FP a ee a ee
Lectiaey | i he
Gocial Forces t
JF is an element of sociely that is capable
of cawsing *change in cultural jdeas € influence pecple
Ey Education Religion; Econamic dTatus , Social Medic,
Friends & 0 0n.
> Development of Sociological Theosy
French Revdution i] [ndushvial Revolution ii Rise of Socialism
Colonialism a Feminism J Usbentaction vil Religious Change
Tfaench Revel lont-
The fesiods in which when french people overthsew the
monuschy & fool confyol ef the goverment
The French sevelition lasted te yeas Prom 1184 tong
#) |t highlighted tensions blu the sich €, Hoot, lecding
to social ugheval
9 Emphasize the impartince of individual Preedems &
sights fos all citizens
} lt promoted the ideals of equaltty, likevty §
fatesniby
KH \t led to sefosms in laws & legal systems §
charged, cultusal nowms & yalues in societycl ai
> Andustuial sestulan stasts from ate 17 cent Rg
—! : th i |
4 ra net et yond» Aftesin_beginning. im
Britein ia the lol {Tao's th spseed_—te weds lg
was__ast_ a single —evert bul many intesselate eve
lined with tf aor
® nductsial evolution divided. into__two phases LU iss.
| —~4-—Second__phase) : ae
/a Fest phase ested Fao late _[oos to the mid. \@oes
§< this phase textiles inductsies ese installed
# Ste Second Phase. lected. fsom the mid |Zoos to eaxly
Ioos in this phase world Faces the techelogica)
advencement sda a Waals
2 Th lnductsiel goueletion is need as very important
event in histesy
| Colonialism:
jit is conticled by one power over c dependent axea at
people
wD Colonizess often imposed. theis cul here longuege 2 custom
fy Lt led_ tothe mmiting g conf lit of culluye
d Colonizeds contselling sesotrices. § govesance
d {mbalance. of powes blu colonies §,wulers 4
Use of colonies Pox lahos % zesourcesy wealth exhvedtlan—
fos colonia! power f
_I
we a cmaney —|
sueyed ooo acaganse to the ineyucldign ¢ |
capitelict economies.
__beliewed tect the skate shauld py a0 atiag |
J " in vay the economy. puowiding. social senvice
ensue fait lobos paadtices_
[ They challenged the capitalict ideslogies e Nee nes
7 ale esanamle system,
. the “igi of pasa tan
Sais wages ete 4
pall
Feminism rn
git abott oll gendew’s heudng eyualt nae i
: apportunities sel
#8 [thigh light equal sights i
: oa iz
t- apes form _wamen....f he ‘emagoweane
ms
rot fchallenged the _male- dominated. pawes ada |
It fog fore legal sefosms. benefiting women
Blt challenged traditional gender aoles£-nsttas—
Uhbeniza'tton
It focuses on
\ife-styles & cultuses
cites OR :
“ 4) The papicla ejion shift
yurd _aiees
the changes 6 adagtationsi
fia ceux 05. olebo \uctsializelion
m yusal of es fo
DW happened. due
ie Mere. & move people's moving feo
apeas Pog better employer
Dit happened because of cocial benef i
Vike Bettes Education, Rettes ‘Healthenses
usbun
fe, Benelits
teansp% ele
| Religious Change
BF fu complex, pesied guocess taPluenced by
vasious factess such as social, cul tusals political §
individual belie? €, experience
ie Ht oe shifts in veligioes beliefss practice &
“ln aS = exchanges blw diffeverst webegtms
/D People of diffesent Feiths con practice Vheix xeligioyas
freely, leading to a sich vieiely of xeligious divessity &,
cultusal exchange:
Lech #2
Intellectual Foxces
Enlight ments
& change in Philosophical thought
sotiona\ HiKing auee tradition g veligious authosity
a It wes @ period of semaw lable intellectual develope
) Emeaged 7 roan: duting the a ig ig centuries
0) Enlight mest thinles emphasized the powes af Ui gon f: alban the —authosity. _ of Monaxchs. Ciinaehy 4
|b Adusesting- Soy individual iy Boekt ak ea
a he
hich promoted. cbsewation, expevimertation the,
oe “—, {fa wlan das na
\mportance of Theesies in Undershanding 4 Explaining Social
Phenomena if.
