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 INTEGRATED
ENVIRONMENTAL
TECHNOLOGIES
FOR WASTEWATER
TREATMENT AND
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
 INTEGRATED
ENVIRONMENTAL
TECHNOLOGIES
FOR WASTEWATER
TREATMENT AND
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
Edited by

Vineet Kumar
Waste Re-processing Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering
Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur,
Maharashtra-440020, India

Manish Kumar
CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
(CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, Maharashtra-440020, India
Elsevier
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 Dedication

Dedicated to my teachers, and mentors, from whom I continue to learn, and to my family for
their support, blessings, motivation, and love.
Vineet Kumar

Dedicated to my family especially my wife without whose support this book would not have
been possible.
Manish Kumar
 Contents

Contributors xv 2. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation

About the editors xxi (anammox) technology for nitrogen
Preface xxiii removal from wastewater: Recent advances
and challenges 23
Acknowledgments xxvii
Himani Chandel, Kirti Shyam, Navneet Kumar, Geetansh Sharma,
Manu Yadav, Sibiraj Murugesan, Saurabh Thakur and Gaurav Saxena
1. Integration of photocatalytic and
biological processes for treatment of 2.1 Introduction 23
complex effluent: Recent developments, 2.2 Microbiology of anaerobic ammonium
trends, and advances 1 oxidation (anammox) 25
2.3 Techniques for enrichment of anammox 28
Govindaraj Divyapriya, Lakshmi Pisharody, Ansaf V. Karim and
Puthiya Veetil Nidheesh
2.3.1 Anammox enrichment in batch
experiments 28
1.1 Introduction 1 2.3.2 Anammox enrichment in bioreactor
1.2 Biological treatment of organic systems 29
contaminants 3 2.3.3 Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) 29
1.2.1 Activated sludge process 4 2.3.4 Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket
1.2.2 Anaerobic digestion 4 (UASB) reactor 29
1.2.3 Trickling bed filter/bioreactor 5 2.3.5 Upflow biofilter (UBF) 30
1.2.4 Membrane bioreactor 5 2.4 Molecular methods for identification of
1.2.5 Moving bed biofilm reactor 5 anammox 30
1.3 Photocatalytic degradation of organic 2.4.1 Polymerase chain reaction followed
contaminants 6 by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis
1.4 Need for integrated process for treatment of (PCR-DGGE) 30
complex effluent 7 2.4.2 Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis
1.5 Combined photocatalysis and biological (DGGE) 31
process 8 2.4.3 Fluorescent in situ hybridization 31
1.5.1 Photocatalysis as pretreatment 9 2.4.4 Real-time polymerase chain reaction 32
1.5.2 Photocatalysis as post-treatment 12 2.5 Preservation of anammox 32
1.5.3 Multistep processes 13 2.6 Carriers and their effects on anammox 32
1.6 Mineralization and toxicity reduction 14 2.7 Application of anammox in wastewater
1.7 Pilot-scale integrated process 15 treatment 33
1.8 Conclusion 16 2.8 Factors affecting treatment performance of
References 16 anammox 36
2.8.1 pH 36

vii
viii Contents

2.8.2 Temperature 36 4.3 Integrated strategies for simultaneous

2.8.3 Effect of substrate concentration 36 production of SCO and biological treatment
2.8.4 Dissolved oxygen (DO) of wastewaters by oleaginous microorganisms 85
concentration 37 4.3.1 Wastewaters as substrates of oleaginous
2.8.5 Organic matter 37 microorganisms 86
2.8.6 Sludge retention time 37 4.3.2 Oleaginous microorganisms employed
2.9 Integration of anammox into other for simultaneous wastewater treatment
remediation technologies for and SCO production 86
effective wastewater treatment 37 4.3.3 Industrial application of the
2.10 Challenges and future prospects for wastewater treatment by oleaginous
anammox research 39 microorganisms: advantages,
2.11 Conclusion and recommendations 40 technology, strategies, problems,
References 40 and perspectives 93
4.4 Conclusions 96
3. Integrated process technology for Acknowledgments 97
recycling and re-use of industrial and References 97
municipal wastewater: A review 49
Yeit Haan Teow, Kah Chun Ho, Sumith Ranil Wickramasinghe,
Mahmood Gheni Jebur and Zhen Hong Changa
5. Nature-inspired ecotechnological
approaches toward recycling and recovery of
3.1 Introduction 49 resources from wastewater 101
3.2 Wastewater treatment technologies 54
Jayanta Kumar Biswas, Monojit Mondal, Vineet Kumar,
3.2.1 Differences between industrial and Amit Bhatnagar, Soma Biswas and Meththika Vithanage
municipal wastewater 55
3.2.2 Classes of treatment processes 56 5.1 Introduction 101
3.3 Integrated processes: examples and benefits 61 5.2 Living technologies: borrowing ideas
3.4 The future of water reuse opportunities 65 and inspiration from Mother Nature 103
3.4.1 Potable usage 65 5.3 Genesis of the concept of “living
3.4.2 Nonpotable usage 66 machines” 104
3.5 Conclusion 70 5.4 Trademark tenets of living technologies:
Acknowledgments 71 ten commandments (wisdom) of Mother
References 71 Nature mark the hallmarks 106
5.5 Applications of living technologies:
4. Integrated production of biodiesel and Mother Nature’s Midas touch for
industrial wastewater treatment by culturing transforming waste(water) into wealth 107
oleaginous microorganisms 81 5.6 Designing traits for trading natural
wastewater treatment systems 107
Silvana Carolina Viñarta, Débora Daniela Maza,
5.7 Tools of the trade 112
Pablo Marcelo Fernández, Manuel Javier Aybar
and Lucía Inés Castellanos de Figueroa 5.7.1 Floral components: the solar-based
photosynthetic foundations 112
4.1 Alternative energy sources: biodiesel 81 5.7.2 Faunal diversity 113
4.1.1 Oleaginous microorganisms 82 5.8 Variants of living technological systems 113
4.1.2 Lipogenesis in oleaginous 5.8.1 Floating treatment wetlands 113
microorganisms and more important 5.8.2 Integrated waste stabilization ponds
aspects of lipid accumulation 82 train system 121
4.2 Substrates for SCO production by oleaginous 5.8.3 Constructed wetlands:
microorganisms 84 phytomicroremediation in
4.2.1 Low-cost substrates for SCO Nature’s image 125
production 85 5.8.4 Hydroponics: soilless cultivation 129
 Contents ix

5.8.5 Wastewater-fed aquaculture: 7.4 Mechanisms involved 179

a win–win way to waste 7.4.1 Dissolution precipitation 179
into wealth? 133 7.4.2 Ion exchange 181
5.9 Conclusions 135 7.4.3 Physical adsorption 182
References 136 7.4.4 Electrostatic interactions 182
7.5 Recent trends in wastewater treatment
6. Integrated microbial desalination cell with HAP 182
and microbial electrolysis cell for wastewater 7.6. Conclusion and future perspectives 183
Acknowledgments 184
treatment, bioelectricity generation, and
References 184
biofuel production: Success, experience,
challenges, and future prospects 145 8. Algae coupled constructed wetland
Mohammed Al-Murisi, Dana Al-Muqbel, Amani Al-Othmana and system for wastewater treatment 191
Muhammad Tawalbeh Akanksha Chauhan and Sanjeev Kumar Prajapati

6.1 Introduction 145 8.1 Introduction 191

6.2 Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) 146 8.2 Constructed wetlands in wastewater system 192
6.2.1 MEC for wastewater treatment and 8.2.1 Classification 193
hydrogen production 148 8.2.2 Design parameters 196
6.2.2 Integration MEC with other systems 149 8.2.3 Removal efficiency 198
6.2.3 MEC for the production of valuable 8.2.4 Limitations with constructed wetlands
products 151 in wastewater treatment 199
6.3 Microbial desalination cells (MDCs) 153 8.3 Algae in wastewater treatment 200
6.3.1 Optimized MDC systems for 8.3.1 Cultivation system for algae-mediated
wastewater treatment, salinity wastewater treatment 201
removal and power generation 153 8.3.2 Limitation with algae-mediated
6.3.2 Integrated MDC systems 156 wastewater treatment 202
6.3.3 MDC for the production of 8.4 Algae coupled constructed wetland 202
valuable products 158 8.4.1 Removal of nutrients 203
6.4 Challenges and limitations 159 8.4.2 Removal of organics 203
6.4.1 MEC challenges 159 8.4.3 Removal of emerging contaminants 204
6.4.2 MDC challenges 160 8.4.4 Challenges with algae coupled
6.5. Conclusions and future perspectives 161 constructed wetland 204
References 162 8.5 Resource and energy recovery through
algae coupled constructed wetland 204
7. Hydroxyapatite for environmental 8.6 Real-world application of algae coupled
remediation of water/wastewater 167 constructed wetland: perspectives 205
Pabasari Arundathi Koliyabandara, Oshadi Hettithanthri,
8.7 Conclusion and future prospects 205
Anushka Rathnayake, Anushka Upamali Rajapaksha, Acknowledgments 206
Nadeeshani Nanayakkara and Meththika Vithanage References 206

