, ettet niistä pääse ikänäsi." — "Mitä
tehneeki, mutta ilmotan minä." Meni sitte kuninkhaan etheen ja sano.
"Minä sinulle en anna tytärtäni, vastasi kuningas, ennen kun menet,
kaikki puut tästä vuomasta (tältä lahdelta) kaahat." Meni siitä
morsiamensa tykö ja sano: "semmoisen nyt pani puustin, kaikki puut
käski, tästä vuomasta kaataa." "Tiesin minä sen, vastasi morsian,
vaan pääset sinä siitä, kun ei pahempaa vasta panisi — mene kaaha
yksi puu ja sano puun kaatuessa: kaikki mettä taatukohon." Meni,
kaasi, sano, sai sillä kaikki puut vuomasta kaaetuksi. Lähti siitä sitte
taasen kuninkhaan etheen ja pyysi tytärtä, jo puut kaataneensa. "Et
Wielä sillä saa, sano kuningas, sinun pitää nyt mennä net kaikki
kannolle nostaa." Tuli taasen morsiamensa tykö ja sano: "jo toisen
pani puustin vielä pahemman, kaikki puut minun kannolle nostaa."
"Arvasin minä sen, vastasi morsian, vaan vielä siitäi pääset, kun ei
kolmatta panisi pahempaa — mene, nosta yksi puu kannolle ja sano
nostaessasi: nouskoot kaikki kannollehen." Meni, teki sen, sai silla
kaikki puut kannolleen nousemaan. Niin taasen kuninkhaaltä tytärtä
pyysi. Ei hän vieläkhään anna; käski kultaviljat taivaasta käyä
(noutaa), sitte vasta antaisi. Lähti siitä morsiamensa tykö ja sano:
"Nyt vasta puustin pani, kultaviljat taivaasta käyä, millä minä net
saan?" "Woisit vielä ehkä netki saaha, vastasi morsian, kun ei ainaki
pahempaa vasta tulisi." Sito hänelle sitte säkin päähän, laitto
hevosen selkään: "aja nyt siksikun hevonen putoo altasi, haurase
sitte päältäsi ja ota, mikä kätheesi puuttuu." Lähti sitte ajamaan, jo
viimmen kauan ajettuahan putosi hevonen, hän haurasi samassa
päälthään sai kultaviljat kätheensä. Putos sitte niitten kanssa ja
painui maan sisähään, ettei jäänyt, kun vähä hivukstä ylös. Tuli sitte
sotka ja teki pesänsä päähän. Muni sihen muniansa ja alko hautoa.
"Jo tämä nyt ainaki minulta pään märättää," ajatteli tuhkamo. Tuli
kettu, juosta ketkutteli, näki pesän, rupes munia syömään. Hän sitä
kettua tapasi hännästä, se tempasi ylemmäksi. Toisena päivänä tuli
ahma ja rupesi häänki munia syömään. Kun taasen sitä tarttu
häntään, se hänen tempasi vieläi ylemmäksi. Jo kolmantena päivänä
karhu juosta katkuttelee, tulee jälkimmäistä munaa syömään. Tarttui
karhua jalkaan, se hänen nosti kokonansa ylös. Ylös päässyt ei tieä,
kunne lähteä. Lähteä sitä pitäisi jonne'ki. Astuu, kävelee, kuulee
toraamisen, sinne meni. Het kun nähään tulevan, ihastuthaan,
sanothaan: "ahah! jo paisti tuli." Hään sihen sano: "ei minussa
keittämistä, eikä paistamista; vilu, pitkä matka ottanut keittämiset,
paistamiset." — "No, kun et kelpaa paistiksi, erota meitä torasta!" —
"Kyllä erotan; mikä teillä väsinä?" — "Tämä vaarivainaan saua; jos
keikahuttaa toisen pään, se vihollisen kaataa, jos toisen keikahuttaa,
oman väen nostaa ylös." — "Kuinka minä teiät siitä voisin erottoo,
jos toiselle eli toiselle annan, se minulle suuttuu, kullen en anna;