g Theories ave like helpful tools 4 thet hele us te
undesstand § sludy the social _woald ht —|
dD Mey help us to see potteins & connedbians now |
people behave y how institutions .wotk $—haw-saclely-——
functions : a
J) Tnecties also gives guidence in conductiag gestale
# Hels us to make giediclion’s & coms
solutions to golve. sockal isshtie
q
¢
pvt. {Shyesef 207
J Observation 4 Questioning: t
=> Recagnizing @ Social Phenomenan oF al ena
HThe fisst dage of theowtzing involves obseeving and
identifying a pavticulay social pheromensn § pattean
that sparks curiosity of vaises question
4} This could be 0 behevios you see oft€ny o tend
E happening agtin & again, 0 samelhing unusual] thet
sete catches yout ottention
| > Questioning Mf Undealying Causes § Mechanism:
|
|
» Ates spatting somélhing in socieby the next shep
is to dig deepes
£) You stest asking question & explose the
underyin cawes $ mechanism that contributes
to its acctsanee
4 This involve exiatially examining existing theoses
& weseaxch
i] Conceptual ization & FramewosK Oevelpmenit:-
> \dentifying Key Concept > & Vectiable:-
4) Reseaschets Identify the main ideas 4 Sackors céucial
fot urdesstoding the phenomenon
#) They select Ney concephs veviahles necessowy fe
corpletning the phenomenon
4) Wis celection help them 4 concertyate on the
most sdlevert aspects
Jte = = ie
nguies thal their theo ;
J} ensues iv Y effectively Sxplaing The
Phenomenon
2 Deelopieg 2 thearctical fromewerk of model h
Relationships bly the Concepts:-
9 fleseaschers develop a theoseticn| framework oy voll
4) This fsomework jllustsctes the selationships blo the
Identified concepts § vaviables
Ht sevves as a shuckese to organize Theis thou its :
the Theoxizing Peocess ok 5 Suide
DThe frames fleas « lngel & spcemtic expastion ef
how the elements of the phenomenon connect
4) |t provides seseeschess with a stony basis fox deepee
exxplosation & eompsehension:
[dependent p>] eg
Medicting
Vosrialle
SHfn the
al
il Hypothesis Fosmulation:-
Specific. prediction abort the selatiaship bla the vail
identified in the framework § ave foamulated in a way
fhat allow empirical testing
CUE 4 wales pleats daily they will grow astex
bultess lies psefer uhite Plowess fo osange one’s~
j 0 Qctet Gllection § nee i eleven ta Plate al
4) Resecschers collect dete ™™* ¥
cat tons
hypothesis 6 xeseasch ee iat oak \nteoviews as dD
OThis can inveve Gualitetive mel has Suveys oy
observetion of Guantitlive Metheds sue g
expesinent i \
D Selection of data callection techniques deyends on
The tare seseasch’s nahae
¥) Eg Susvey, \ntesviews, Obsecvationy Fooxs Gxeupss Coeperlmnty
Helo Analysis
8 Got fublcations #) Techical § Teode Jenna
8 Pie Basel 4) Business Goeument
#) Hictotleel § Statical Decument
Evaluation § Refinaments-
¥) Researchers compase, emptrical evidence with hygathesis
poedtctions
4) They amelyze how closely cbsetved data matches exepected
outcomes
# This esa evaluction considers Seedback fon the
seientific camraunity
(ihe “a of cotvespondence bl. obsewed dacta
7
th
#) They check haw well the vel dee matches” hel thes
expected Ja They —Disseminetinn & Applications. ee
ges : : ee
: op Raseths = ong tasugh diff event
%
i eee rye
te a include Academic. Publicections q a
=e a = : ; : hie i Seleclaly
a Shaving Knowledge contihutes te suiloy mae, .
communt LFA.
; VE allows fos esitical feedback i he ———_—
' developing the theory § ys in Suathen
i,
si) Ctisizen 5 Challenges Inthe Process of Jhesrizin
@ Some believe waa resemschers theotieg can be inPleenced
hy pessona opinions § the world. sound them :
£) This meants thet — Hei thoories might eonot be
completely Pais §—unhiased,
D Some aague that theories fosmulated within paticules
contects raight not consistently apply ackoss diverse
socia|__ contests
2k complexity {uniqueness of dif Pesent societies.