7.1 Introduction 167 9. Integrated CO2 sequestration,

7.2 Synthesis and properties of hydroxyapatite 168 wastewater treatment, and biofuel
7.2.1 Synthesis techniques 168 production by microalgae culturing:
7.2.2 Properties of hydroxyapatite 169 Needs and limitations 217
7.3 Hydroxyapatite as an adsorbent for
Khushboo Iqbal, Neha Sharma, Simran Takkar, Smriti Shukla,
wastewater treatment 170
Kartikeya Shukla, Ajit Varma and Arti Mishra
7.3.1 Common pollutants in wastewater 170
7.3.2 Removal of pollutants 174 9.1 Introduction 217
x Contents

9.2 Integrated carbon sequestration and its 10.5.6 Ozonation 252

sequestration technologies 219 10.5.7 Disinfection 252
9.2.1 Integrated approach in wastewater 10.6 Biotechnological approaches for removal
treatment 222 of contaminants from wastewater 252
9.2.2 Limitations of carbon sequestration 10.6.1 Bioremediation 254
technologies 225 10.6.2 Phytoremediation 255
9.2.3 Applications of integrated carbon 10.6.3 Mycoremediation 255
sequestration technologies 225 10.6.4 Phycoremediation 255
9.3 Microalgae-based biorefinery 226 10.6.5 Nanobiotechnology 256
9.3.1 Biorefinery products 227 10.7 Conclusions 256
9.4 Products obtained from biorefinery for References 258
biofuel industry 230
9.4.1 Bioethanol 230 11. Integrated biopolymer and bioenergy
9.4.2 Biodiesel 231 production from organic wastes: Recent
9.4.3 Biomethane 231
advances and future outlook 261
9.4.4 Biofertilizers 232
9.4.5 Biohydrogen 232 Anum Iqbal, Amani Al-Othman and Nasser M. Hamdan

9.5 Applications of microalgal biomass 233

11.1 Introduction 261
9.6 Limitations of algal biomass products 233
11.2 Structural and chemical characteristics
9.7 Conclusion 234
of biopolymer and bioenergy 263
Acknowledgments 234
11.3 Chemical insights into organic wastes 267
References 234
11.4 Traditional technologies for bioenergy
and biopolymer production through
10. Physicochemical–biotechnological organic wastes 269
approaches for removal of contaminants 11.4.1 Conventional incineration 269
from wastewater 241 11.4.2 Hydrothermal incineration and
Dilshad Begum Golgeri M, Syeda Ulfath Tazeen Kadri, oxidation 270
Satish Kumar Murari, Dummi Mahadevan Gurumurthy, 11.4.3 Pyrolysis 270
Muhammad Bilal, Ram Naresh Bharagava, Anyi Hu, 11.4.4 Liquefaction 270
Paul Olusegun Bankole, Luiz Fernando R. Ferreira and
11.4.5 Gasification 271
Sikandar I. Mulla
11.4.6 Transesterification 271
10.1 Introduction 242 11.4.7 Process intensification 272
10.2 Water pollution 243 11.4.8 Anaerobic digestion or
10.2.1 Causes and nature of contamination 243 biomethanation 272
10.3 Wastewater treatment - general scheme 245 11.5 Advanced biotechnology techniques
10.4 Physicochemical approaches for removal of (integrated systems) 272
contaminants from wastewater 247 11.6 Conclusion 275
10.4.1 Screening and use of grit chambers 247 References 276
10.4.2 Flotation 247
10.4.3 Sedimentation 248 12. Integrated production of
10.4.4 Centrifugal separation 248
10.4.5 Filtration 248
polyhydroxyalkonate (bioplastic) with
10.4.6 Reverse osmosis (RO) 249 municipal wastewater and sludge treatment
10.5 Chemical approach 249 for sustainable development 283
10.5.1 Neutralization 249 Mukesh Kumar, Inderpal Devgona, Ritu Bala, Abhishek Rana,
10.5.2 Precipitation 249 Manpreet Kaur Somal, Rohan Samir Kumar Sachan and
10.5.3 Flocculation 251 Arun Karnwal
10.5.4 Redox reactions 251
10.5.5 Adsorption with activated carbon 251 12.1 Introduction 283
 Contents xi

12.2 Enzymes, structure and properties of 14. Integrating forward osmosis into
polyhydroxyalkonate 285 microbial fuel cells for
12.3 Overview of different substrate for wastewater treatment 321
PHA production 287
Abdallah Alhajar, Muhammad Tawalbeh, Dana Arjomand,
12.4 Chemical environment and composition
Nooruddin Abdel Rahman, Hassan Khan and Amani Al-Othman
of wastewater sludge 291
12.5 Production of PHA using pure and mixed 14.1 Introduction 321
microbial cultures 292 14.1.1 Microbial fuel cell 322
12.6 Integration of polyhydroxyalkonate 14.1.2 Forward osmosis 324
production process with wastewater treatment 14.2 Membrane transport theory 325
plant 293 14.3 Osmotic microbial fuel cells 326
12.7 Growing impact and policies of PHA-based 14.3.1 Operational and manufactural
bioplastic in the world 296 observations 327
12.8 Conclusion 298 14.3.2 Applications 328
References 298 14.4 Challenges and obstacles 328
14.4.1 Reverse solute flux 329
14.4.2 Cost and efficiency 329
13. Wastewater treatment by oleaginous 14.4.3 Membranes 330
algae and biodiesel production: 14.5 Previous studies on OsMFCs 330
Prospects and challenges 303 14.6 Conclusions 332
Narasiman Nirmala, Shanmuganantham Selvanantham Dawn
References 332
and Jayaseelan Arun
15. Recent trends for treatment of
13.1 Introduction 303 environmental contaminants in wastewater:
13.2 Contaminants in industrial wastewater 305
An integrated valorization of
13.3 Microalgae and industrial wastewater 306
13.3.1 Microalgae and agro-industrial industrial wastewater 337
wastewater 307 Edwin Hualpa-Cutipa, Richard Andi Solórzano Acosta,
13.3.2 Microalgae and heavy metal Sheena Sangay-Tucto, Xiomara Gisela Mendoza Beingolea,
Gianfranco Talavera Gutierrez and Isabel Navarro Zabarburú
wastewater 307
13.3.3 Microalgae and textile dye 15.1 Introduction 337
wastewater 310 15.2 Physicochemical removal of pollutants
13.4 Prospects of microalgae for biofuel from wastewater generated by industries 338
production 310 15.2.1 Removal of adsorption 339
13.4.1 Advantages of utilizing microalgae 15.2.2 Removal by ion exchange 340
for biodiesel production 310 15.2.3 Removing by nanotechnology 342
13.4.2 Lipids from microalgae 311 15.2.4 Removal by electrocoagulation 342
13.4.3 Induction of neutral lipid production 311 15.2.5 Removal by membrane processes 344
13.4.4 Extraction of oil from microalgae 15.2.6 Removal by chemical precipitation 344
and its different techniques 311 15.2.7 Removal by magnetic extraction 347
13.5 Conversion of algal oil to biodiesel 313 15.2.8 Removal for biofiltration 347
13.5.1 Catalytic transesterification methods 314 15.3 Biotechnological removal of pollutants
13.6 Biofuels and bioproducts acquired from from wastewater generated by industries 348
biovolarization of algal biomass 315 15.3.1 Phytoremediation 348
13.6.1 Biodiesel 315 15.3.2 Bioaccumulation removal 348
13.6.2 Biomethane 316 15.3.3 Biomineralization removal 349
13.6.3 Bioethanol 316 15.3.4 Biotransformation removal 349
13.6.4 Biochar 316 15.3.5 Removal by bioadsorption 355
13.7 Conclusion 317 15.3.6 Bacteria and fungus degradation 355
References 317
xii Contents

15.4 Combined physicochemical-biotechnological 17.4 Challenges and limitations 391

strategies 356 17.5 Future scope 405
15.5 Drawbacks and future perspectives 358 17.6 Conclusion 406
References 359 References 407

