Advanced Screening Techniques for Sub-
Synchronous Interaction in Wind Farms
M. Sahni, Member, IEEE, D. Muthumuni, Member IEEE, B. Badrzadeh, Member IEEE
A. Gole, Fellow IEEE, A. Kulkarni, Member IEEE
1
Abstract— This paper aims to outline comprehensive
screening guidelines associated with the Sub Synchronous
Control Interaction (SSCI) and Sub Synchronous
Torsional Interaction (SSTI) for wind power plants.
Specific guidelines and methodologies to identify the
critical system conditions to be assessed for screening
analysis are presented. The application of these
techniques on a portion ERCOT grid model with series
compensated lines has been demonstrated. Current
injection based frequency scans on the system and turbine
side are utilized. Based on these scans a guideline to
identify the specific candidates for further investigation
using Electro Magnetic Transient (EMT)-type simulation
is proposed. The results of the screening study are further
corroborated by the EMT based simulation case studies.
An electrical damping analysis based screening technique
for the analysis of SSTI has been presented. The SSTI
screening studies have been further corroborated by
means of EMT simulations.
Index Terms— Wind Generation Resources, Screening
Techniques, Sub-Synchronous Control Interaction, Sub-
Synchronous Torsional Interaction, Frequency Scanning
I. INTRODUCTION
T HERE has been significant interest on the topic of Sub
Synchronous Control Interactions (SSCI) due to
integration of wind farms to utility transmission grids. In
particular, the control interaction at sub synchronous
frequencies between wind farms employing Type 3 turbines
and in close proximity to series compensated lines has gained
industry attention. The only practical experience of SSCI is
related to the event of October 2009 in the Electric Reliability
Council of Texas (ERCOT) grid [1].
M. Sahni is with PwrSolutions Inc, 2777 N Stemmons Fwy, Suite 1520,
Dallas, TX-75207.
D. Muthumuni is with Manitoba HVDC Research Center, 211 Commerce
Drive, Winnipeg, MB R3P 1A3, Canada.
B. Badrzadeh is with Vestas Technology R&D, Hedeager 42, Århus,
8200, Denmark (email:babad@vestas.com).
A. Gole is Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
A. Kulkarni is Professor at the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
and is currently a Visiting Professor at the University of Manitoba, Canada.
978-1-4673-1935-5/12/$31.00 ©2012 IEEE
Significant research and development activities have
been recently embarked upon to identify Sub Synchronous
Resonance (SSR) and Sub Synchronous Control Interactions
(SSCI) in wind farms. One of key challenges facing system
planners and utility personnel has been the lack of a
comprehensive screening approach for SSR/SSCI issues for
interconnecting Wind Generation Resources (WGRs). EMT-
type simulation based studies to demonstrate the sub
synchronous interaction phenomena are presented in [2]-[3].
This reference highlights the need to perform EMT based
simulations using detailed manufacturer provided turbine
models to identify potential SSCI issues during the design
stage. In addition to SSCI, the Type 3 wind turbines can also
experience classical SSR phenomena referred to as Induction
Generator Effect (IGE) and Torsional Interaction (TI). [4]
discusses the TI phenomena of Type 1 wind turbines
demonstrating the same through EMT simulation case
studies. Using a standard IEEE test system, the impact of the
series compensation levels on TI and the possibility of
mitigating the problem with the use of Thyristor Controlled
Series Compensation (TCSC) has been demonstrated. IGE
and TI phenomenon for Type 3 wind turbines are discussed in
[5]. EMT simulation results are compared with conclusions
derived from a small signal analysis. A modal analysis of a
wind farm comprising of Type 3 turbines connected to a
series compensated network is presented in [6]. The paper
has highlighted the need to model the system network
dynamics in order to capture the electric network resonance
modes that are significantly different from the fundamental
frequency. Both EMT simulations and modal analysis have
their merits and limitations when used to identify SSR and
SSCI issues at the design stage of a large wind farm. Small
signal analysis provides valuable insight into potential modes
of oscillations at a given operating point with the Eigen
values and vectors being utilized to determine damping
factors at the dominant modes. However, modification and/or
testing of design parameters and/or damping controls to
verify acceptable operation of the turbine model has still been
known to require EMT simulations.
Significant research and development activities have
recently attempted to address mitigation methods for wind
farm SSR issues [7]-[10]. While detailed EMT based analysis
has been presented as the predominant approach for
mitigation techniques, the discussion presented in the
research alluded to above does not focus on identifying
screening techniques associated with SSR/SSCI.
Additionally, the mitigation solutions discussed in [7]-[10]
are based on application of FACTS devices. While credible,
these are often expensive and more importantly external
solutions to mitigate SSR/SSCI concerns. Typically these
solutions will figure lower in the hierarchical order when
