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NEW DIRECTIONS IN
PHILOSOPHY AND COGNITIVE SCIENCE
The
Embodied Philosopher
Living in Pursuit of Boundary Questions
Konrad Werner
New Directions in Philosophy and Cognitive
Science
Series Editor
Michelle Maiese
Admin 451, Emmanuel College
Boston, MA, USA
This series brings together work that takes cognitive science in new direc-
tions. For many years, philosophical contributions to the field of cogni-
tive science came primarily from theorists with commitments to physical
reductionism, neurocentrism, and a representationalist model of the
mind. However, over the last two decades, a rich literature that challenges
these traditional views has emerged. According to so-called ‘4E’
approaches, the mind is embodied, embedded, enactive, and extended.
Cognition, emotion, and consciousness are not best understood as com-
prised of brainbound representational mechanisms, but rather as
dynamic, embodied, action-oriented processes that sometimes extend
beyond the human body. Such work often draws from phenomenology
and dynamic systems theory to rethink the nature of cognition, charac-
terizing it in terms of the embodied activity of an affectively attuned
organism embedded in its social world. In recent years, theorists have
begun to utilize 4E approaches to investigate questions in philosophy of
psychiatry, moral psychology, ethics, and political philosophy. To foster
this growing interest in rethinking traditional philosophical notions of
cognition using phenomenology, dynamic systems theory, and 4E
approaches, we dedicate this series to “New Directions in Philosophy and
Cognitive Science.”
If you are interested in the series or wish to submit a proposal, please
contact Amy Invernizzi, amy.invernizzi@palgrave-usa.com.
The Embodied
Philosopher
Living in Pursuit of Boundary
Questions
Konrad Werner
Faculty of Philosophy
University of Warsaw
Warszawa, Poland
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2022
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
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The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
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Contents
v
vi Contents
Index217
1
Introduction: Philosophizing
as a Peculiar Pursuit
engaged in dealing with the needs they share with other living creatures,
thus in maintaining their precarious autonomy, is also engaged in the
pursuit of problematizing, including philosophical reflection. I mean
humans—one might add “of course” (“Humans, of course!”), but actu-
ally there is no reason to do that. In principle, this could have been any
lineage.
Now, crucially, this appeal to evolution, this talk of “living creatures,”
is by no means mere decorum, a fancy way of getting the reader inter-
ested. I mean it technically. The aim of this book is to set forth an account
of what the pursuit of problematizing in general, and the pursuit of phi-
losophizing in particular is, qua undertaken by a living system coupled
with its surroundings (this task is fulfilled in Chap. 5, following various
preparatory investigations). Living creatures do various things, not only
to survive, but also to make sense of the world they live in, as Francisco
Varela puts it, and some of them do philosophize. Why? How do they
manage it? How is this specific and quite peculiar endeavor related to the
way in which the world is experienced by them? What is it like to phi-
losophize? These are our concerns.
The concerns are meta-philosophical, yet in this book they are
approached from a perspective that might be called bottom-up, which
means that we shall try to reconstruct first how philosophizing emerges
from and finds itself within the actual experiences of conscious, self-
reflective subjects; and second, how the actual processes of maintaining
one’s precarious autonomy and one’s environmental interactions have
given rise to the peculiar intellectual endeavor called philosophy.
***
Philosophy is something that you really have to learn from other people. Here
the first person I need to thank is Jerzy Perzanowski, whom I knew just for two
or three years before he passed away in 2009, but it was enough to reset my
entire thinking about philosophy. Perzanowski is one of the greatest thinkers of
our times in the area of formal ontology and applications of logic to philosophy
in the first place, but what I remember most is his incredibly broad approach,
capable of taking in the whole intellectual tradition in a single synthetizing act
of the intellect.
I would like to thank my colleagues, particularly but not exclusively those
from the University of Warsaw, where I teach now and at Jagiellonian University,
where I received my original training in philosophy. I am especially grateful to
Józef Bremer, Katarzyna Paprzycka-Hausman, Mieszko Tałasiewicz, and Janusz
Sytnik-Czetwertyński, who helped me at various stages of my career.