paras antakaa minulle koko saua." — "Ota, mene matkohisi!" — Otti,
lähti eelle astumaan, jo toisessa paikassa torataan. Hään sinne
meni. "Ahah! huuttiin taas vastaan, jo paistin saamma." — "Ei
minussa keittämistä, eikä paistamista; vilu, pitkä matka vienyt
keittämiset, paistamiset." — "No, erota sitte meitä!" — "Mikä teillä
erotettavana?" — "Tämä ämmivainaan lakki, kummalle tulepi; sen
kun päähänsä panee, ei näe kukahan." — "Millä minä minä teiät siitä
erottaisin; jos jommalle kummalle annan, toinen minulle siitä suuttuu.
Paras, nakkaatta mulle." — Nakkasivat: "tuossa on, ota, mene
matkohisi!" Kun lähti, vähän matkaa astu, kuuli kolmannessa
paikassa torattavan. Meni sinne'ki. "Ahah! jo paisti sattui" — "Ei
minussa keittämistä, eikä paistamista; vilu, pitkä matka saanut
keittämiset, paistamiset." — "No, erota' sa meitä!" — "Mikä teillä
toran aineena?" — "Nämät isävainaan manhat kuovat; net
semmoiset kuovat, panet jalkaasi, kuljet kunne tahot, ei voi kukhaan
mithään pahaa tehä." — "Paha teitä erottoo; toiselle annan, toinen
suuttuu — paras annatta kuovat minulle." Sai netki. Lähti siitä
paikasta ja tuli taloon. Siellä taasen, kun ikhään nähään ovesta
tulevan, sanothaan: "ahah! jo kerran tuli mitä syöä." — "Wähä
minussa syömistä; jo on vilu, pitkä matka vienyt syömiset sekä
juomiset — se vettä, mikä verta, se luuta, mikä lihoa." — "No olisiko
sinun itse nälkä?" — "Mikäpä se olisi, kuutena kuukaunna kun en
ruokaa ole nähnyt." — Sai ruokaa, söi ja kysy syötyähän, jos eivätkö
tietäisi sen kuninkhaan lääniä, johon olisi kulkeva. "Emmet tieä,
vastathiin talossa, mutt' on meillä mettän viljat, het tiennevätkö."
Kuttuthiin; ei tiennehet. Annethiin hänelle sitte siitä talosta kivi,
käskethiin pitämään, jos tarme tulisi. Lähti siitä talosta pois ja tuli
toiseen. Siellä häntä taas, syöä aiothiin, vaan kun ei sanonut
ittessänsä syömistä olevan, panthiin hänelle ruokaa ja kysythiin, mitä
asioittisi. Ei sanonut muuta asioivansa, kun että neuottaisi hään sen
kuninkhaan lääniin, jonka nimitti. "Itte emmet tieä siitä kuninkhaasta
mithään, sanothiin talossa, vaan on meillä mettän peot, tiennevätkö."
Kuttuthiin; ei tieä. Annethiin hänelle siitäki talosta kivi ja niin meni
kolmantheen. Sielläkhään ei tietty sen kuninkhaan lääniä, jota kysyi,
vaan sanothiin olevan taivahan linnut heillä, joilta kysyttäisi.
Kuttuthiin kokhoon linnut, tulit kaikki, kokko yksin ei tullut. Niin
kysythiin taivahan linnuilta sen kuninkhaan maata; ei tiennehet.
Kuttuthiin kokkoaki tulemaan, vasta kolmannella kuttumuksella tuli.
Waan et sanonut häänkhään tietävänsä. "Tieät kyllä, mutta vaimojasi
pelkäät." "Tieän minä senthään, vaan sinne on hirviän pitkä matka."
Käskethiin viemään mies sinne, ei matkaa kattomahan. Sai
lähtiissään kiven tästäki talosta ja niin nousi kokon selälle. Kokko
lähti lentämähän, lenti, lenti, joko lie usiampaa viikkoaki lentänyt, niin
kysy mieheltä: "saitko kiveä ensimmäisestä talosta?" "Sain", vastasi