compared to intrinsic options based on turbine control system
design changes. More importantly, from a utility and/or
regional planning authority standpoint, detailed turbine
models typically required for EMT based simulations may
not be available during the early part of the generation
interconnection process. While the traditional frequency
scanning techniques for conventional generation related SSR
have been well documented, there is little to suggest the
presence of a comprehensive screening approach for
quantifying the potential of SSR/SSCI concerns associated
with Wind Generation Resources (WGRs).
EMT simulations can capture all aspects of the wind
farm behavior including equipment and control system non-
linear responses, impact of hard limiters, response to large
disturbances (faults) and fast control loops. However, it is
important to note that EMT simulations are time consuming
due to the detailed nature of the mathematical modeling used
in such programs. As such, the ‘critical’ scenarios that must
be studied should be judiciously selected after careful
evaluation of the system, the turbine characteristics and the
particular phenomena being investigated (SSTI/SSCI in this
case). To that effect, the identification of possible SSTI/SSCI
issues through a comprehensive screening process is an
important step in the integration of wind farms to grids where
potential for such problems cannot be ruled out. The presence
of such a screening technique is also intended to equip the
utilities and/or transmission planning authorities with a
guideline for performing and/or evaluating such studies as
part of the Generation Interconnection procedure.
This paper presents a comprehensive approach for
utilizing advanced screening techniques to assess the
potential for SSTI/SSCI issues associated with WGRs
connecting to the grid in close proximity of series
compensated lines. Basic guidelines associated with
identification of critical system conditions to be utilized for
screening (especially the system side) have been presented.
Current injection based frequency scanning technique [11]-
[12] has been utilized for the frequency scans on both the
system and the turbine side. Frequency scanning methods
have been utilized to identify scenarios that are likely to
cause SSTI/SSCI issues and hence are candidates for detailed
EMT based investigations. Frequency scans on the system
side have been compared with scans on the turbine side as
well as with results from electrical damping torque analysis.
The sub-synchronous interaction phenomena investigated in
this paper include the control and torsional interaction. The
induction generator effect will be discussed in future
publications. The adequacy of the screening techniques has
been validated by means of EMT simulations. The Electric
Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) grid model has been
utilized as the test system. The frequency scan results
presented in this paper are based on detailed wind turbine
vendor developed EMT simulation models.
II. SYSTEM SIDE FREQUENCY SCANS
Current injection based frequency scanning techniques
have been utilized to perform system and turbine side scans.
Unlike the passive impedance scan, the current injection
based scan is an accurate method and will capture the impact
of other dynamic devices (winds farms, FACTS devices,
generators) on the system side and well as capturing the
impact of all the complex controls and mechanical shaft
systems on the turbine side. However, prior to the application
of the current injection based scanning technique, the
transmission grid model and the location of the wind farm
under study have been utilized to identify critical system
conditions to be studied for screening. The ensuing sub-
sections in this section provide a brief description of the test
system, discuss the guidelines utilized to identify critical
conditions to be studied for screening and present the
frequency scans on the system and turbine side.
A. System Description
As mentioned earlier, a section of the ERCOT grid,
pertaining to the expected interconnection of a WGR utilizing
Type 3 wind turbines has been utilized as the test system.
Figure 1 provides a one-line schematic outlining the system
under study within a 2-bus radius of the Point of Common
Coupling (PCC) for the proposed WGR. As evident from
Figure 1, the proposed WGR, sized at 200 MW & comprising
of Type 3 turbines, is connected at Bus 2. The series
compensation is located between the following buses:
• Bus 13- Bus 16
• Bus 15 – Bus 16
The other lines between Buses 13-16, 15-16 & 13-15 are
normally open thereby rendering the total series
compensation to be the sum of the two individual segments.
The series compensation level varies between 50% and 80%
owing to the tapping of the original compensated line with
additional intermediate tap stations. It is important to note
that while only a limited section of the grid model has been
shown in Figure 1, a larger albeit equivalenced section of the
transmission system was utilized for the system side
frequency scans.
 indicative of a resulting system topology that is
Bus 2
Bus 1 Bus 4 weaker and potentially prone to SSCI but not
anywhere close to being radial.
• None of the contingencies of CTG#1 through
Bus 3
CTG#5 result in more than three (3) line outages
Bus 6 with respect to Bus 8.
Bus 5