16. Advancements in industrial 18. Nanostructured materials for

wastewater treatment by integrated water/wastewater remediation 413
membrane technologies 369 Junaid Munawar, Ehsan Ullah Rashid, Shahid Nawaz, Nisar Ali,
Vineet Kumar, Hafiz M.N. Iqbal and Muhammad Bilal
Sathya Udayakumar and Keerthi Praveen

16.1 Introduction 369 18.1 Introduction 413

16.2 Fundamentals of MBR 370 18.2 Wastewater and their sources 414
16.2.1 Membrane flux 370 18.3 Nanomaterials for water remediation
16.2.2 Membrane resistance 371 process 416
16.3 Hybrid MBR for high-strength wastewater 371 18.4 Carbon-based nanomaterials 417
16.4 MBR for tannery wastewater treatment 371 18.4.1 Graphene-based nanomaterials 417
16.5 MBR for textile wastewater treatment 373 18.4.2 Carbon nanotubes 419
16.5.1 Characterization of textile 18.5 Metal and metal oxides nanoparticles 420
wastewaters 374 18.5.1 Silver nanoparticles 420
16.5.2 Hybrid MBR for textile wastewater 18.5.2 Nano zerovalent Fe particles 421
treatment 374 18.5.3 Nano-TiO2 particles 422
16.6 MBR for pharmaceutical wastewater 376 18.5.4 Magnetic nanoparticles 423
16.7 Membrane fouling 377 18.6 Nanocomposite and nanofibers membrane 424
16.7.1 Biofouling by extracellular 18.6.1 Self-assembling membranes 426
polymeric substances (EPS) and 18.6.2 Clay-based nanoadsorbents 426
soluble microbial products (SMP) 378 18.7 Conclusion and future aspects 426
16.8 Strategies to reduce membrane fouling 378 References 427
16.8.1 Material configuration for fouling
19. Integrated technologies for
reduction 379
16.8.2 Integration of treatment system for wastewater treatment 433
fouling reduction 379 Simranjeet Singh, Dhriti Kapoor, Vaishali Dhaka, Savita Bhardwaj,
16.9 Conclusions 379 Praveen C. Ramamurthy and Joginder Singh

References 380
19.1 Introduction 433
17. Microbial electrochemical-based 19.2 Current situation of wastewater treatment
and management 435
constructed wetland technology for
19.3 New concepts and technologies for
wastewater treatment: Reality, challenges, wastewater treatment 437
and future prospects 383 19.3.1 Wastewater treatment using activated
Divyani Kumari, Achlesh Daverey and Kasturi Dutta carbon 437
19.3.2 Wastewater treatment using
17.1 Introduction 383 nanoparticles 439
17.2 Integration of BES with CW (CW-BES) 385 19.3.3 Carbon nanotubes and wastewater
17.2.1 Fundamentals of BES 385 cleansing 440
17.2.2 Advantages of integrating BES 19.3.4 Microbial fuel cells 442
with CW 387 19.4 Advanced integrated technologies for
17.2.3 Design of CW-BES systems and wastewater treatment 443
requirements 388 19.5 Potential benefits of integrated technologies
17.3 Wastewater treatment using CW-BES used in wastewater treatment 446
(lab-, pilot-, and full-scale studies) 389 19.6 Conclusion 449
 Contents xiii

Acknowledgements 449 22.2 Unscientific discharge of effluents:

References 449 A serious environmental issue 509
22.2.1 Composition of different
20. Integrated anaerobic-aerobic processes effluents 510
for treatment of high strength wastewater: 22.2.2 Probable solutions from water
Consolidated application, new trends, pollution 513
perspectives, and challenges 457 22.3 Potential role of microorganisms in
remediating wastewater 513
Malliga Perumal, Sivasankari Karikalacholan, Nirosha Parimannan,
Janci Arichandran, Keerthana Shanmuganathan, Ragavi Ravi, 22.3.1 Role of bacteria in treating
Sadhumathiya Jayapandiyan, Swathi Jayakumar and wastewater 514
Thilothi Mohandas 22.3.2 Role of microalgae in treating
waste water 515
20.1 Introduction 457 22.3.3 Microalgae-bacterial consortia in
20.2 Integrated anaerobic and aerobic treatment treating wastewater 517
of high strength wastewater 458 22.4 Alternative use of microalgae-bacteria
20.2.1 Consolidated application 458 consortia 522
20.2.2 New trends, perspectives, 22.4.1 Biohydrogen: An alternative
and challenges 472 bioenergy 523
20.3 Conclusion 477 22.4.2 Potential drawbacks in biohydrogen
Acknowledgements 478 production by microalgae-bacteria
References 478 consortia 526
21. Integrated biomedical waste 22.5 Comparative analysis of biohydrogen
over conventional fuels 526
degradation and detoxification 481 22.6 Future aspect of biohydrogen production
Nandini Singh, Ishita Shreshtha, Rishabh and Vinod Kumar Nigam from microalgae-bacteria consortia 527
Reference 527
21.1 Introduction 481
21.2 Sources of biomedical waste 482
21.2.1 Medical waste types 482
21.2.2 Biomedical waste segregation/sorting 484
23. Cyanobacteria mediated toxic metal
21.2.3 Detoxification of waste 485 removal as complementary and alternative
21.3 Disposal strategies 485 wastewater treatment strategy 533
21.4 Strategies and mechanism of degradation 489 Khalida Bloch and Sougata Ghosh
21.4.1 Thermochemical methods 489
21.4.2 Biochemical methods 492 23.1 Introduction 533
21.5 Constraints 497 23.2 Metal toxicity 534
21.6 Future scope 499 23.3 Cyanobacteria mediated metal removal 534
21.7 Some advanced approaches to treat 23.3.1 Antimony 534
medical waste 500 23.3.2 Arsenic 536
21.8 Conclusion and prospects 503 23.3.3 Cadmium 538
References 505 23.3.4 Chromium 540
23.3.5 Copper 542
22. Role of algal-bacterial association in 23.3.6 Lead 542
combined wastewater treatment and 23.3.7 Selenium 543
biohydrogen generation: An overview 23.4 Mechanism 545
on its challenges and future 509 23.5 Conclusions and future perspectives 545
References 545
Soumya Banerjee and Anoar A. Khan

