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INTRODUCTION 63%
In the face of increasing environmental challenges in recent years, it has become important for the world
to turn to sustainable and renewable energy. India, one of the world's largest economies, is aware of the
urgency of transitioning to clean energy.
It is now accepted that one of the greatest risks facing humanity and the natural world is climate change.
Since the main cause of climate change is our dependence on fossil fuels, solving the energy problem is of
great importance in combating climate change. As well as reducing emissions, renewable energy can also
help countries build and develop to meet their future energy needs.
In 2011, WWF International published the "Energy Report - 100% Renewable Energy by 2050", which shows
how the world's energy needs can be met correctly, cleanly, renewable and economically by 2050. 2050,
electricity, transport, economic and energy needs Home electricity can be based on low consumption of
fossil fuels; This reduces concerns about energy security, pollution and climate change. It also helps us
identify the challenges and choices we need to make to start down this path.
INDIA AND ITS VISION
India ranked fourth in the world in total renewable energy and third in renewable energy production in
the last five years, reaching 63 GW. The Country has pledged to reach 500 renewable energy sources by
2030. In 2016, India committed to ensuring that non-fossil energy sources constitute 50% of its total
electricity generation by 2030, among the national needs set by the Paris Agreement. In 2018, the
Electricity Board of India set a target for accounting for non-fossil energy production. To constitute 50% of
total electricity production by 2030. India has also set a target of achieving 175 GW of renewable energy
generation by 2022 and 500 GW by 2030.
India has set a long-term goal and is neutral on renewable energy. At the COP26 climate conference held
in Glasgow in 2021, Prime Minister Modi announced 'Panchamrit', five plans to combat climate change.
The targets set by COP26 include increasing the non-electrical energy production capacity to 500 GW by
2030, meeting half of the country's energy needs using renewable energy by 2030, and reducing trade by
reducing carbon emissions by 1 billion tons between now and 2030. Carbon use will be reduced by 45%
compared to 2005 by 2030, with the goal of reaching net zero emissions by 2070.
These are ambitious goals, but the good news is that India's transition to clean energy is well on its way.
India has exceeded its commitments at the COP 21 Paris Summit, producing 40% of its electricity
generation capacity from renewable energy sources – almost nine years ahead of schedule – and the
advancement of solar and wind in India's energy mix has been astonishing. Solar power plants are
cheaper to build than coal-fired power plants due to technological advances, strong policy support and a
vibrant private sector. Renewable energy in India is growing faster than any other major economy, and
new capacity is expected to double by 2026. The country is also one of the world's largest producers of
bioenergy today and has a goal of measuring its use across the economy.
In the last 20 years, its economy has achieved the fastest growth in the world, lifting millions of people out
of poverty. India's urban population is growing at times the size of London every year, requiring major new
buildings, workplaces and transport. To date, coal and oil have underpinned India's economic
development and innovation by providing modern electrical services to a portion of the country's
population. Over the last decade, this has included the development of new electricity connections for 50
million people every year.
In terms of social and economic support, developed countries such as India, where nearly 300 million
people do not have access to electricity and modern energy does not exist, need to be more active. But
the real challenge is to do this in a sustainable and clean way. It is recognized that there are different types
of energy options required to improve energy security, especially given the limitations and uncertainties
associated with fuels and technologies. Faster adoption of renewable energy and greater energy efficiency
could improve energy security and lead to significant job creation, pollution reductions and consumption
benefits.
UNDERSTANDING THE ISSUE
But the country faces many challenges in its journey to the best world, which will require great efforts
from scientists, developers, investors and policymakers. He also called on institutions to urgently make
some changes. This involves not only the timely delivery of business-changing technology across sectors,
but also the rapid expansion of those options while rapidly developing support systems, introducing the
necessary skills, management and work organizations, and the ability to innovate.
According to data from the National Investment Promotion and Facilitation Authority, as of May 2023,
India's non-fossil energy production capacity exceeded 178.79 GW, an increase of 396% compared to 8.5
years ago. In addition, solar energy installation capacity has increased 24.4 times since 2009, reaching 66.7
GW by May 2023. According to IBEF, solar energy supports 14% (49%) of all total renewable energy
sources. Therefore, innovations in solar products will likely impact the way India uses renewable energy in
the future. Some of the innovations already implemented in the country include solar roof solutions and
floating solar panels.