§ —culhures pose challenges tn cucating univessily
Ee applicchle _theoxies
Conclusion:-
AMeosning ison ongoing tesettive process that
Cortinoul y inhi. ome cis insight evidence g
R pesspective emerges
Olt nities Pusther explosetion, debates § development:
or theories ty better cagtuse the camplexity of
Social (heromenag & promote socie) PHapsess _August Combe oe
Theos of fositivisma
ved in S-Seph B57
D Bosn ig I9-Jen, 1798 § Died in S-Sep's
~ He Loe french phi losop heey § Rnown as foundey
of SoCiolo, wn a table
» Comte ndhsee the team ‘Socelegy” § SOT the
new sebjeet Ina systemalie Fashion
9 Hes Univesselly secognized a the Foundes
of fasi-tivism
Al Comte is the foundes of Posittvigm
H Positivism is the philosophy about science
Blt comes feom the idea of sing obsewvetion &,
expesiments : yu
Positivism puefexs veal, toagible Krowledge over abstvact
ideas
4 Come ig inf lunenced. from David Hume
Mecnng of Positivism:
A Positivismy Posmulated by August Comte says zeal
Knovledge 's only what science ploves (Ite things we
ton see)
| DI secelgys any oppioach assuming that the methede
| of Physicat Science (mensuiementy Search fot lous) con be
apphied cimilagly in tha sacial celina, (72) tw}.
Nituve of Comtean Posi Vicar @-
positivism is used ir, tus" wioy
J Positivism as Docttine
iJ fostfivism as a Method
Ag a Doctyines-
g Positivism as a way of Thinllin
H\t is possible , sbsewe social lows § establish
weliable & valid Knowledge, :
4) Such Knowledge fon be used to change & improve
social condition
a fasitivicm as a Philosophical Position
HT cletes thef Knowledge can be deed desived only
from — sensory expedience
HThe method of Physica! science zepiesertt the most precise
means fos acqpuiting Knowledge
Is pe a Method
4) Posifivisn means using the scientific method
4 Using the scientifie method to leasn about society § ils
changes
d Sociology yelies on ca’
#) Sociolagy could be less experimental
1) Social Vive follns laws § principles, just like how the
physical sciences use melheds to discoves them
xef'ul absesvation, of ten using stlistics.praxttethod
bosthivic could Eseakially-menns—* is,
Appioach ween Jecarn..about- |
a] i ‘ enti thody
a a AT together 4 changeset
4 -_ :
Mae. : ch shows
ah oc humanwesld, this oct scientif le L \
; that these. axe. {stages of. se then. |
Atl Fissh theres a eligi woy.of — in |
| hilasophical-o lly -e-scientinie? ae
a ee fae bath indtidual_&- secfes
Os. they giow — 2 |
This. ja. gives .us iden Comte's Jau-.of how
socities develop overtime: |
___ Lau of Thvee. Stages Lecluserts
I => Theological Stage
i= Mele il Stage.
iF Postive. Stage
Gy Thealegical Stage .
4] Teslogy means the study 4. aeligious faith,
practice % exrerience
i Bef aie (300, fe the world wos _modtly coielled
by teligion .
Hh teople thought eventing happened. because 00 Gad
O¢. Supesnal sal fai
i They yelteved thal every li A
4 Pit@s Priests were very puede pS ms tos
_leadexs were in_chagge Daa 3Sub- Stages
g a HZ
i fetichism is a belief thet abjects wifhodt life
\ave special powess. 2 a,
B People Theught things Iie woedsstoney o¢ sKulls had
devine pouiesfenexgy oo _
A They believed these objects could baing luck ox
protection —
4 falytheism:-
A Soly theism means ‘believing in_rnany Gide
A feiglethaaght — diPbesent “Gods conhvelled diffeseat
things like weathes os chops ater |
4 They mode _puiests to please the gods gt
theit_blessings : —— at
D Monstheis m:- we
B Monstheism mean believing 0 just_one_Gode
# Mts seen as the highest goiat of. thealegical stage _
At shows thet people value Thinking. logically over.
believing in things without yeason
A Seldiess, Kings priests wese highly tespected
D Socidly wes mostly oygarized. around the Military
9 Military staength wes_esuctol fi Heeping. onder
& expanding sociely
ij Metaphysical Sheges-
he Metaghysical SHiFe_ os Rhstiact stage began ateund.