22.1 Introduction 509 Index 549

 Contributors
Richard Andi Solórzano Acosta Escuela de In-
geniería Ambiental, Universidad César Vallejo,
Lima-Este., Perú
Abdallah Alhajar Department of Chemical En-
gineering, American University of Sharjah,
Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Nisar Ali Key Laboratory for Palygorskite
Science and Applied Technology of Jiangsu
Province, National & Local Joint Engineering
Research Centre for Deep Utilization
Technology of Rock-salt Resource, Faculty
of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of
Technology, Huai’an, China.
Dana Al-Muqbel Department of Chemical En-
gineering, American University of Sharjah,
Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Mohammed Al-Murisi Department of Chemi-
cal Engineering, American University of Shar-
jah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Amani Al-Othman Department of Chemical En-
gineering, American University of Sharjah,
Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Dana Arjomand Department of Chemical Engi-
neering, American University of Sharjah, Shar-
jah, United Arab Emirates
Janci Arichandran Department of Biotechnol-
ogy, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli,
Tamil Nadu, India
Jayaseelan Arun Centre for Waste Management,
Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technol-
ogy, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Manuel Javier Aybar Instituto Superior de In-
vestigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-
Universidad Nacional de Tucumán), Tucumán,
Argentina; Instituto de Biología “Dr. Francisco
D. Barbieri”, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química
y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán,
Tucumán, Argentina
xv
Ritu Bala Department of Microbiology, School of
Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Profes-
sional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
Soumya Banerjee Department of Basic Science
and Humanities, Hooghly Engineering & Tech-
nology College, Chinsurah, West Bengal, India
Paul Olusegun Bankole Department of Pure
and Applied Botany, College of Biosciences,
Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta,
Ogun State, Nigeria
Xiomara Gisela Mendoza Beingolea Faculty of
Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad Na-
cional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
Ram Naresh Bharagava Department of Microbi-
ology (DM), School for Environmental Sciences
(SES), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Univer-
sity (A Central University), Lucknow, Uttar
Pradesh, India
Savita Bhardwaj Department of Botany, School
of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Pro-
fessional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
Amit Bhatnagar Department of Separation Sci-
ence, LUT School of Engineering Science, LUT
University, Mikkeli, Finland
Muhammad Bilal School of Life Science and
Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technol-
ogy, Huai’an, China
Jayanta Kumar Biswas Enviromicrobiology,
Ecotoxicology and Ecotechnology Research
Laboratory, Department of Ecological Studies,
University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia,
West Bengal, India; International Centre for
Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani,
Kalyani, West Bengal, India
Soma Biswas Energy and Environment Re-
search Laboratory, Department of Electrical En-
gineering, Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering College,
Durgapur, West Bengal, India
xvi Contributors
Khalida Bloch Department of Microbiology,
School of Science, RK University, Rajkot,
Gujarat, India
Himani Chandel EMBL-Environmental Micro-
biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, EERG-
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Remediation
Group, School of Biotechnology, Shoolini Uni-
versity of Biotechnology and Management Sci-
ences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
Zhen Hong Chang Department of Chemical
Engineering and Process, Faculty of Engi-
neering and Built Environment, University
Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor
Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Department of Chemi-
cal and Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of En-
gineering, Technology and Built Environment,
UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Akanksha Chauhan Environment and Biofuel
Research Lab, Hydro and Renewable Energy
Department, Indian Institute of Technology
(IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand,
India
Achlesh Daverey School of Environment and
Natural Sources, Doon University, Dehradun,
Uttarakhand, India
Shanmuganantham Selvanantham Dawn
Centre for Waste Management, Sathyabama
Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai,
Tamil Nadu, India; Centre of Excellence for
Energy Research, Sathyabama Institute of
Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu,
India
Inderpal Devgon Department of Microbiology,
School of Bioengineering and Biosciences,
Lovely Professional University, Phagwara,
Punjab, India
Vaishali Dhaka Department of Microbiology,
Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Pun-
jab, India
Govindaraj Divyapriya Department of Civil
and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Poly-
technic Institute and State University, Blacks-
burg, United States
Kasturi Dutta Department of Biotechnology and
Medical Engineering, National Institute of Tech-
nology Rourkela, Odisha, India
Pablo Marcelo Fernández Planta Piloto de Pro-
cesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI-
CONICET), Tucumán, Argentina; Universidad
Nacional de Catamarca, Catamarca, Argentina
Luiz Fernando R. Ferreira Waste and Effluent
Treatment Laboratory, Institute of Technol-
ogy and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University,
Farolândia, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
Lucía Inés Castellanos de Figueroa Planta Pi-
loto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos
(PROIMI-CONICET), Tucumán, Argentina
Sougata Ghosh Department of Microbiology,
School of Science, RK University, Rajkot, Gu-
jarat, India
Dilshad Begum Golgeri M Department of
Biochemistry, School of Applied Sciences,
REVA University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India;
Department of Biochemistry, Indian Academy
Degree College Autonomous, Bangalore,
Karnataka, India
Dummi Mahadevan Gurumurthy Department
of Biotechnology, GM Institute of Technology,
Davangere, Karnataka, India
Gianfranco Talavera Gutierrez Faculty of Phar-
macy and Biochemistry, Universidad Nacional
Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
Nasser M. Hamdan Department of Physics, Col-
lege of Arts and Sciences, American University
of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Oshadi Hettithanthri Ecosphere Resilience Re-
search Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Uni-
versity of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri
Lanka
Kah Chun Ho Faculty of Engineering, Built En-
vironment, and Information Technology, SEGi
University, Kota Damansara, Malaysia
Anyi Hu CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollu-
tant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environ-
ment Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen,
China
Edwin Hualpa-Cutipa Faculty of Pharmacy and
Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Omics in Life
Sciences Research Group, Universidad Na-
cional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú;
Universidad César Vallejo
 Contributors
Anum Iqbal Material Sciences and Engineer-
ing Program, American University of Sharjah,
United Arab Emirates
Hafiz M.N. Iqbal Tecnologico de Monterrey,
School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey,
Mexico
Khushboo Iqbal Amity Institute of Microbial
Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar
Pradesh, India
Swathi Jayakumar Department of Biotechnol-
ogy, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli,
Tamil Nadu, India
Sadhumathiya Jayapandiyan Department
of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University,
Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
Mahmood Gheni Jebur Ralph E Martin De-
partment of Chemical Engineering, University
of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA; Depart-
ment of Chemical Engineering, Tikrit Univer-
sity, Tikrit, Salah Al-din, Iraq
Syeda Ulfath Tazeen Kadri Department of Bio-
chemistry, School of Applied Sciences, REVA
University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Dhriti Kapoor Department of Botany, School
of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely
Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab,
India
Ansaf V. Karim Environmental Science and En-
gineering Department, Indian Institute of Tech-
nology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
Arun Karnwal Department of Microbiology,
School of Bioengineering and Biosciences,
Lovely Professional University, Phagwara,
Punjab, India
Sivasankari Karikalacholan Department of Ma-
rine Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University,
Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
Keerthi Praveen Department of Chemistry,
Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Anoar A. Khan Chemical Engineering
Department, Vignan’s Foundation for Science,
Technology & Research, Vadlamudi, Guntur,
Andhra Pradesh, India
Hassan Khan Department of Chemical Engi-
neering, American University of Sharjah, Shar-
jah, United Arab Emirates
xvii
Pabasari Arundathi Koliyabandara Ecosphere
Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied
Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura,
Nugegoda, Sri Lanka; Faculty of Technology,
University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Pitipana, Sri
Lanka
Mukesh Kumar Department of Microbiology,
School of Bioengineering and Biosciences,
Lovely Professional University, Phagwara,
Punjab, India
Navneet Kumar EMBL-Environmental Micro-
biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, EERG-
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Remediation
Group, School of Biotechnology, Shoolini
University of Biotechnology and Management
Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh,
India
Vineet Kumar Waste Re-processing Division,
CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Re-
search Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg,
Nagpur, Maharashtra-440020, India
Divyani Kumari Department of Biotechnology
and Medical Engineering, National Institute of
Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India
Débora Daniela Maza Instituto Superior de In-
vestigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-
Universidad Nacional de Tucumán), Tucumán,
Argentina
Arti Mishra Amity Institute of Microbial
Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar
Pradesh, India
Thilothi Mohandas Department of Biotechnol-
ogy, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli,
Tamil Nadu, India
Monojit Mondal Enviromicrobiology, Ecotoxi-
cology and Ecotechnology Research Labora-
tory, Department of Ecological Studies, Univer-
sity of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal,
India
Sikandar I. Mulla Department of Biochemistry,
School of Applied Sciences, REVA University,
Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Junaid Munawar College of Chemistry, Beijing
University of Chemical Technology, PR China
xviii Contributors
Satish Kumar Murari Department of Biochem-
istry, School of Applied Sciences, REVA Univer-
sity, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Sibiraj Murugesan EMBL-Environmental
Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory,
EERG-Ecotoxicology and Environmental
Remediation Group, School of Biotechnology,
Shoolini University of Biotechnology and
Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal
Pradesh, India
Nadeeshani Nanayakkara Department of Civil
Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Per-
adeniya, Sri Lanka
Shahid Nawaz Department of Chemistry, The
University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Puthiya Veetil Nidheesh Environmental Impact
and Sustainability Division, CSIR-National En-