TABLE I
CRITICAL SYSTEM CONDITIONS TO BE STUDIED FOR SCREENING

Bus 9
Bus 7 CTG
Contingency Definition
Label
OPEN Line from Bus 8 TO Bus 5 CKT 1
Bus 8 CTG#1 OPEN Line from Bus 8 TO Bus 4 CKT 1
Open Transformer Bus 8 to Bus 10 to Bus 13 CKT 1
OPEN Line from Bus 8 TO Bus 5 CKT 1
Bus 11
Bus 10 CTG#2 OPEN Line from Bus 8 TO Bus 4 CKT 1
OPEN Line from Bus 9 TO Bus 8 CKT 1
OPEN Line from Bus 8 TO Bus 5 CKT 1
Bus 13
OPEN Line from Bus 8 TO Bus 4 CKT 1
CTG#3 OPEN Line from Bus 8 TO Bus 6 CKT 1
Bus 12
Bus 14
OPEN Line from Bus 6 TO other buses downstream
OPEN other lines
Bus 15 OPEN Line from Bus 8 TO Bus 5 CKT 1
Bus 16
OPEN Line from Bus 8 TO Bus 4 CKT 1
CTG#4
OPEN Line from Bus 4 TO other buses downstream
Fig 1: One-line Schematic, Test System OPEN other lines
OPEN Line from Bus 8 TO Bus 5 CKT 1
B. Identification of critical system conditions OPEN Line from Bus 8 TO Bus 4 CKT 1
The following aspects were taken into account when CTG#5 OPEN LINE from Bus 5 to other buses downstream
identifying the critical system conditions to be studied for OPEN Line from Bus 4 TO other buses downstream
screening via system side frequency scans: OPEN other lines
• Location of WGR vis-à-vis series compensated OPEN Line from Bus 8 TO Bus 6 CKT 1
segments OPEN Line from Bus 8 TO Bus 5 CKT 1
• System topology CTG#6 OPEN Line from Bus 8 TO Bus 4 CKT 1
• Credible system outage conditions based on OPEN Line from Bus 9 TO Bus 8 CKT 1
planning contingencies OPEN Line from Bus 8 TO Bus 7 CKT 1
• System conditions resulting in WGR being near OPEN all lines outlined in CTG#6
radial or completely radial to series compensated
CTG#7 OPEN Line from Bus 13 TO Bus 12 CKT 1
segment
OPEN Line from Bus 13 TO Bus 14 CKT 1
Based on a combination of the above, eight (8) distinct
OPEN all lines outlined in CTG#7
contingencies (combination of line outages) were identified CTG#8
as critical conditions to be studied for screening. Table I OPEN Line from Bus 3 TO Bus 1 CKT 1
depicts the list of contingencies identified as critical for the
screening study. CTG#1 through CTG#5 were based on To that effect, CTG#6 was created to comprise of outages
planning contingencies studied for bus section and/or breaker of all lines connecting into Bus 8 barring the transformers &
failure outages associated with Bus 8. However, a closer look line connecting the WGR. Additionally, CTG#7 was created
at the line segments being opened in CTG#1 through CTG#5 incrementally from CTG#6 to comprise of the outage of the
provides the following observations with respect to 345kV lines Bus 13-12 & Bus 13-14. Note that while CTG#7
conditions for potential SSCI concerns: makes the proposed WGR near radial to the series
compensated lines, the presence of the line from Bus 3 to Bus
• Each of the contingencies from CTG#1 through 1 prevents it from being completely radial. To that effect,
CTG#5 result in varying number of line outages CTG#8 was incrementally created from CTG#7 to comprise
associated with Bus 8. These conditions are of the outage of the aforementioned line. These
contingencies, identified as critical system conditions, were Frequency Scan - CTG001
then subjected to the system side frequency scans to gain
2.5
insight into the potential resonant frequencies.
2

|Z1| (ohms)
1.5
C. System Side Frequency Scans CTG001_current_injection
CTG001_Harm_Imp_Scan