Many interventions should be based on alternative development methods, such as the use of energy
products as well as the use of more solar technology for the heating industry. Less energy sources such as
geothermal, tidal and waste-to-energy. Better-known projects include wind, solar and hydroelectric power.
For some end uses, such as cooking, fossil fuel-based energy options such as Liquefied Petroleum Gas (or
piped oil) are likely to continue to be preferred, with 100% renewable energy sources requiring changes in
supply and demand. Energy technology and supply. Mixing and lifestyle and behaviour modification.
Additionally, research shows that in a fast-paced urban economy, energy efficiency is important in
reducing overall energy needs.
WEIGHING THE PROS AND CONS
Choosing renewable energy is very smart for the environment and people. Here are some of the main
benefits of using renewable energy sources to meet our energy needs:
They never run out. Of course, this natural and valuable resource is also an alternative to personal energy.
They will not harm our world. These clean energy products do not pollute the environment, do not create
waste and do not cause global warming, which is good news for the environment!
These sources require less maintenance. Renewable energy systems generally require less maintenance
than traditional energy systems. Additionally, since they are obtained from natural resources, operating
costs are generally lower.
As you can see, there are many advantages to using renewable energy. But what's the downside? Here are
some of the problems that sometimes arise with renewable energy:
Weather changes can affect electrical equipment. The dependence of renewable energy on specific
weather conditions can make it difficult to meet energy supplies. For example, in order to send water to
the generator, the reservoir must contain sufficient rainwater.
Solar panels need sunlight and clear skies to absorb heat and generate electricity. It is difficult to produce
the same amount of non-renewable resources. It may be difficult to produce energy comparable to that
produced by traditional fossil fuels.
This study was carried out by a team of students from Shri Ram College of Commerce (SRCC) and provided
a model analysis of renewable energy in India, with input from NITI Aayog and the Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy, among other reputed organisations.
Focusing on five main areas of renewable energy: solar, wind, small hydropower, biomass and other
additional infrastructure. For each power group, various parameters have been selected and analyzed to
provide a comprehensive evaluation of the job.
Our aim is to provide a better understanding of the current status and potential of renewable energy in
India. The report provides detailed information on progress and challenges in each category through our
rigorous review. Considering factors such as capacity, production and efficiency, the study provides insight
to policymakers, industry stakeholders and researchers on India's research interest in renewable energy
development.
SOLAR ENERGY
Since ancient times, people have respected the sun as the source of life on earth. In the industrial age, we
began to understand sunlight as energy. There is a lot of sunlight in India. Indian regions receive
approximately 5,000 TWh of energy annually; Most regions receive 4-7 kWh of energy per square meter
per day. The use of solar photovoltaic energy in India can be very successful and has great potential. In
addition, solar energy distributes the generated electricity in a short time and can be expanded. From the
perspective of rural applications, off-grid, decentralized, low-temperature applications will be better. They
will also meet other energy needs such as electricity, heating and cooling in rural and urban areas.
Considering its wide usage area, solar energy is the safest source of electricity. Theoretically, if captured
correctly, a small fraction of the total solar energy could meet the electricity needs of the entire country.
According to the National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE), the country's solar energy potential is
approximately 748 GW, assuming solar photovoltaic modules will cover 3% of the waste area.
India's National Mission on Climate Change is prioritising solar energy and the National Solar Mission
(NSM) is an important project of this. NSM was launched on January 11, 2010. NSM is a major initiative
initiated by the government and coordinated by the states. Its aim is to solve India's fire safety, and
electricity problems and promote ecologically sustainable development. Moreover, this will be India's
major contribution to global efforts to combat the challenges posed by climate change. The aim of the
mission is to make India a global leader in solar energy by creating the necessary infrastructure for the
use of solar energy technology across the country. This is in line with India's National Resolution (NDC)
target to generate nearly half of its electricity from renewable sources by 2030 and reduce GDP emissions
consumption by 45% from 2005 levels.
WIND ENERGY
India leads the world in harnessing wind energy. As of December 2023, wind energy installations reached
44,736 gigawatts (GW), ranking fourth in the world, enough to power millions of homes and businesses.
This remarkable achievement is the result of many years of hard work. The local wind industry is
developing rapidly and has a manufacturing base with an annual wind turbine output of 15,000
megawatts. This healthy ecosystem, along with key government initiatives such as fiscal and financial
support from the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), has led to significant growth in wind
energy production.