vironmental Engineering Research Institute,
Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
Vinod Kumar Nigam Department of Bioengi-
neering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of
Technology, Mesra, Ranchi
Narasiman Nirmala Centre for Waste Manage-
ment, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Tech-
nology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Nirosha Parimannan Department of Marine
Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University,
Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
Lakshmi Pisharody The Zuckerberg Institute of
Water Research, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-
sheba, Israel
Malliga Perumal Department of Marine
Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University,
Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
Sanjeev Kumar Prajapati Environment and Bio-
fuel Research Lab, Hydro and Renewable En-
ergy Department, Indian Institute of Tech-
nology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand,
India
Nooruddin Abdel Rahman Department of
Chemical Engineering, American University of
Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Anushka Upamali Rajapaksha Ecosphere
Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied
Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura,
Nugegoda, Sri Lanka; Instrument Center,
Faculty of Applied Sciences, University
of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda,
Sri Lanka
Praveen C. Ramamurthy Interdisciplinary Cen-
tre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute
of Sciences, Bangalore, India
Abhishek Rana Jindal Global Law School, O.P.
Jindal Global University, Sonipat, Haryana, In-
dia
Ehsan Ullah Rashid Department of Chemistry,
University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisal-
abad, Pakistan
Anushka Rathnayake Ecosphere Resilience Re-
search Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Uni-
versity of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri
Lanka; Institute of Chemistry Ceylon, Raja-
giriya, Sri Lanka
Ragavi Ravi Department of Biotechnology,
Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli,
Tamil Nadu, India
Rishabh Motilal Nehru Medical College, Praya-
graj
Rohan Samir Kumar Sachan Department of Mi-
crobiology, School of Bioengineering and Bio-
sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phag-
wara, Punjab, India
Sheena Sangay-Tucto Centro de Investigación
y Tecnología del Agua (CITA), Departamento
de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad de Inge-
niería y Tecnología (UTEC), Lima, Perú
Gaurav Saxena EMBL-Environmental Microbi-
ology and Biotechnology Laboratory, EERG-
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Remediation
Group, School of Biotechnology, Shoolini Uni-
versity of Biotechnology and Management Sci-
ences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
Keerthana Shanmuganathan Department of
Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University,
Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
Geetansh Sharma EMBL-Environmental
Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory,
EERG-Ecotoxicology and Environmental
Remediation Group, School of Biotechnology,
Shoolini University of Biotechnology and
 Contributors
Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal
Pradesh, India
Neha Sharma Amity Institute of Microbial
Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar
Pradesh, India
Ishita Shreshtha Department of Bioengineering
and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technol-
ogy, Mesra, Ranchi
Kartikeya Shukla Amity Institute of Environ-
mental Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
Smriti Shukla Amity Institute of Environmen-
tal Toxicology, Safety and Management, Amity
University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Joginder Singh Department of Microbiology,
Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Pun-
jab, India
Nandini Singh Department of Bioengineering
and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technol-
ogy, Mesra, Ranchi
Simranjeet Singh Interdisciplinary Centre for
Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Sci-
ences, Bangalore, India
Manpreet Kaur Somal Department of Biotech-
nology, School of Bioengineering and Bio-
sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phag-
wara, Punjab, India
Kirti Shyam EMBL-Environmental Microbiol-
ogy and Biotechnology Laboratory, EERG-
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Remediation
Group, School of Biotechnology, Shoolini Uni-
versity of Biotechnology and Management Sci-
ences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
Simran Takkar Amity Institute of Microbial
Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar
Pradesh, India
Muhammad Tawalbeh Department of Sus-
tainable and Renewable Energy Engineering,
University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab
Emirates
Yeit Haan Teow Department of Chemical
Engineering and Process, Faculty of
Engineering and Built Environment, University
Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor
xix
Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Research Centre for
Sustainable Process Technology, Faculty of
Engineering and Built Environment, University
Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor
Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Saurabh Thakur EMBL-Environmental Micro-
biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, EERG-
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Remediation
Group, School of Biotechnology, Shoolini Uni-
versity of Biotechnology and Management Sci-
ences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
Sathya Udayakumar Environmental Engineer-
ing Department, CSIR-Central Leather Research
Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Ajit Varma Amity Institute of Microbial Technol-
ogy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh,
India
Silvana Carolina Viñarta Planta Piloto de Pro-
cesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI-
CONICET), Tucumán, Argentina; Universidad
Nacional de Catamarca, Catamarca, Argentina
Meththika Vithanage Ecosphere Resilience Re-
search Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Uni-
versity of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri
Lanka; Molecular Microbiology and Human
Diseases Group, National Institute of Funda-
mental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
Sumith Ranil Wickramasinghe Department of
Chemical Engineering and Process, Faculty of
Engineering and Built Environment, University
Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor
Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Ralph E Martin Depart-
ment of Chemical Engineering, University of
Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
Manu Yadav EMBL-Environmental Microbi-
ology and Biotechnology Laboratory, EERG-
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Remediation
Group, School of Biotechnology, Shoolini
University of Biotechnology and Management
Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh,
India
Isabel Navarro Zabarburú Faculty of Pharmacy
and Biochemistry, Universidad Nacional Mayor
de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
Another random document with
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 help it. Yet she wronged you not. She always spoke of you with
true respect And said you were my wife, she but a slave. Then you
went forward. After that she bowed To Natural law and called
herself my wife. But her proud spirit would not brook restraint,
Nor act the puppet part of Consort Queen. When I and
Sanctimonious sought to force This part undignified upon her, she
Left me and sought the refuge of her home. I claimed her back,
but Bernia’s Prince refused To yield his sister up; and so our
Church And State divorced her, made her an outcast And left, of
course, the child to be my care. Merani, you so kind, with heart so
large, Will understand and will forgive the King. Oh! sorry fate.
How long must I sham on? How long must I approve what I
detest, And be a slave? What! sign my son’s death warrant? Never!
I will not murder my own child. Thank goodness he escaped, and
yet, alas! If they should catch young Fortunatus and Arrest
Vulnar, the law will hang these men As murderers of the
policeman Grett; And I shall sign approving warrant, I, The father
of Vergli whose life they saved. Was ever man more sorely tried
than I? Oh! sorry, sorry fate to be a King.”
Enter Larrar: “Sire, there is most important news arrived.” (Reads)
“‘Three masterly arrests have just been made— Of Vulnar, Scrutus
and young Fortunatus. One of their followers turned traitor and
Betrayed the hiding place where Vergli lurked. Young Fortunatus,
though entrapped himself, Managed to send a warning to Vergli;
He and Vulnar and Scrutus stood their ground And held the
entrance to their chief’s retreat. Fearing that Vergli would refuse
to fly And leave the others to their fate, the youth Resorted to a
subterfuge, saying Vergli must meet them on the Bawn co Pagh,
Whither they were retiring. He knew well That once on Bawn co
Pagh, the citadel And fortress of Vulnar, Vergli was safe And
midst a band of men true to his cause; But for this cunning
message here detailed, Vergli would have returned to aid his
friends And been entrapped and made a prisoner. E’en as it was
the others might have fled, But had they done so would have
doomed Vergli; And so they fought it out and thus gained time,
But were at length o’ercome and captive made.’ The name of him
who worked this clever ruse By which this mountain hiding place
 was found, Is Judath, who feigned fealty to their cause But turned
informer and betrayed them all.”
King Hector (aside): “Curses upon him. Black-souled son of Hell,
Monster of foul and base iniquity.” (To Larrar) “So, so, they’ve
caught the three who murdered Grett; Now will the law avenge
itself, the mob Wreak its all-fathomless resentment on The men
whom Judath has so deftly nailed. And I, yes I, must bow with
smothered love Crying within my bosom to my soul, And sign the
rights of these men to fair life Away into the black abyss of wrong.
Larrar, what piteous fate e’er made me King?”
Larrar. “Not fate, Sire. You can cast the title off And just become an
ordinary man. Children like dolls, the grown-up child likewise
Makes you its doll and pays you for your trouble. What are you,
Sire, but the paid servant of A government of nondescript
creation? You do its work and call yourself a King. I am your
servant, but you in your turn Are mine, because I am part of that
state Which pays the piper to pipe forth its tune. Vergli would
have the King part of the State, The chairman, so to say, one with
real pow’r. Paid, but a real King, not a mere cypher To whom men
bow, although but to a slave. Were you a real King you could
speak your mind And guide your peers and people to be fair, Or
influence them to espouse the right. I say not Kings should be all
absolute, But they should be Chairmen of the State. At least this is
the creed preached by Vergli And long ago his words converted
me, I am at heart an Evolutionist.”
King Hector (aside): “And I, too. Who would be the farce I am?” (To
Larrar) “Larrar, you are presuming. Have a care, Kings’ waiting-
men are servants, too, you know; A waiting groom and waiting
lord are paid. If I’m a puppet, all who wait on me Are puppets,
too! What shall we call the thing Which this queer puppet-mixture
has evolved? Merry-go-round or Humbug spinning round? I think
the latter, ’tis more suitable; For Humbug is in the ascendant now
And Sham the Idol of Society, And over all King Hector spreads
his wings; Shall they be free wings or their pinioned stumps?”
[He walks towards the Castle, musing.
 SCENE II.
On the ramparts of Bawn co Pagh Castle. Vergli and Verita, the
latter in male attire, are pacing up and down conversing earnestly.
Vergli (passionately): “And they are captives, while I stand here
free! Alas! ’tis terrible. What can I do? Isola, you a captive and
condemned, Vulnar likewise and faithful Scrutus, too?
Condemned to die for giving me my life! Shades of Iniquity!