Based on the guidelines outlined in the previous sub- 1

section, the current injection technique based frequency scans 0.5

have been implemented on the eight (8) contingency 0

conditions depicted in Table I. It is important to note that the 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Frequency (Hz)
WGR under study has to be disconnected when performing
the frequency scan into the system for the following key Frequency Scan - CTG007

reasons: 2.5

• The presence of the WGR model will 2

require the use of precise turbine model.

|Z1| (ohms)
1.5
CTG007-Current_injection
• In the absence of the same, any 1
CTG007-Harmonic_Scan

representative turbine impedances utilized have been 0.5

tested to skew the results of the system side 0
frequency scan. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Frequency (Hz)
• Another notable aspect is the prevention of
the use of “turbine short circuit model” based Frequency Scan - CTG008

impedances. This is so since the turbine source 4.5

4
impedances provided for the commercial short 3.5

circuit software are representative values to capture |Z1| (ohms) 3

2.5 CTG008-current_injection

to short circuit contribution of the turbines. These 2

1.5
CTG008-Harmonic_Scan

values are provided due to the inability of 1

commercial short circuit software to capture the

0.5
0

effect of the control & protection aspects of the 0 10 20 30 40

Frequency (Hz)
50 60

turbine that actually limit the short circuit current.

Fig 2: System Side Frequency Scans, CTG#1, CTG#7 & CTG#8
Figure 2 depicts an illustrative frequency scan for CTG#1,
CTG#7 and CTG#8 looking into the system from behind the
Similar frequency scans were performed for varying series
station transformer of the WGR under study. The system side
compensation levels thereby resulting in shifting of the
frequency scans for CTG#2 through CTG#6 were very
system resonant frequency which is well documented. The
similar to those for CTG#1. As evident from Figure 2, for
key conclusions associated with critical system conditions for
system conditions represented by CTG#1 through CTG#5,
further investigation remained unchanged by virtue of the
the system impedance across sub-synchronous frequency
series compensation levels.
range of interest is not indicative of any distinct resonant
Results associated with the system side frequency scans
frequency. However, CTG#7, which represents the “near
are indicative of the following, albeit pending turbine side
radial” scenario shows a distinct resonant frequency (depicted
scans:
by the impedance dip) at around 20-22 Hz. On similar lines,
CTG#8, the completely radial scenario is indicative of a • Conditions represented via CTG#1 through
frequency scan depicting a classic SSR situation. The CTG#6 do not seem to pose any SSCI concerns
frequency scan plot for CTG#8 is indicative of a clear system • Conditions represented via CTG#7 and
resonant frequency at around 20 Hz. Note that the system CTG#8 require further investigation by means of
side scans for CTG#1, CTG#7 & CTG#8 were also turbine side scans and finally EMT based
performed using the traditional scanning technique. In the simulations
absence of any near-by power electronic devices, the
frequency scans from the traditional and current injection III. TURBINE SIDE FREQUENCY SCANS

techniques compare well. While the system side frequency scans provide valuable
insight into the potential system conditions that could pose
SSCI concerns, those conditions don’t necessarily have to
imply SSCI concerns. This paper intends to underline the
benefits of assessing the system side scans in conjunction
with turbine side scans to make conclusive inferences on
candidates posing SSCI concerns. Additionally, the turbine
side scans also underline the importance of using the current
injection technique as outlined in [11]-[12].
Note that the magnitude of the sub-synchronous currents
injected into the turbine model should still result in
acceptable steady state operation of the model in order to
obtain meaningful measurements using this technique.
Turbine side scans were performed on the Type 3 wind
turbine model for varying active power dispatch levels. The
active power dispatch levels tested were 100%, 55.5% and
30%. More importantly, instead of plotting the positive
sequence impedance as obtained from the current injection
technique, the resistive and reactive components of the
turbine apparent impedance were plotted. Figures 3 through 5
depict the plots of the turbine apparent resistance and
reactance for the three active power dispatch levels as
obtained from the frequency scans.
Turbine Side Scans, R & X, 100% Dispatch
6
4
2
Ohms
side scan results depicted in Figures 3-5:
• Interestingly, the apparent resistance of the turbine
model is negative across the entire range of sub-
synchronous frequencies tested. Additionally, the
above observation is true for each of the scenarios
tested irrespective of the active power dispatch level.
• Regarding the reactance of the turbine model, there
are no significant dips across the sub-synchronous
frequency range although the reactance does tend to
cross-over at around 40Hz. However, the turbine
model utilized for this assessment is inclusive of the
pad-mount transformer. That combined with the
relatively smaller magnitude of the reactance at sub-
synchronous frequencies seems to indicate turbine R
to be the dominant indicator. The frequency scan
investigation associated with the turbine model sans
the pad-mount transformer has been identified as
one of the future works resulting from this research.
• Effectively, the following key aspects can serve as
guidelines for utilizing the turbine side scans in
conjunction with the system side scans:
o Any potential resonant points on the
apparent reactance of the turbine in close

