CH 3

Ecosystems
&
.

Biodiversity
EVS
 Ecology
:

Origin :
Greek Dekologic) + logos
mo
habitation/house . In house

·
coined by German Giologist Earnst Hoeckl .
(1886)

#system : Biotic + Abiotic together

I
↳
Ecosystem does not have a scale
be
↳ It could as small as
pond to
planet

Bme: large ecosystem / flora & farma .

Fromponents
of ecosystem

AbiOfic & Biotic

-
-

Producer
Climate Edaphic Consumer
⑧
Decomposer
(Produced related on
of
by o

Autotopes Hetrotropes
to soil) Saptrotopes -

u -
soil t Topology
Minerd

r
-
Pimay Bouteney
Secondan Tentiat

Herbivores Canim large Ominor

.

Caniron
.
#Functions
of an
ecosystem
.

distributes
>
energy
and
through
nutrients it
-

- -

①
Energy How & Nutrient cycle.
↳
eg Photosyuthesis
.

t
Food
↓
animal lat

it
a

③ Productivity
-
& Decomposition .

↳ Productivity of an
ecosystem
produces higher biomass

⑨ Development & Stabalization .

↳
Ecosystem evolve
of time .

(n) interaction
Ho then

my
ecosystem in : All niches are occupied ,
diversity
within ecosystem is
stabulize) a

specificwole/position occupied
within
of an
algunism the system .
# Niche .

(Origin French jo. making nest)

~
↳ Multi organism fight for specific resources

↳ One remains till end and niche in

occupy
the
system

↳ Different
organism
live in ecosystem only when

they have diffrent voles

&
#
Niche-Wardening
Feeds on .
binds .

Niche
Al
i
-

Flamingo Mollusces
-

duck Agplants , seeds snails, insects

Dabbling
/

Avocets insects Shallow

water .

bivalve Sand
Oystercatchers shells sandwam , crats -

Plovers .
insects ,
small inventilates. Sand
,
beach
↳ Birds= Same
family of warblers

but niches
.
occupy diffrent

·
Ecosystem can be seen as .
niche

Mestial
·
Ecosystem : How much
sunlight and
water available to them

Energy flows unidirectionaly in ecosystem-

↳ Matter moves in numerous cycles

ey .
Water
cycle ,
Carton
cycle ,
Oxygen cych ,
Nitroge s P.
Frogen
Cycle

Atmosphere
D
Denitrification
↓
E in
-
socant-
[Animal
I ↑

Amonification
saprobiotic Gacteria

Fue
Cammonial a

#
Assimilation
Nitrification
Initrifying Gacterial

↳
[No
↓ nitrification

[No, ]
Food chain.
level
ad trophic
.

A
⑭
produce >
-

Primary Consum >

-
See Consume
-

b
Tert Consumer
Decompose .
.

↳ Many food chains overlap .

- Food web.
-

Food chain is the flow of energy

↳

in
the system .

2nd
↳ 1st level
Energy) level
.

↳ levels in food was are called trophic level

.
#ass
Bio
3
Total
=
lije weight of living
Mass =
weight organic matter/organism in an .
area

↳ How to calculate Gioman ??

↳
Area + brids - Analyse spein e

&
not
Any of Specil
I specie
x

= Biomal

↳ Bioman producer consumer

Pyramid
Fas ↳ HealthySystem >

Pama
-

(Closed)
↓ a vriture
energy

Slope of
-

of biomass
↳ pyramid can

- ·
(0 tell about health
Higher Plant/produce
of ecosystem
>
-
.

energe

↳ Deviation ,
Problem .
 Health
of Ecosystem &Complex
system Perspective)
↳ components of syglem
interact in non

Window I Vitality. linea

fashing

i "
~
- -

Efficient Resilience Stagnant -

↓ &
k I
↓

anything can be transmited w'Right amount System has for

many
! g biodiversity
&

very little love components .

,

& (
& S #
less components in
system !* Sustainable lot of loss When

↓ * ,
Resilience transmitting through
/Bounce back
Easy to fail .

! system .

I
From
disterbane) /

t
low
#diversity
life
#ridge Zone :-

Trudea
=
Most

a
-

lif
of
[Amount
Royssal .

Kat
E .

Hadal

F
- India
In 33 % life forms found
,

* 2%
-
landmass

8%
a
biodinensity [in world)
* > 18K plants ·
a >600 reptile +

& 1337 Girds -

ampritians
& >400 mamals .
 60 % Western What
·
of it is

Facts/

↳ Crops in India worth $110 Billion

.

↳ Ecosystem helps in it pollination .

#phical match.

Climate change -
Trophical
Mismatch.

E Temporal Twophia -
Mismatch

②
edequate food
Bird -
mates

as
calculatedly
when most
-
cater piller will
for off springs
.
62

Bot Climate
Change
-
Timing mismatch - Productivity
,
·
IUCN - International Union of
-

Conservation Nature
of
↳ Est .
.
1964

red list Flora & Fauna

↳ Issues
of
[renge of extinct]

5 evaluated
↳ Every year species in list al

for wisk.

Extinct >
- Threathendas low gisk,
⑫ ⑫ ⑳
↓
Extinct in

Wild

Todiversity
Conservation .

-
In Situ Ex Situ
Ion-site) (off -
Site)

· Animals (usually · plants

I
Protected Area
Ne think
 - ↑

&
Sacred groove Biosphere
National
*
or sacred lake Remuel .

sacred seed Botanical

Park/
· Santuries -

plant home Gank Gardens

.

Terrestrial Marine -
garden
> natural habitat.
conserving
-

in

- Advantage "
-
Artificial ecosystem (700, .

nurserial
Food
competiti
>
-

cost
effective
·
.

#organism be conserved
Advantages :
-
·
can .

Natural
ecosystem
·

Better
adapt
.

animals of longer time to breed

·
·

-
Places : -

National Parks , Wildlife Satanis >

Biosphere reserves ·
speic breed can be se introduce

in wild .

· Genetic technique use

conservation
for .

Areas
#rected
-

Maintain
pop" of
>
-

native
specia
.
7
- no. & diversity of species
-
NO man created into · of exotic species

of conservation
#technological methods :-

① Gene banks .

②DNA conservation. -
Endangered/Extinct species dra

use

Seed Vault :
Svalbard Global seed vault.
 * prevent absolute floral diversity dos

during national crisis.

India's Gene bank La Gene tank.

:
Chang
· . -

and in the world

#ems servation :

> What to
-

conserve

> Financial $
-

>
-
Alienation from people, from their natural resource
.