Horrible fact! Isola, whom I love, condemned to death, Vulnar,
whose home protects this wanderer, Scrutus, who was the first to
stand by me, All doomed to die, all doomed to die for me.”
[He sobs.
Verita. “Not so, Vergli. Fret not. They fight for Truth, Of which you
are the representative; They die that you may live to win that prize
And give it, from them, to posterity. Vergli, live to reward their
sacrifice, Live to see triumph—that for which they’ll die I know I
echo dear Isola’s thoughts, Do you not feel them hov’ring round
you now?”
Vergli. “Yes, they steal round me, gently kissing me, Bidding me be
a hero not a cur. Dearest Isola, I shall work for you And win the
Right we both desire so much. To go to you, to die by your dear
side, That is the wish of Vergli’s yearning heart; To live for you, to
win the Truth you love, Shall be the duty done for you and Right.”
Verita. “Spoken as heroes speak, noble Vergli, Your answ’ring
words will cheer Isola’s heart; They’ll flood with light her prison’s
lonely cell And bring her happiness and restful peace. Now will I
start for Infantlonia. There! The sun is sinking, all is red and gold,
The colours flood the far off western sky. Red is Blood’s sign, but
Gold’s the sign of Truth, And Martyr’s blood shall win Truth’s
victory.”
[She bids Vergli farewell and goes.
Vergli (solus): “Mine be the task to wake a sleeping world And force
it to espouse the cause of Truth. Merani, Mother! Dost thou hear
thy son? Thy dear lips taught him Truth. Thy noble words Live all
unfading in his Memory. Thou art not dead. Thy life is with me
now. I am thyself, I am thy property. What I do that thou doest,
Mother mine, My voice is but the echo of thy own. And you, Isola,
your thought hovers near Mixing with ours, making mine doubly
strong. Oh! Thought amalgamate with subtle force, Flood me with
pow’r to think and to express And to enforce it on Humanity.
Thought, mighty Thought, essence of God Divine, Wax great and
multiply. Attain the Truth.”
[He enters the Castle of Bawn co Pagh.
 SCENE III.
In the exercising ground of the Prison of Holdfast. Vulnar,
Fortunatus and Scrutus are at exercise. The first two have halted
and are engaged in conversation. It is the day before their trial.
Vulnar. “This I assume is the last chance I’ll have To speak to you,
Isola. Without doubt The verdict will be Guilty, sentence Death.
My lawyer tells me that the angry wave Of that most fickle Judge,
Public Opinion, Is rabid for our instant execution! We are, in fact,
condemned before being tried; A wave of anger has possessed the
land, Fostered, encouraged by the powers that be. Ah! well, t’will
soon be o’er. I fear not death, To die beside you is enough for me.
Vulnar asks not a better fate, indeed, But to be faithful to the very
end— To Love, to Justice and to mighty Truth, All three the
seraphs of a perfect Life. Forgive me, Isola, for breathing love, But
I have loved you faithfully and well. To feel you feel this and
forgive Vulnar, Would make his last days peaceful and content.
He could not help his love, it came on him Long long ago when he
was yet a boy; He loved this love and hugged it very tight, And
nurtured it, until it grew so strong He knew no mortal pow’r could
sever it; The sapling had become, in fact, an oak— An oak
impervious to ev’ry storm. Kind Isola, I know that you forgive And
do not blame Vulnar for loving you.”
Isola. “Why do men love me thus? What is the spell Which makes
them love with such unselfish love? Oh! Vulnar, could I blame you
for such love? Rather, I thank you for your brave devotion. Kind
Vulnar, loving friend of Escanior, ’Tis good, indeed, to have so
true a friend; If it to you is joy to have loved me, Believe me, ’tis a
joy to me, Vulnar. I would not sell your love for all the world; I
would not barter it for Life itself. Such love in man is so
uncommon, rare, To own a gem so rare is wealth, indeed. Yes,
Death is nigh, that death men fear so much. Why do they fear it, if
their God is good? Why fear to go to what is loving, kind? If God is
as a father, they should laugh And clap with joy their hands at
sight of Death. This they do not, but fear it fearfully. Why?
 Because they have made an untrue heav’n; A cruel hell, a hydra-
headed God Whom they call Good and yet fear to approach,
Whom they adore and yet seek to evade! Small wonder seeing
they are human and This God is most inhuman. Oh! fair Truth
Prevail, prevail, come quickly and prevail. Well, Vulnar, Life is fair
and Life is Life— To us who know that Thought can never die And
is the soul of Life, we fear not Death; Because we feel ’tis but an
open door Where Life rejoins the Thought which cannot die, And
starts afresh upon Life’s pilgrimage. I will not say farewell, we’ll
meet again, You and my fair-haired, blue-eyed Escanior; We’ll
meet, our forceful thought attracting us To be together. Yes, to be,
to be.”
Warder (approaching): “Time’s up for exercise. Back to your cells.
Silence. No further speaking is allowed.”
[All re-enter the prison.
 SCENE IV.
In the Palace of Sham, the Infantlonian residence of the Ardrigh.
Sanctimonious and Conception sit together in the study of His
Graciousness.
Conception. “Your Graciousness, I’ve thought of everything. None
but the Prince of Bernia and that jade Whom they call Verita,
possess the fact That Isola is Fortunatus, too. Charged with
conspiracy, both are in gaol; There they shall stop till Isola is
dead. His Majesty has no suspicion, has he?”
Sanctimonious. “No, none, Conception. We’ll take care of that, I and
Sirocco, the Prime Minister. Now that Vulnar and his accomplices
— Scrutus and Fortunatus—are condemned, The danger of
detection is quite nil. I trust to you, of course, to keep the truth
Barred in the prison till they are no more. ’Tis fortunate they led
their own defence, And that Isola scorned to plead her sex And so
secure a respite for herself. Yes, Fortunatus, you shall hang,
indeed, And I’m revenged on Lady Isola!”
Conception (starting): “Your Graciousness, the Prince of Scota’s
there Staring at you with all his might and main, Where did he
spring from? Is’t a shadow wraith? God! how his features mirror
Isola’s.”
Sanctimonious (testily): “’Tis but a child. He often stays with me,
Comes for instruction. Plays in the Garden. Nothing to fear from
him. A mere, mere child. How now, my son, what stops you in
your play?”
Prince Bernis. “A voice called me. I thought it was Mamma’s.
‘Bernis,’ it said, ‘Come, darling, come here quick!’ I ran so fast. I
thought it was Mamma.”
[Enter Prince Bernis’s nurse by same window as he had entered.
Nurse. “Fie, Bernis! Fie! I’ve called you sev’ral times.”
Prince Bernis. “I thought it was Mamma and ran in here.”
Nurse. “Hush! Do not speak of Lady Isola. Make salutation to His
Graciousness, Then come with me, we must be going home.”
Sanctimonious. “My blessing on you, Prince. Be a good boy. Come
again soon and have a game of play.” [Exit Prince Bernis and
Nurse. (To Conception) “’Tis fortunate he is a little child And
would not understand what I was saying.”
Conception (uneasily): “I hope he did not, but his eyes were wide,
They seemed to me to be Isola’s eyes.”
Sanctimonious. “Tut! tut! you are a fool, Conception. The Prince of
Scota is a baby still.”
Conception. “Some babies are too sharp, your Graciousness.
However, you know best. I am a fool.”
Sanctimonious. “To-morrow they will die, I wish ’twas o’er. I shall
not freely breathe till their breath’s gone.”
Conception (rising): “Sharp on the stroke of eight they’ll die to-
morrow. Your Graciousness may eat in peace at nine.”
Sanctimonious. “Well spoken, man. Unparalleled Conception.”
[Exit Conception.
 SCENE V.
In a condemned cell in the Prison of Holdfast. Fortunatus is seated
at a small wooden table writing. Close to him a warder sits
reading.
Fortunatus (writes): “When these words reach you, Hector, o’er the
tide Which leads from Death to Life I shall be moving. This
Thought, which now inhabiting my brain Sends forth to you this
message, will have sped Forward to mingle with Escanior’s. Yet
e’er it leaves its human canopy, It wafts you the last words of
Isola. These are they ‘Be you just and merciful, Become a king in
deed rather than name, Work with your people and for them,
Hector; Let King mean brother, treat all men as such. Sweep from
the statute book all useless law, All law which harrows progress,
or degrades. See to it that the young shall learn the Truth, Learn
to be useful, moral, just and kind— To give to every living thing
that breathes The right which Nature gives it, Happiness. Train up
the youth to say “Thou shalt not kill,” To say it and to practise it
as well. Abolish War and raise up Arbitration. See that each child
is taught a trade, or shewn How to use hands given for work and
use. See that all men have opportunity To work and win the fruits
of honest toil. Let all work be Co-operative and Give unto woman
what you give to man. Let principles of Fair Play animate All laws
and regulations of the State; Let Reason guide their framing, not
the lust Of gold, or greed, or selfishness. Be fair. Let it be ordered
“Privilege shall die, Just laws alone rule o’er the Destinies Of
Man and beast.” Crush Cruelty to earth. See to it that the base,
ignoble crime Cursed Vivisection, be swept clean away— Totally
abolished, treated as a crime, And stains no more the fame of our
dear land.’ One last word, Hector. Watch o’er our Bernis, Make
him a hero not a bauble prince; Let him be what Isola bore him
for, To be an honest and an upright man. And with this last word
let me bid you rise And call unto your side your first-born son,
Give him the right to be that which he is— The Prince of Scota and
your rightful heir. Farewell, Hector! For Right and Truth I die, See
to it that I do not die in vain.”
Warder. “Will you not take some rest? The hour grows late. I
counsel you, young Fortunatus, sleep.”
Fortunatus, rising, lies down on his bed. Then he turns on his back,
puts his hands behind his head and looks up at the ceiling,
mentally saying: “Bernis, my darling, be Isola’s child. Good-bye,
my little man. Be kind. Be true. Use thought to think right things,
be just, be brave; Be mother’s child, reflection of Isola.”
[Sleeps
 SCENE VI.
The Palace of Dreaming in Infantlonia. King Hector tosses restlessly
in his bed and mutters to himself: “Grey dawn is coming, bringing
in its hand Death for the three who saved my son from death,
And I have signed the warrant for their deaths— I, the lone King
of poor Saxscoberland. Oh! Isola, had you been by my side, Had
you been reigning jointly with me now As you declared you had
the right to reign, Such foul injustice never had been done. Isola,
noble Isola, divorced, Driven from Hector’s side by unjust law,
Come to me, drive away the imp Remorse Which grinning sits
before me, mocking me.”
Enter Prince Bernis (in his nightdress, peeping in): “Papa, mamma
is calling. I heard her. Who is Isola? Is it mamma, papa?”
Hector (springing up): “What brings you here, my child? Bernis,
what is’t? By all the Gods! What is it, Bernis boy?”
Prince Bernis. “Mamma called me to come here. I have come.
Where is mamma? Is mamma Isola? Nurse calls her Lady Isola,
papa; But, yesterday, I heard His Gaysiousness Say ‘Isola was
Fortunatus.’ Who? Papa say, who is Fortunatus, and How can he
be my dear mamma, Isola?”
Hector (seizing the boy and staring at him): “He said that
Fortunatus was Isola? Speak, Bernis, did His Graciousness say
that?”
Prince Bernis. “Oh! yes, papa. Conception said it, too. I heard the
Ardrigh and Conception say it. Tell me, papa, where is mamma
and why Is she called Fortunatus by them both, And nurse calls
her the Lady Isola?”
King Hector (dressing hastily): “Oh! God Almighty, I shall be too
late. ’Tis twenty-nine miles to the prison gates. They die at eight.
’Tis now far after six. Almighty God! How reach Holdfast in time?
Oh! for the pow’r to flash the word ‘Reprieved’ Into the hands of
Holdfast’s Governor. Surely the Universe holds property Able to
send forth silent messages.” (To the child) “Run back to bed, my
darling, run, Bernis; Papa is going to try to save Mamma. No. I
can’t take you, run to bed, Bernis. Almighty God! can I get there
in time?”
[He rushes from his room.