Resistance
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Reactance coincidence with the system resonant
-2
frequency (if any) are indicative of a
-4
condition requiring detailed investigation
-6 o The negative apparent resistance across the
Frequency (Hz)
entire sub-synchronous frequency range is
Fig 3: Turbine Side Frequency Scans, 100% Dispatch indicative of negative damping at those
frequencies. In other words, in case of
Turbine Side Scans, R&X, 56% Dispatch potential SSCI conditions, the negative
resistance is indicative of inadequate
4
damping or growing sub-synchronous
2
oscillations.
0
o In the absence of any significant/obvious
Ohms

Resistance
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-2 Reactance
resonant points on the apparent reactance of
-4

-6
the turbine, the negative turbine resistance
-8
should be used to draw conclusions
Frequency (Hz) regarding the screening study. In the
presence of network resonant conditions,
Fig 4: Turbine Side Frequency Scans, 55.56% Dispatch
the negative resistance should be utilized as
an indicator of conditions needing further
Turbine Side Scans, R & X, 30% Dispatch investigation.
15 To further corroborate the significance of the negative
10 apparent resistance associated with the turbine model,
5 frequency scans of the turbine were repeated for frequencies
above the synchronous frequency. Figure 6 depicts an
Ohms

Resistance
0
Reactance
-5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 illustrative example of the turbine model frequency scan for
-10 frequency above the synchronous range. As evident from
-15 Figure 6, the resistance of the turbine model is positive across
Frequency (Hz) the frequency range tested above the synchronous frequency.
Finally, the system and turbine side scans, in conjunction
Fig 5: Turbine Side Frequency Scans, 30% Dispatch
with the abovementioned guidelines indicate CTG#7 and
CTG#8 as potential candidates for further investigation.
The following key insights are obtained from the turbine
 Turbine Side Scans, R, 100% Dispatch

40
35
30
25
Ohms

20 Resistance
15
10
5
0
60 70 80 90 100
Frequency (Hz)

Fig 6: Turbine Side Frequency Scans for frequency range above

synchronous, 100% Dispatch

The ensuing section discusses the results of EMT based

simulations to corroborate the findings of the screening study.
IV. EMT SIMULATIONS
EMT simulations were performed for the conditions
identified as candidates for further investigation based on the
screening techniques outlined above. EMT simulations
performed spanned variations across turbine active power
dispatch level, system condition (CTG#), turbine power
factor and whether the contingency was simulated as a
faultless outage or preceded by a fault. The variation around
the faultless/fault based outage was done to assess the impact
of disturbance in terms of triggering SSCI concerns that
maybe poorly damped due to the negative turbine resistance
at sub-synchronous frequencies.
Figures 7 through 9 depict the turbine response during
EMT simulations for scenarios associated with CTG#1,
CTG#8 & CTG#7 respectively.
Fig 7: Turbine Response, EMT Simulation, Scenario CTG#1
Fig 8: Turbine Response, EMT Simulation, Scenario CTG#8
Fig 9: Turbine Response, EMT Simulation, Scenario CTG#7
As evident from the results of the EMT simulations
depicted in Figures 7-9, scenarios associated with CTG#1 and
CTG#7 exhibit stable responses. Additionally the scenario
corresponding to a fault based outage of CTG#7 exhibits
stable response thereby indicating that the disturbance does
not seem to trigger any SSCI concerns for the “near radial”
condition. However, the results associated with CTG#8 are
indicative of potential SSCI issues with the turbine model
issuing a trip signal soon after the outage is effected thereby
placing the WGR radial to the series compensated segment.
Figure 10 further demonstrates the sub-synchronous
oscillations manifesting itself in the voltage and current on
the medium voltage side for CTG#8 conditions. However, it
is important to note the number of transmission line outage
conditions that result in the completely radial condition.
Additionally, it is imperative to ensure that the
aforementioned condition does not result in other system
reliability concerns especially from a transient stability
standpoint. In other words, conditions resulting in the SSCI
issue being the first incremental reliability concern have been
used as guideline for assessing the “N-x” conditions to be
studied from an SSCI standpoint.
 The results of the EMT simulations presented in this
section corroborate the findings obtained from the screening
approach outlined above.
by-passed to gauge the results of the screening approach.
Figures 12 and 13 depict the results of the EMT simulation
with the generic turbine model for the completely radial case.
Figure 12 corresponds to the series compensation in place
while Figure 13 corresponds to the series compensation by-
passed. As evident from Figure 13, the torque on shaft from
mass 1-2 keeps oscillating after event is cleared & the
position of mass 1 w.r.t generator keeps oscillating thereby
implying that the twist is not constant and the shaft is being
subjected to fatigue.
Main : Graphs
T1_2
25.0