Boo AO and acted until soushly
Bo Feansition tom te Yheslogiced stage, allanat
like an evlenston of yi1 rey . "
4 Dang this Hey church leaders § lawye*s held
% “lot of inflaences focusing on defending Theis belies
4 Instead of falling aboot specific supesnchosal beings people
Started falking about supesnatusal Royces
z Rational Ahinktng became mose, impotent Than jest
9 gining things
iil Iesitive or Serentifie Stage
4 Ne Posilive cag Scientific skge begen csound |Boo
B \ts all chat Thinking scientifically
H This mindset helped Kick off the Blndustsial Age
a Ih Hic stages Unouledye is based on Pacts gathesed.
1 Grom obsewing & experiencing things
R] The stage is govesned. by Industsial adyninistectors
§ scientific mosal guides
Impachs-
4 Be Fheoty influenced ow Thinking & how
: soety
4A Focuses on uslag scientific method
Hit Aimed to find laut guiding social change
qt encougaged applying scientific principle to
Sociology
we geeCoit icisras- Lim}
Comets Theosy iswt as popdelas (ioflential) Teday
4 Coitics nate difPesences in how sociol & physical
Sciences ave chedied
#] Hosd 40 prale theowys especially using laductive lejic
A Lacll of evidence
(Hos )Hiesarch of Science led 7
q Intyoduct of August Combe (pH 147 cect S]
H] The HOS is a frame worl thet otganizes Sciences
jn a logical ovdexy fora most basie (Mathematics) fo mest
complex Cbiolagy)-
tf Fach science builds on the Knouledye of fhe psevious one,
Soaring a pioghessine undessharding of the actual wosld
AA hievarchy is 9 cystem where things axe axsanged.
in ovdes of inapostance ot vanks
4] \'s ike a laddes, skuith each step having a cleay
flace
€] Examples CEO > Monager—> Employeesae Retence (HOS
ta its Ly the tanlking of dif
: Subjects from top do bottom.
4 The Hiesaschy as Pellew ,
il Mathematics (Most Basic —§ Abstract
Ai] Astyonomy
jul Phystes.
id Chemistsy
1 Biology (Mast Complex § Applied)
a] Socislegy
Psinciples:- . sho
A Comite’s H+0:5 essanses_sciesitifie subjects ina loddes:
hike dey, dopa on Theis chaxacleaisties
I Genesality (fiom mast geness) to_rnosh specific)
T] Complexity CFiom Simplest to most comply.)
J Degendence on Qxevious sciences (Each Science builds
Ly the ochievemerls of the frevfous one)
g YCtants with Mathematics as the foundation, followed
by Asteonomy, Physics, Chemishiy Biology a Finally
Sociology. 2s {he moste complex & specific. seience
fesent eclence
- \
—Bialegy
___Chenistiy_\
se\Y 4] Genexal principles ¢ Jools a “psoblem solving petten,.
_—— -gecognitin. S— Data Analysig en
J J] Astronamy:—— ee a
Ng Studying cbotet Stans lanéks,
= gy t—uses aot of Moth Sox colrulation
__ et Analysis i
Aj Exanple:- Astsonamers “use Mathematica) model _to_peedich
planet ovbits & -caleulate Petes Wa ss —__3
I Physics j= : 4
_ §Gxamine the —rabiaal world building upon... Astsanomy
Mathematics fa understand fous. of —emationy eneagy 6 mater.
4] Excamgle :- Physicists use math fo exe excplain
how planets move lastyonomy) § how tiny pacticle 7
behave : : pla
Dcihailceshita held aha
74 Chemistey:- ——
4] Studies what cuff is made. of how if
7 : changes, using ideas _Fsom physics § math to —
understand toms & chemical xeactions
4-4 Excaanple:- Chemis use math to _guess_how molecules