End of Act V.
 ACT SIXTH.

SCENE I.
Early morning in the condemned cell where Isola lies sleeping. In
one corner of it a warder sits, with his head sunk on his chest,
asleep. The first sign of day dawn is stealing through the barred
window.
Isola (gradually awaking, says dreamily): “’Tis somewhat hard my
rugged, earthy couch, Yet the brown heather nurtures Liberty. I’d
rather nestle in its arms, than lie Cushioned and canopied on regal
couch.” [Wakes more fully, and starts up into a sitting posture,
as consciousness and remembrance return. “’Tis neither, though.
Memory has returned. Morning is breaking on my last one here.
In a few hours my deathless Counterpart Will meet once more my
loved Escanior. Escanior! I am coming, Escanior! They sought to
part us. We shall meet again.” (She looks at the dim light in the
cell, and says): “’Tis a lone scene. A dreary aspect. Cold.” [Shivers.
“Bare walls, grey dawn, a flick’ring light at play A drowsy gaoler,
with his sleeping head, Nodding upon his almost soulless breast.
What is he but a thing mechanical, The tool of icy and unfeeling
law? Law, sacred law! No matter how unjust. An idol to be viewed
with veneration! Yes, Death is nigh, nigh unto Isola. It has no
terror for her, still she fain Would turn aside its grip from dear
Vulnar, And faithful Scrutus, too, if possible. Why should they die
for saving Hector’s son? Hector, awake! Save them, preserve their
lives. What is their crime? Did they not save Vergli, Half-brother
 of our little Bernis? Hark! Far off I hear a clock tower tolling six.
Just two hours more. Bernis, awake? My child. Bernis, arouse
your father, bid him save, Bid him give Scrutus and Vulnar their
lives. It matters not for me, but for these two, Bernis awake him,
bid him think of them. My little boy, make haste. Time glides
along; It waits for no one, peasant, peer, or king.”
[Enter another gaoler, the drowsy one starts up.
Gaoler. “The pastor’s here. Would you converse with him? And let
him shrift your soul from coal black sin? What will you have to
eat? Name your desire, And I will see it is attended to. You must
be hungry, aye, and thirsty too, For two whole days food has not
passed your lips, Nor water either. Are you not famishing?”
Fortunatus. “Ask the wild bird, deprived of Liberty, And caged
inside a narrow prison cell, Either to eat of seed or drink of water!
I am not hungry friend, I need no food, Nor do I need the pastor’s
aid to shrive My soul of some imaginary sins. Let me be left in
peace. ’Tis all I ask, And when the hour arrives for me to die, I’ll
leave this cage ever so joyfully.”
Gaoler. “You’re a queer lot, you evolutionists. I would not like to
die, at all, at all, And without eating, or a steadying dram To keep
the nerves together. Think of it! It is to me incomprehensible.
Queer fish indeed these evolutionists.”
Isola (musingly to herself): “Hector might wake. My voice may have
reached him, Those thoughts of mine might possibly strike home!
Somehow I feel he’ll wake and send reprieve. Send it, yes, but will
it arrive in time? I’ll claim the privilege of dying first. Each
moment saved is precious. Dear Vulnar, Your staunch fidelity to
me and Truth, Merits not death, but Honour, Liberty. And you,
too, Scrutus, you so faithful. No, You do not merit such a
punishment. Hector! Art coming? Give these men their lives.”
 SCENE II.
On the scaffold. An immense crowd is assembled outside the prison
of Holdfast. The three prisoners have been pinioned, and have
reached the spot of execution.
Fortunatus (to the hangman): “I claim the privilege of dying first,
Being the youngest of us three condemned, So man, make me
your first experiment, And take your time, don’t hurry, be
composed. Tut man, don’t tremble! What is there to fear? Learn
from young Fortunatus how to die. Adjust the rope. There! Steady.
Hark! I hear. [Listens. ’Tis the far echo of a horse’s feet, Surely,
yes surely, both will now be saved, I feel it, bless thee Hector, Vic
——”
A tremendous roar is heard outside. The words “Reprieve,
Reprieve, the King himself! The King!” suddenly penetrate to the
scaffold. A minute later and the King hurries thereon.
King Hector. “Reprieved! Governor hear! They are reprieved!”
[Staring at the group. “Two only here? Where is young
Fortunatus?”
The Hangman. “Dead, Sire! The word ‘reprieve’ reached me too
late, The sound arrived just as I pulled the bolt. His last words
were ‘Bless thee Hector, Victory!’ I heard them uttered as he fell
below, His death was speedy, instantaneous.”
Hector, laying both hands on Vulnar’s shoulder and bowing his
head on them, sobs out: “Isola! Isola! too late! too late! Oh! Isola
forgive. I rode my best. I rode not as a King, but as a man Whose
heart was bursting to reach you in time. I rode the horse you used
to love so well. The chestnut Saladin. He cleft the air, He seemed
to fly like arrow from the bow. He did his utmost. I did mine. Alas!
Fate was against us. Fate inexorable.”
The Governor of Holdfast prison exclaiming to himself: “Isola!
Fortunatus, Isola? By all the gods! This is a pretty pass. [To a
Warder. Haste man! Cut down young Fortunatus. See. Quick!
 bear the body to my private rooms. Explain the situation to my
wife. Tell her to lay Isola on the bed. Apprise her that the King is
here. The King! A pretty pass! A tragedy indeed!”
Vulnar (to the hangman): “Unpinion me and Scrutus. Do it sharp,
man.” [A pause. Turning to the King and taking his hand: “Oh!
sire, grieve not, you did your very best. Would I had died first, and
saved Isola. I never dreamed of a reprieve. Brave heart! She died
to give me life. She died for Truth. Sire, see to it she did not die in
vain. Her last words, ‘Bless thee Hector. Victory!’ Shall ring into
your soul and make you just, Oh! yes, they shall. Her name will
gain the day, Isola dead, shall win bright Victory.”
King Hector (still sobbing): “Take me to Isola. Isola! I tried to save
thee, but I came too late. I strove with human might to be in time,
The human heart was beating in my breast. All royal mummery
had left my side, It was the man and not the King that strove,
Though Kings can feel, they are just human beings, Albeit
barbaric customs make them dolls. And I, I loved thee Isola. I did.
Who could help loving one so kind, so true?” (To Vulnar) “Vulnar,
where is she? Take me to her side, I tried to save her, but I came
too late.”
[Sobs.
Vulnar (linking the King’s arm in his and signing to the Governor,
standing close by, to lead forward): “Come, sire, I’ll take your
Majesty to her. Take comfort thinking how she blest you, sire;
Mourn not for her, she died as she had lived, With valiant heart
beating for others’ woes. Death had no terrors for her, sire,
indeed, It cannot claim the soul of Isola, Her deathless Thought,
that which made her a pow’r, Lives on and will live on eternally.
Doubtless ’tis roving with Escanior’s, She loved him, loved no
other all her life, I, his old Comrade, testify to this, I who e’er
worshipped where her feet have trod. And yet she’ll hover round
you sire again, And influence your heart to make the Cause, For
which she died, triumphant everywhere. She claimed to reign with
you, see to it Sire That her loved voice shall wake this world
again.”
They follow the Governor to his private apartments, and this latter
and Vulnar silently stand aside as the King enters the one in
 which Isola has been laid.
King Hector (solus): “Yes, she is dead. Isola, thou art gone, That
which o’ertakes all men has come to thee. Vulnar spoke rightly,
when he said that thou, Dead should ne’erless obtain the Victory.
Yes, thou hast won it. Here, I swear to thee, All thou did’st die for
shall be realised, Right shall prevail, and Men shall own their
own, There shall be no more disinherited. Saxscober’s
Constitution shall become The constitution of a people free, And I
will be their real, not dummy King, Their brother worker, their
companion. While Life is left to me to work, I’ll work, I’ll make
Saxscoberland a dreamland scene, It shall reflect thy dream dear
Isola, Its face shall be the mirror of thy soul. Vergli shall aid me.
My first act shall be To do him justice and proclaim him heir; Our
little Bernis shall not act the thief, He shall be what thou sought’st
to keep the child, A human being, not a puppet slave. He shall be
his brave mother’s substitute, In him already shines thy deathless
soul. Isola, thou hast won, I swear it, Love. Thy death has won
Saxscober’s Liberty,”
He bends over and kisses her forehead. Then leaves the room.
Meeting Vulnar outside, he says: “Vulnar, I leave her body in your
care. Treat her as you would treat a reigning Queen. She shall
reign over fair Saxscoberland In deed, in fact, in true reality. Unto
the other nations of our Erth Her message shall be borne and shall
prevail, The bright example of Saxscoberland Shall move the
smaller fry to imitate, A bright example has its magnetism, And
draws men to solicit its embrace. Hector is clasping Isola’s. No
force Shall ever tear it from his grasp. No fear! I leave you, Vulnar.
Do your part. I go. My share in Evolution has begun. With Vergli I
will lead its sacred cause, With him will realize Isola’s dream.”