mies, "Luo merehen!" Kun sitte loi sen kiven merehen, niin siitä
paikalla kallio kasvo. Sillä kalliolla kokko vähän aikaa lepäsi ja lähti
uuelleen lentoon. Kauvan lennettyähän kysy mieheltä jos eikö
saanut toisestaki talosta kiveä. Sano saanehensa mies ja kokko
käski senki merheen lähettämään. Siitä samate kallio kasvo ja kokko
istu lepäämähän. Niin siitä taasen lentoon kohosi ja kotvan
lennettyähän kysyi mieheltä: "antoko minun emäntäni kiveä sinulle?"
"Anto", vastasi mies — "Puota vielä seki mereen!" — Puetti mies ja
siitä tuli kolmas lepäyspaikka. Kun siitä sitte lähti lentämähän, niin
kerrassaan vei miehen rannalle ja maalle laskettuahan kysy: "no
mitä minulle nyt palkasta annat?" Oli kaksi sonnia rannalla, niin mies
sano: "ota noista kumpi tahansa!" Otti lihavamman kokko ja söi
suuhunsa, sitte lähti takasi lentämään. Meni kuninkhaan linnahan
mies lakki päässä, jonka oli toraamapaikassa saanut ja joka teki
hänen näkymättömäksi. Kun morsiamensa huoneesen tuli, niin
morsian itkusilmissä, kaikki murehissaan, häntä ei nähnyt. Jonkun
ajan siellä näkymätönnä istuttuahan kuuli morsiamensa käskevän
piikaa vettä kaivosta noutamaan. Kun meni piika, hään jälkeen,
kultaviljoista vähösen vesiastiahan murensi. Tuli piika veen kanssa,
kuninkhaan tytär sano: "ei tämä ole puhasta, käy toista." Toista kun
lähti käymään, tuhkamo taas jälessä, jo enemmän viljoista vetheen
murensi. Ei kelvannut sekhään vesi kuninkhaan tyttärelle; käski
kolmannesti käyä, puhthaampata tuoa. Niin sihen tuhkamo loi koko
kultaviljan, jonka oli taivaasta saanut. Näki kuninkhaan tytär viljan,
tunsi, sano: "tässä sinä nyt olet, missä oletki, elä piileskele!" Temposi
tuhkamo lakin päästänsä ja tuli näkyväiseksi: "tässä olen jo kotvasen
istunut; missä kuningas, kun hänestä ei kuulu mithään?" — "Elä
puhu kuninkhaasta; se on tapannut kaiken väkensä soassa, siellä on
vieläki, lie'kö hengissä, vai hengetönnä ei ole enää kotvin sanomia
saatu." — "No sinne se pitää minunki paikalla lähteä." — "Elä lähe!
viikon jo viivyit matkallasi ilmanki." — "Lähen kuitenki; en enää taia
kauan viipyä." Lähti siitä, kuningas tiellä vasthaan, kovin
murheelliselta näytti. "Elä huoli murehtia, sano tuhkamo, lähe
vävypoikasi kanssa sotapaikalle jällehen, kattothaan, jos mitä
voimma." Anto kuninkhaalle kuovat ja lakin, itte piti sauan, niin
lähtivät. Tulevat sotapaikalle; vihollinen siellä yhä saaliita korjailee.
"Onko vielä vastaanottajata?" huusi tuhkamo. — "Kyllä on vielä, jos
ennenki." —. Samassa tuhkamo keikahutti pään sauastaan, sillä
kaikki oma väki nousi ylös, Keikahutti sitte toisen pään, kaikki
viholliset maahan. "No kuinka nyt nait vävypoikasi?" kysy hän siitä
kuninkhaalta. "Elä semmoisia enää kyselekhään, sano kuningas, ota
tyttäreni ja puolen riikkiä annan sulle morsian lahjoiksi. Waan viikon
viivyit matkoillasi, viikon viivyit, kauan kasoit, viimmen tulit
viisahaksi." Sihen se loppuiki.
Jälkimaine. Oulun läänin pohjaspuolella vedetään semmoisista