y
-20.0
DW1
0.50

Fig 10: WGR Medium Voltage Voltage & Current, CTG#8

y
-3.50
DW2
0.50

V. SSTI SCREENING

y
Having discussed the screening techniques for SSCI -3.50

phenomena, this section briefly discusses the methodology 3.125

WM

for SSTI screening analysis for WGRs. Electrical damping

analysis is utilized to identify potential sub-synchronous y 2.900

frequencies indicative of SSTI concerns. The same has been 2.50

P1

accomplished by injecting/creating a SS variation in the

y

turbine speed by adding a small amplitude sinusoidal -1.50

modulation signal with the frequency of the signal equaling 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0

the SS frequency of interest. The damping factor is then

calculated from the complex electrical torque signal. The Fig 12: EMT Simulations, SSTI Assessment, With Series Compensation
damping torque coefficient (De) calculated is plotted as a Main : Graphs
function of the modulation frequency. Figure 11 depicts the 0.70
T1_2
0.60
plot associated with the damping factor for a modified 0.50
0.40
0.30
generic DFIG turbine model over the sub-synchronous
y

0.20
0.10
0.00
frequency range. 0.0010
DW1
y

Damping Factor Analysis

-0.0013
DW2
0.1 0.0013

0.05
y

-0.0013
0 WM
excel 3.125
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
De