This document presents a powerful image. Compared to a few years ago, wind energy now accounts for
around 10% of India's electricity generation capacity. From 2022 to 2023, wind energy production will
reach 71,814 terawatt hours (TWh), accounting for approximately 4.43% of the country's total electricity
production. The transition to clean energy strengthens India's energy security and is also critical to the
country's response to climate change. Wind energy replaces fossil fuels and offers sustainable solutions
that reduce pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
BIO-ENERGY
Bioenergy is the term for energy obtained from organic materials, including wood, garbage and animal
waste. Transportation, heating and energy production are just a few of the applications of bioenergy.
Organic materials such as sawdust, agricultural waste and municipal waste are used to produce energy.
Biomass power plants use a variety of technologies, including anaerobic digestion, gasification and
combustion.
The main source of biomass in India is waste products such as bagasse, rice straw and rice husk. The
country is estimated to produce 754 million tonnes of agricultural biomass each year; Of this, 228 million
tonnes of excess biomass was disposed of, meaning 28,445 megawatts of electricity could be produced.
Similarly, biomass can be produced from forest waste such as branches and leaves.
India uses biomass in various forms such as briquettes, firewood, charcoal and pellets. However, in rural
areas where people rely on open fires and primitive stoves, cooking with biomass is the most common
fuel. According to the International Energy Agency, more than 800 million people in India Still use biomass
for cooking, posing a serious health hazard due to indoor air pollution.
SMALL HYDROELECTRICITY

Hydroelectric projects are divided into large and small groups according to their size. Countries have
different standards for allocation to small water projects. Power plants in India are classified as small
power plants if they have a capacity of 25 MW or less. Because most small hydroelectric power plants
(SHPs) are hydroelectric power plants or stream power plants, meaning they use water to move power
turbines, SHPs are generally clean,sustainable, and environmentally friendly. Because weirs or dams are
small and do not store water, they are not affected by problems usually associated with electricity
production, such as local population changes or deforestation.
Hydroelectric energy has been used in India for about 120 years. India's electricity industry began in 1897
with the commissioning of a 130-kilowatt hydroelectric plant in the Darjeeling hills, the country's first
small hydroelectric power plant. The second project, planned in 1902 in the Mysore district of Karnataka,
was the 4500 kW Shivasamudram project to provide electricity to the Kolar gold mines. Since then, many
small wells have been drilled in mountainous regions across the country. Before the country's
independence in 1947, it had an installed capacity of 1,362 MW, of which 508 MW were small and
medium-sized power plants.
SOURCES-
Renewable energy for sustainable development in India: current status, future prospects, challenges,
employment, and investment opportunities | Energy, Sustainability and Society | Full Text
Overview | Ministry of New and Renewable Energy | India
View: India's future use of renewable energy depends on innovation - The Economic Times
Advantages and Disadvantages - Knowledge Bank - Solar Schools
Renewable Energy in India: Investment Opportunities in the Pow...
Renewables 2022 Global Status Report | UNEP - UN Environment Programme
Wind Energy in India - An Overview (2024) | SAS Partners
LITERATURE REVIEW
This section contains a brief overview of past reports/indices centered around the Renewable Energy
Performance of Indian States. Through a comprehensive examination of these works, we aim to
synthesize the existing knowledge, identify gaps in research, and offer insights that can inform future
endeavors in the realm of sustainable energy. By drawing upon the collective wisdom of past
investigations, we endeavor to contribute to the ongoing discourse surrounding renewable energy's
penetration in India.
Renewables Integration in India - 2021 - NITI Aayog, International Energy Agency
This report, released in 2021, focuses on the 10 states in India primarily at the forefront of solar and wind
energy capacity and integration: Andhra Pradesh, Gujrat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Telangana.
In terms of capacity of solar and wind energy, the states were ranked in the following order, highest to
lowest: Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Karnataka, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh,
Telangana, Punjab and Kerala.
In terms of share of solar and wind energy in total annual generation, the states were ranked in the
following order, from highest to lowest share: Karnataka, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujrat,
Telangana, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Kerala and Punjab.
The report also highlighted the share of VRE in major economies and classified the countries in multiple
phases on the basis of the same:
Phase 1: VRE has no noticeable impact on the system.
Countries: Indonesia.
Phase 2: VRE has a minor to moderate impact on system operation.