sanoista, joissa muita puhetapoja myöten kaksi äänikettä
kerakkeella h erotetaan, sama h kummanki äänikkeen eteen. Niin
kuuluvat sanat: etehen, mitähän, ruvetahan edl. näin: etheen,
mithään, ruvethaan. Sodankylässä, Kemijärvessä, Kuolajärvessä
sanotaan sekaluutta, millon etheen, millon etehen (kullon eteen).
Sillä tavalla paikastaan erotettu h muutamia puhetapoja myöten taas
muuttuu edelliseksi kerakkeeksi, jotta sanotaan etteen, mittään,
kallaan. Niin esimerk. paikoin Savossaki, Iinsalmessa, Pielavedellä
edl.
Tuhkamo, jota Wenäjän puolella sanotaan tuhkimoksi, on

usiammissa
Suomen kansan Tarinoissa merkillinen, mainio mies.
Häatavoista Pääjärven Seuduilla Wen. Karjalassa.
(Muutaman kosiomiehen puhetta myöten kirjotettu).
Kosiomiehet esinnä kaksi kertaa ilman sulhasetta morsion talossa

käyäh, siitä kolmas kerta sulhasen kera. Kun mieltyy tytär, kaatam
viinaa kahteeh stakanaah (lasiin, pikariin, sarkkaan) molemmilla
kosjojoilla. Ta sulhasen puolesta kosjojat viinaa kahteeh stakanaah
kaaetah tyttären emällä ta isällä. Siitä tyttären emä sulhasella
(sulhaselle) kaatam viinaa ta sulkkuhuivin (silkkihuivin, silkkiliinan)
antav. Sulhanen siitä antav hopiemanietan (hopiarahan) tyttärellä.
Pannaah stola (pöytä), syötetääh. Siitä isetääh käsi (lyövät kättä)
tyttären isä ta kosjomies, sanotaah: "kuulkahe kaikki ristikansa, nyt
on (Anni Petrintytär) ta (Iivana Matveinpoika) kaupan laatinehet, ken
tämän kaupan erottanee, sata sakkoa, kuusikymmentä kuuliaisista
(syömisistä ja juomisista). — Kuuliko tämän assan (asian) ken?"
Mastataah rahvas: "kuultiih." — "No, kun kuulia, ken tämän assan
purkanoo, päättääh isäntä ei ole (pää poikki lyödään)." Siitä kolme
henkeä sulhasen puolesta ta kuusi henkeä tyttären isän puolesta
lauletaah, kahella stolalla syöääh, juoaah, pritania luvataah, lammas,
kaksi lehmeä, poroja (kotipeuroja) eloa kai muuta tavaroa. Morsten
itkev vierahilla kaulasta (halaa heitä kaulasta ja laulaa pian
itkuäänellä). Wierahat siitä hänellä tjenkoo annetaah. Kun siitä
vuotehella vieääh,[16] kosjojat viikatteella kierretääh kolme kertaa
ympäri vuotehen, jottei rikottaisi. Sulhaselta kun jalat morsiamen
sisaret jaksetaah (riisuvat), hään rahoo pahkiloisihe on pannut, ne
rahat hyd saahaah ottuo ta pityö, kun lattialla helistääh. Aamulla
morsiamen sisaret vettä ta valkia paikka sinne vuotehella mieääh, se
paikka (huivi, kaulaliina) jääpi sulhasella olemaah. Sulhane panem
rahaa maatessaah morsiamen yskääh (rintaan). Morsian kun
aamulla tulem sulhasen jälessä pirttiih, ne rahat kynnyksen alla
heittäv. Naot (morsiamen sisaret) tullaah, ne siitä kerätääh ta saapka
(lakki) otetaah sulhasen päästä ta pannah siheh sulkkuvyö
sulhaselta. Siitä saatrokalle (eineelle, aamuruoalle) ruvetaah.
Anoppimuori päästyä kaikkien ruoalta kantav valkien paikan (huivin)
mihkiparilla ta sisaret toisen paikan antavat samalla kerralla.
Juohtokansa kun tullaah sulhasen kotiih, siellä morsiantjsarkkoa
juoaah, neljä pikaria luoalla (lautasella, talrekilla), ne morsten
saajannaisen kera vie ympäri ja kumartelevatsen vierahia.
Ensimmäisestä tjsarkasta vierahat ei annetah ni mitä, vasta toisesta