All the mixed and mingled topics touched upon in this book reflect all of my
explorations over the last few years in various areas of philosophy, sometimes
clearly related to one another and sometimes maintaining a more intricate con-
nection. To list just two that have been most consequential, when it comes to
ontology, my gratitude goes especially to Achille Varzi. As for my venture into
the area of philosophy of biology, I am especially indebted to Colin Allen.
This book would not be possible without the help of Dominika Gajewska,
whose hard work on correcting my English over the course of many years must
have been a difficult task, to say the least.
Last but certainly not least, I want to thank the anonymous reviewers of this
book and the editors from Palgrave Macmillan for their hard work and
encouragement.
The preparation and writing of this book was generously supported by two
grants from the Polish National Science Center (Narodowe Centrum Nauki):
grant no 2016/20/S/HS1/00046. (2016–2019) and grant no 2019/33/B/
HS1/01764 (2020–2023).
It should also be noted that parts of Chap. 4 have already been published in
Werner (2020).
References
Cappelen, H. (2012). Philosophy Without Intuitions. Oxford University Press.
Danto, A. (1964). The Artworld. Journal of Philosophy, LXI, 571–584.
Dickie, G. (1974). Art and the Aesthetic: An Institutional Analysis. Cornell
University Press.
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mir ein laubbekränztes Schaf und eine Sorghum-Aehre als
Friedenszeichen zu überbringen.
Am 6. September verliessen wir den von leichten Morgennebeln
überlagerten Nil und traten in welliges Grasland ein, dessen
zahlreiche kleine Thäler von Papyrus erfüllt und von felsigen
Thalstufen unterbrochen sind, über welche das klare Wasser der
Bäche rieselt. Fast kein Baum oder Strauch ist auf den theilweise
verbrannten Grasfeldern sichtbar und die Dörfer mit ihren
Bananenhainen und den glänzendblättrigen Ficusbäumen, die
Rindenstoff, theilweise auch Brennholz liefern, heben sich gleich
dunkelgrünen Inseln von den gelbbraunen Flächen ab. Dieses
Alpenland, welches unter gewöhnlichen Umständen wohl recht ruhig
dalag, glich nun einem gestörten Ameisenhaufen. Von allen Seiten
eilten dunkle Gestalten auf den schmalen Pfaden der Hänge oder
querfeldein auf uns zu, während von den entfernten Dörfern
Hornstösse ertönten, unser Kommen anzeigend.
Vor den Hüttenkomplexen standen die alten Leute, knieten bei
unserem Herannahen nieder, klatschten und reichten mir
Grasbündel unter allerlei schönen Redensarten, die ich noch
unzählige Male hören sollte. In langen Reihen, mit Stäben und
ausgebreiteten Armen kamen die Krieger laufend herbei, traten
längs unseres Pfades an und führten ihren Tanz auf, worauf sie uns
mit jubelndem Geschrei vorliefen und von neuem zu tanzen
begannen.
Etwas im Hintergrunde hielten sich die Weiber mit ihren grauen
Lendenschürzen und den Ueberwürfen, die bei Verheiratheten den
Busen decken, während die wohlgeformten Brüste der jungen
Mädchen frei bleiben. Singend begleiteten sie die Karawane, in den
offenen Armen Laubzweige tragend.
Einige Leute hatten sich als eine Art Festordner aufgeworfen und
hieben tüchtig in die andrängende Masse ein. Denn alle diese
Menschen blieben keineswegs bei ihren Dörfern zurück, sondern
zogen lachend und jubelnd hinter uns her. Von einer Anhöhe
zurückblickend, sah ich bald tausende von braunen, wildbewegten,
in der Sonnengluth glänzenden Leibern mit geschwungenen Stäben
und Laubzweigen einer Bacchanten-Schaar gleichend.
Warundi-Weiber.