[He wrings Vulnar’s hand, and calling the Governor to him walks
away by his side.

Vulnar. “Is it a dream or Truth’s reality? Can it be fact or is it only

fancy? Isola dead, I living, Scrutus free, Vergli no longer outlawed,
but our Prince? It seems a dream, and yet ’tis not a dream, ’Tis
true, and Isola has triumphed. Sure! My love! my love! Who died
to save Vulnar, Who died for noble Truth, which he upheld, And
 dying, won Saxscober’s liberty. Yes, it is won. Though Opposition
strong Will struggle to retain the law of Might, Right shall prevail,
and noble Truth prevail, That Right and Truth for which Isola
died.”
[He beckons Scrutus, who is standing near, to follow him, and goes
out. In the streets around the prison loud cheers can be heard.
They are given to King Hector, who is driving away in the
Governor’s carriage. So far, the death of Fortunatus and the fact
that Fortunatus is Isola, has not transpired. Vulnar interviews the
Governor, and makes every preparation for the removal of Isola’s
body to the residence of her brother, The Prince of Bernia.
 SCENE III.
The fortress Castle of Bawn co Pagh. A voice sings: “Where Liberty
with Love entwines its arms, Its Life possesses vast, magnetic
charms; Cold, lifeless Licence is not liberty, To be a King means
not that you are free. Laws docked of Nature are not Freedom’s
joys, But just mechanical and puppet toys, Laughed at by men,
who scorn their puny sway, And treat them as just made to
disobey. ’Tis Love whose occult Pow’r alone conceives What
properties makes freedom. She receives Into her gentle bosom
Truth’s mandate And guided by it learns how to create Those laws
which fashion Liberty divine, And which alone from Love’s soft
eyes can shine. Oh! Love, thou child of the Almighty Pow’r,
Seductive as the sweetest scented flow’r, Thy influence is
paramount to save, Teaching men to be just, be fair, be brave, To
be the sons of Liberty and thee, True mates who can alone
produce the free, Those free, whose eyes are fixed on Love’s bright
Star, Speaking to them in flashes from afar. Be thou my guide all
through my mortal Life, Holding thy hand let me destroy the strife
Which Cruelty creates and scatters round, Sowing its poisoned
grain in fertile ground. I will, by aid of thee, uproot this grain,
Upon it Fire’s consuming powers rain, Burn it to ashes, sow
instead thy seed Which shall Love’s golden luscious harvest breed,
Whose sustenance shall nourish and inspire Kindness to triumph
over Selfish ire.”
Vergli (coming to the ramparts and looking over them): “Do my
ears mock me? Sure, ’tis Vulnar’s voice, None other owns such
subtle melody. Is it your Spirit serenading me, Comrade in arms,
friend of my boyhood, too? Vulnar, sure voice like yours is quite
unique, You have no rival, so it must be you. You have no equal,
whose melodious touch Sends through the being thrills of ecstacy.
Vulnar, where are you? Is your presence nigh, In body or in spirit
calling me? It seems to me as though Isola’s voice Whispers unto
me, ‘Vergli, Victory,’ And now I hear song rippling from your lips,
 Song such as Vulnar’s lips alone can frame, Song in whose
melody, immortal Truth Mingles with mortal utterance in tune.”
Enter Vulnar: “Hail, Prince of Scota. Welcome to my home.
Welcome, Prince Vergli, to our Bawn co Pagh.”
Vergli (seizing his hand): “Vulnar alive! Vulnar not dead? Not gone?
Are my eyes clear, or am I dreaming dreams? Vulnar saluting me
as Hector’s heir, Calling me Prince of Scota? Hark! I hear.
Whispers are whispering within my brain, I hear Isola’s voice
addressing me. It comes from Vulnar, yet it is her voice. ‘Vergli,’ it
says, ‘Hail Vict’ry? You are free.’”
Vulnar. “Yes, Vergli, it is Victory indeed. From Isola, whom both of
us adore, I bear you the last word her dear lips framed, She died
while utt’ring it. ’Twas ‘Victory.’”
Vergli. “Isola dead! And you alive, Vulnar? Can it be possible?
Speak man. Explain.”
Vulnar recounts events to Vergli. The latter listens in silence, then
exclaims: “Isola dead. Happy Escanior. You revel in a being we
have lost. Lost, yet not lost, for Isola is nigh. Around me is her
presence. Ev’rywhere! Her Thought permeates my soul,
entrancing it, The breath of Memory is on my brow, Within my
brain her voice is speaking Love, Love, velvet Love, to Vergli and
Vulnar. Yes, Vulnar, love to you, and love to me, For Isola is Love
itself. Her Life Was one long act of love. Cold Cruelty Was the sole
thing she hated on our Erth.”
Vulnar. “Sir, Diamond Truth falls from inspired lips, Your words
are echoes of that attribute. There was no hate or fear in Isola,
Save of the awful demon Cruelty, And him she feared and hated
cordially. Her words through Hector, my dear lord, The King, I
bear you now. ‘Come, take your own, Vergli, You are The Prince of
Scota, true born son Of Noble Merani. Saxscober’s heir.’ Hail Sir,
as such, no courtly homage mine. But just acknowledgment of
brotherhood, There is but one nobility, one claim, Which I
acknowledge as nobility, And that is Merit, child of Perfect
Thought, That perfect thought which love alone can frame. Lo!
sinks the sun behind the Bawn co Pagh. Amidst a perfect sea of
yellow gold, Whence shoots aloft a fan of brilliant rays, Blue, opal,