Full download Understandable Statistics: Concepts And Methods (AP Edition) Charles Henry Brase file pdf all chapter on 2024

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Full download Understandable Statistics: Concepts And Methods (AP Edition) Charles Henry Brase file pdf all chapter on 2024

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Understandable Statistics: Concepts

And Methods (AP Edition) Charles

Understandable Statistics: Concepts And Methods (AP

Understandable Statistics: Concepts and Methods 12th

Understanding Basic Statistics 8th Edition Charles

Understandable Statistics 12th Edition Brase C.H.

Understanding basic statistics 8 metric version Edition

Statistics: Concepts and Controversies 9th Edition,

Smart Manufacturing: Concepts and Methods Masoud

Family Therapy: Concepts and Methods 11th Edition,

Charles Henry Brase

Corrinne Pellillo Brase

Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

Understandable Statistics: Concepts and © 2018, 2015, 2012 Cengage Learning

Product Manager: Catherine Van Der Laan

Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd.

To learn more about Cengage Learning Solutions, visit www.cengage.com

Printed in the United States of America

3 Averages and Variation 88

Cumulative Review Problems: Chapters 1-3 139

4 Elementary Probability Theory 142

5 The Binomial Probability

6 Normal Curves and Sampling Distributions 270

7.2 Estimating m When s Is Unknown 374

8 Hypothesis Testing 436

9 Correlation and Regression 532

10 Chi-Square and F Distributions 622

10.2 Chi-Square: Goodness of Fit 640

11 Nonparametric Statistics 710

Cumulative Review Problems: Chapters 10-11 752

Appendix I: Additional Topics A1

Appendix II: Tables A9

Answers and Key Steps to Odd-Numbered Problems A39

We can use this indicator to determine whether a specified number of successes

 What Does (concept, method,

 Statistical Literacy Problems

box-and-whisker plot. Box-and-whisker plots provide another useful technique

SECTION 4.2 SECTION 4.3

Benford’s Law: The Importance

magazines, and government reports; and the half-lives of

i. Test the claim that p is more than 0.301. Use a 5 0.01.

The Preview Questions in each chapter are followed by a

REVISED! Tech Notes  > Tech Notes Box-and-Whisker Plot

> USING TECHNOLOGY

11. Pain Management: Laser Therapy “Effect of Helium-Neon Laser

 Data Highlights: Group

Source: Advantage Business Research for Mattel Compatibility

(b) Find P111 6 x 6 132. We convert the interval

to a standard z interval and use the standard normal

• Just-in-time and side-by-side assignment help –provide students with scaffolded

Major Changes in the Twelfth Edition

Additional Flexibility Provided by Dividing Chapters into Parts

Revised Examples and New Section Problems

Updates in Technology Including Mindtab Express

Introduction of Hypothesis Testing Using P-Values

Use of Student’s t Distribution in Confidence Intervals and

Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Tests of Difference

Features in the Twelfth Edition

Carefully Developed Pedagogy

Technology Within the Text

Expand Your Knowledge Problems and Quick Overview Topics

calculating odds in favor and odds against; extension of conditional probability to

Most Recent Operating System for the

Alternate Routes Through the Text

5 The Binomial Probability

6 Normal Curves and Sampling Distributions 270