CHAPTER

2 Atomic Structure

Mass Number and Atomic Number

Mass number of an element = No. of protons (Z) + No. of neutrons (n) at nucleus.
Atomic Number (Z) = No. of protons at nucleus

Wave and its Characteristics (For emission/ absorption of energy)

1
ν = ( ν = Wave Number)
λ
E = hν (ν = Frequency of light)
hc
E= (c = speed of light)
λ
Photoelectric Effect
1
hν = hν0 + m ν2, (where, ν0 = Threshold frequency, V = Velocity of photoelectron, ν = Incident Frequency)
2 e

Bohr's Model of Atom

mv 2 Ke 2 Z nh
 =  mvr =
r r2 2π

n 2h 2 n2
 r=  rn = 0.529 × Å
4π2 mKZe 2 Z

2πZe 2 K For single

 v= Z
nh  vn = 2.18 × 106 × m/sec e– species
n

2π2 me 4 k 2  z 2  Z2 Z2
 T.E. = En = –  2   En = – 13.6 2 eV / atom = – 2.18 × 10–18 J/atom
h2 n  n n2

V1
 En = E1/n2  Vn =
n

2πr v
 T=  f=
v 2πr
1
 T.E. = P.E.  T.E. = – K.E.
2
Emission Spectrum of Hydrogen & H-like species. Heisenberg's Uncertainty
hC h h
∆E = hν = ; h = Planck's Constant(h = 6.62 × 10–34 Js)  ∆x . ∆p ≥
or ∆x . (m∆v) ≥
λ 4π 4π
1  1 1  h
= ν = RZ2  2 − 2   ∆E.∆t ≥ ; Dx = change in position
 4π Dp = change in Momentum
λ  n1 n 2 
R = Rydberg constant = 1.09678 × 107 m–1 P = y2dv, P = probability of finding electron
n = Lower energy level
1 where, y = wave function
n2 = Higher energy level
 Radial nodes = n –  – 1,
∆n (∆n + 1)
 Number of different line produced = , where  Angular nodes = ,
2  Total nodes = n – 1
∆n = n2 – n1.
Quantum Numbers
n2 = higher energy orbit, n1 = lower energy orbit. ™ Number of subshells present in nth shell = n.
 For single isolated atom, maximum number of spectral lines ™ Number of orbitals present in nth shell = n2.
observed = (n – 1). ™ The maximum number of electrons in nth shell = 2n2.
nh
de-Broglie's Hypothesis ™ Angular momentum of any orbit = .
2π
l = de-Broglie wavelength
™ Number of orbitals in a subshell = 2 + 1
m = mass of particle ™ Maximum number of electrons in particular subshell
e = charge on particle = 2 × (2 + 1).
V = Accelerated Potential ™ Orbital angular momentum,
h  h 
h h =
L  ( +=
1)   ( +1)=   2π  .
 =
λ = , p = momentum 2π
mv p
=
™ µ n (n + 2) B.M. , n = No. of unpaired electrons.
h
 λ= h
2qmV =
™ Spin angular momentum s(s + 1) .
2π
12.3 1
 λ= Å (for an e– accelerated from rest)
V ™ Maximum spin of atom = × No. of unpaired electrons.
2

4 JEE (XI) Module-1 PW