dfscan
-0.05
y

-0.1 2.900
P1
0.0200
-0.15
Freq (Hz)
y

-0.0025
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0

Fig 11: Frequency Sweep, Damping Factor, SSTI Screening

Fig 13: EMT Simulations, SSTI Assessment, Series Compensation By-

As obvious from Figure 11, the modified generic DFIG
passed
model exhibits negative damping to sub-synchronous
variations in the speed signal at about 45-47 Hz. Note that the No such phenomenon is observed for the scenario wherein
series compensation level was tuned to result in network the series compensation is by-passed.
resonant frequency being close to 15-16Hz. EMT simulations
were performed with the series compensation in place and
 VI. CONCLUSIONS
This paper has provided comprehensive screening
guidelines associated with SSCI and SSTI phenomena for
Wind Generation Resources. Specific guidelines and
methodologies for identify critical system conditions to be
assessed for screening are presented. The application of these
guidelines and methodologies on a practical ERCOT grid
model has been demonstrated. Current injection based
frequency scans on the system and the turbine side are
utilized. Based on these scans a guideline is proposed which
identifies the specific candidates for further investigation
using EMT simulation. The results of the screening study are
further corroborated by the EMT based simulation case
studies. An electrical damping analysis based screening
technique for the analysis of SSTI has been presented. For
SSTI the results of the screening studies have been further
corroborated by means of detailed EMT simulations.
VII. FUTURE WORK
Future work associated with this research includes
assessment of collection system impact on system side scans,
turbine side scans sans pad-mount transformer to assess
turbine reactance & IGE screening techniques.
VIII. REFERENCES
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Control Interactions between Type 3 Wind Turbines and Series
Compensated AC Transmission Systems", in proc. IEEE PES General
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IX. BIOGRAPHIES
Mandhir Sahni received his B.S. degree from
Bangalore University, India and his M.S. and PhD
degrees from University of Texas Arlington. Dr. Sahni
has over ten years of experience in power market
analysis, generation & transmission planning in
deregulated energy markets in the U.S, power quality,
stability and protection co-ordination analysis with an
extensive background in power system analysis. He
has served as the technical lead on the Electrical Reliability Council of Texas
(ERCOT) Voltage Ride-Through (VRT) study effort. He is currently leading
all transmission planning activities associated with numerous CREZ utilities
in ERCOT. Dr. Sahni has also served as expert witness on behalf of the staff
of West Virginia Public Service Commission for the hearing associated with
the 765kV Potomac Appalachian Transmission Highway (PATH) project in
Mid-Atlantic PJM. He has also executed and/or supervised power quality,
traditional system planning/expansion studies (load flow, short circuit,
stability, protection co-ordination, insulation co-ordination) and reliability
impact studies for medium and large size power systems (Taiwan Power,
National Electric Power Company (NEPCO), Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Georgia,
Indonesia). He has vast experience in industrial application of power systems
including development of novel pattern recognition/data acquisition based
algorithms for low/medium voltage switchgear arc detection an initiative
funded by the US Air Force. Dr. Sahni’s research interets include power
system planning, integration of renewbale generation into power system
grids, power quality and power system reliability. Dr. Sahni’s research has
been in published in numerous referred journals, IEEE P&E magazine and
conference proceedings.
Dharshana Muthumuni received his M.Sc. and
Ph.D. degrees from the University of Manitoba
(Winnipeg, Canada), all in Electrical Engineering He
joined the HVDC Centre in June 2001 and is the
machines and transformer simulation specialist and
head of PSCAD Technical Sales department.
Dharshana has been involved in numerous
engineering studies using a variety of simulation
products during his career including PSCAD and
PSS/E. Showing leadership in simulation excellence,
Dharshana’s technical knowledge on power system behaviour, model
development and simulation studies is highly advanced and is regularly
sought out by clients around the world for his expertise.
Babak Badrzadeh (S’03, M’07) received his BSc
and MSc from Iran University of Science and
Technology in 1999 and 2002, and PhD from the
Robert Gordon University, UK in 2007 all in area
of electrical power engineering. After spending a
short period as an assistant professor at Technical
University of Denmark, he joined Mott MacDonald,
Transmission and Distribution Division, UK as a
system analysis and network planning engineer.
Since March 2010 he has been with Power Plant
Solutions, Vestas Technology R&D, Aarhus, Denmark where he acts as a
lead engineer in the area of advanced wind power plant simulation and
analysis. Babak has published several articles and presented tutorials in IEEE
organized conference on different areas of power systems and power
electronics. He has prepared two two-part educational courses for IEEE
elearning library on high power variable speed drives, and HVDC
transmission systems. Babak acts as a guest editor for the special issue of
IEEE Industry Application Magazine on high power variable speed drives.
He is an active member of IEC TC 88 WG 27, WECC REMTF, and Danish
A11 standard all in the area of electrical simulation models for wind power
generation. His area of interest includes power system electromechanical and
electromagnetic transients, application of power electronics in power
systems, wind power plants, and modeling and simulation.

Aniruddha Gole received his B.Tech. degree from

the Indian Institute of Technology (Bombay), and
M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of
Manitoba (Winnipeg, Canada), all in Electrical
Engineering. Dr. Gole is a Professor of Electrical
and Computer Engineering at the University of
Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. Since 2004, he is
also the NSERC Industrial Research Chair in
Power Systems Simulation. He is an internationally
recognized expert in the field of power systems simulation. Gole’s research
interests include the utility applications of power electronics and power
systems transient simulation. As an original member of the design team, he
has made important contributions to the PSCAD/EMTDC simulation
program. Gole is active on several working groups of CIGRE and IEEE and
is a Registered Professional Engineer in the Province of Manitoba. In 2007,
the IEEE Power Engineering Society awarded Gole the prestigious Nari
Hingorani FACTS Award "..for Contributions to the Education in the Field
of Power Systems and Embedded Power Electronics Apparatus
Simulation".[2] He was elected a Fellow of IEEE in 2010 "for contributions
to the modeling of power electronics apparatus.

A.M.Kulkarni(M'07) received his B.E. degree in

electrical engineering from the University of Roorkee,
India in 1992. He obtained his M.E. degree in electrical
engineering in 1994 and his PhD in 1998 from the
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. He is a Professor
at the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay and is
currently a Visiting Professor at the University of
Manitoba, Canada. His research interests include Power
system dynamics, HVDC and FACTS.