Countries: India, Mexico, United States, Japan, China.
Phase 3: VRE generation determines the operation pattern of the system.
Countries: Portugal, Germany, Spain, Italy, United Kingdom and the Indian states of Karnataka, Rajasthan,
Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Telangana.
Phase 4: in certain periods, VRE makes up for all generation in the system.
Countries: Denmark, Ireland, South Australia. Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan are fast approaching
Phase 4.
*VRE - stands for Variable Renewable Energy and refers to renewable energy sources that are not
dispatched on demand and whose availability fluctuates due to natural variability. This variability can be
due to factors such as weather conditions, time of day, or season.
State Energy Efficiency Index - 2023 - Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), Alliance for an Energy Efficient
Economy (AEEE).
The State Energy Efficiency Index 2023 was developed by BEE and AEEE, on the basis of data collected by
Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL), Indian Green Building Council (IGBC), and Green Rating for
Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) and Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), with assistance from
the All India Institute of Local Self Government (AIILSG).
SEEI 2023 used 65 quantitative, qualitative and outcome-based indicators to assess states’ EE
performances in 7 sectors: buildings, industry, municipal services, transport, agriculture, electricity
distribution companies (DISCOMs), and cross-sector initiatives.
To enable comparison, all the states and UTs are classified into four groups based on their total final
energy consumption (TFEC):
Group 1 (>15 million tonnes of oil equivalent (MTOE)): Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal.
Group 2 (5-15 MTOE): Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Jharkhand, Kerala, Punjab, and
Telangana.
Group 3 (1-5 MTOE): Assam, Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &
Kashmir, and Uttarakhand.
Group 4 (<1 MTOE): Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Chandigarh, Ladakh, Lakshadweep,
Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Puducherry, Sikkim, and Tripura.
In SEEI 2023, the states and UTs are categorized as ‘Front runner’ (>=60), ‘Achiever’ (50-59.75), ‘Contender’
(30-49.75), and ‘Aspirant’ (<30) based on their total scores. The top-performing states in each group are
Karnataka (Group 1), Andhra Pradesh (Group 2), Assam (Group 3), and Chandigarh (Group 4). With an
overall score of 86.5 out of 100, Karnataka is the top-performing state in SEEI 2023.

State Energy and Climate Index - 2022 - NITI Aayog

The State Energy and Climate Index Round-I, published by NITI Aayog in April 2022, in assistance with IIT
Kanpur, AEEE and IEA, assesses the states based on their performance in climate and energy generation
sectors, based on secondary data and information collated from various national government ministries -
Central Electricity Authority, Petroleum Planning & analysis Cell, Ministry of Road Transport & Highways
etc.
The states were assessed on the basis of 6 parameters and 27 indicators/KPIs, with DISCOM’s
performance having the highest weightage and energy efficiency the lowest. Following is the distribution
of weightage:

For better comparison, the states were classified as:

Large States (20): Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh,
Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Punjab, Tamil Nadu,
Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and West Bengal.
Small States (8): Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Sikkim, and Tripura.
Union Territories (8): Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu, Chandigarh, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir,
Puducherry, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep.
On the basis of their SECI Score, the states were categorized in the following three brackets:
Front-runners: Composite SECI score >= 46
Achievers: Composite SECI score between 36 and 46
Aspirants: Composite SECI score <= 36
The Key Findings of the index were as follows:
Among the Large States, Gujrat, Kerala and Punjab were the top performers, while Madhya Pradesh and
Chhattisgarh the poorest. The final distribution was 6 front runners, 10 achievers and 4 aspirants.
For the Small States, Goa was the top performer while Arunachal Pradesh the poorest. Final distribution
was 1 front runner, 1 achiever and 6 aspirants.
Among the Union Territories, Chandigarh and Delhi were the top performers with Lakshadweep as the
poorest. The final distribution was 4 front runners and 3 aspirants.

OUR ADDITION
The Renewable Energy Index prepared by The Economics Society, SRCC focuses on the states’
performances across each source of renewable energy individually, rather than assessing clean energy
penetration, initiatives and policies as a whole. The states have not been grouped on the basis of capacity
or size, as individual assessment of each energy source requires no need of the same. The data for each
parameter and indicator is secondary data collated and sourced from government ministries. The states
will be assessed on the basis of 28 parameters across 4 energy sources and auxiliary infrastructure.