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NANOBIOANALYTICAL
APPROACHES TO
MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS
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Woodhead Publishing
Series in Biomaterials
NANOBIOANALYTICAL
APPROACHES TO
MEDICAL
DIAGNOSTICS
Edited by
PRANJAL CHANDRA
Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering,
School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology (BHU), Varanasi
An imprint of Elsevier
Woodhead Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further
information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such
as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website:
www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the
Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical
treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating
and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such
information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including
parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume
any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability,
negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas
contained in the material herein.
ISBN: 978-0-323-85147-3 (print)
ISBN: 978-0-323-85165-7 (online)
Contributors xi
Preface xv
v
vi Contents
Index 405
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Contributors
Rituparna Addy
Centre for Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
Hrushikesh Aher
Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education &
Research, Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
Afiqah Nabihah Ahmad
Center of Research for Agri-Food Science and Technology, Universiti Teknologi Brunei,
Mukim Gadong A, Brunei Darussalam
Minhaz Uddin Ahmed
Biosensors and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei
Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
Ubhat Ali
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi,
New Delhi, India
Ankenapally Anjali
Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal,
Telangana, India
Aditya Arya
National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
Neha Arya
Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education &
Research, Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat; Translational Medicine Centre, All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Ashish Badiye
Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Sciences, Nagpur,
Maharashtra, India
Pallabi Banerjee
School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Sudipa Bhadra
Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal,
Telangana, India
Stuti Bhagat
Nanomaterials and Toxicology Lab, Division of Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts
and Sciences, Central Campus, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Sagarika Biswas
Department of Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and
Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
xi
xii Contributors
I.A. Borodina
Kotelnikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Saratov Branch, Saratov, Russia
Vikram Dalal
Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
Hemani Dara
Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education &
Research, Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
Vijay Kumar Garlapati
Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information
Technology (JUIT), Waknaghat, Himachal Pradesh, India
Tamás Gerecsei
Nanobiosensorics Laboratory, Centre for Energy Research, Institute of Technical Physics
and Materials Science; Department of Biological Physics, E€
otv€
os Loránd University,
Budapest, Hungary
O.I. Guliy
Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Subdivision of the
Federal State Budgetary Research Institution Saratov Federal Scientific Centre of the Russian
Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), Saratov, Russia
Hemansi
Department of Microbiology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, India
Robert Horvath
Nanobiosensorics Laboratory, Centre for Energy Research, Institute of Technical Physics
and Materials Science, Budapest, Hungary
Neeti Kapoor
Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Sciences, Nagpur,
Maharashtra, India
Manoj Kumar
Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati,
Guwahati, Assam, India
Sándor Kurunczi
Nanobiosensorics Laboratory, Centre for Energy Research, Institute of Technical Physics
and Materials Science, Budapest, Hungary
Chitra Padmakumari Kurup
Biosensors and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei
Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
Wei Juen Liew
Biosensors and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei
Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
Contributors xiii
Juhi Shah
Nanomaterials and Toxicology Lab, Division of Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts
and Sciences, Central Campus, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Nimit Shah
Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University,
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Ritesh K. Shukla
Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University,
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Sanjay Singh
Nanomaterials and Toxicology Lab, Division of Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts
and Sciences, Central Campus, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Bálint Szabó
Nanobiosensorics Laboratory, Centre for Energy Research, Institute of Technical Physics
and Materials Science; Department of Biological Physics, E€
otv€
os Loránd University,
Budapest, Hungary
Inna Szekács
Nanobiosensorics Laboratory, Centre for Energy Research, Institute of Technical Physics
and Materials Science, Budapest, Hungary
Rita Ungai-Salánki
Department of Biological Physics, E€
otv€
os Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
Ankit Yadav
University School of Environment Management, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha
University, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
Somu Yadav
Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, India
B.D. Zaitsev
Kotelnikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Saratov Branch, Saratov, Russia
Preface
xv
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CHAPTER 1
Fig. 1.1 Modes of measurement with atomic force microscopy. (A) The cantilever is
decorated with immobilized receptors of interest and brought in contact with the
cell. (B) Colloidal probe method: A colloid particle is glued to the cantilever and then
brought in contact with the cell. Nanoindentation is also possible in this mode.
(C) Cell probe method: the cell is immobilized to the cantilever then brought in
contact with the substrate.
same tissue (Lekka and Laidler, 2009). Cross et al. (2007) also showed that
Young’s modulus measurements by AFM can detect malignant tumor cells
from patient samples. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the elasticity of
cells correlates with their metastatic potential (Guck et al., 2005) which
might be due to the relative ease with which highly deformable cells can
squeeze through endothelial layers and other tissue structures
(Panagiotakopoulou et al., 2016).
From these results, it is clear that single-cell nanomechanical measure-
ments have significant clinical relevance; however, the most common
way for cancer cell detection remains the usage of microfluidic devices com-
bined with optical microscopy or fluorescent probes (Chen et al., 2012),
while AFM has stayed in the research laboratories. The reason for this dis-
parity is that atomic force microscopy remains a work extensive method,
which requires a high level of expertise to extract reliable data.
For cell-related applications, the throughput remains low especially in
the field of single-cell force spectroscopy, a method which bears significant
promise for diagnostic studies, for example in immunology or biofilm for-
mation. Single-cell force spectroscopy (SCFS) using AFM (Helenius et al.,
2008) is based on the attachment of a live cell to the cantilever through adhe-
sion to a biomolecular coating such as lectin (Friedrichs et al., 2010)
(Fig. 1.1C).
Once the cell is attached, the cantilever is brought into contact with the
surface of interest. Upon retracting the cell from the substrate the corre-
sponding force-distance curve is measured. This curve can be regarded as
a signature of the cell’s adhesion with the adhesion force and adhesion
energy (work of adhesion) values calculated as quantitative parameters. Fur-
ther parameters can also be extracted such as characteristics of single bond
breakage events (Friedrichs et al., 2013). To achieve detachment, a requisite
is that the cell should attach stronger to the cantilever than to the substrate,
which limits the scope of the technique. Another approach uses a cantilever
with the adhesion molecules covalently immobilized to the tip
(Hinterdorfer and Dufrne, 2006). This tip is then brought into contact with
the top of the cell and the force-distance curve of the subsequent detachment
is recorded (Fig. 1.1A). In both cases, a limiting factor is that data is only
collected from the initial phase of adhesion due to the limited time for adhe-
sion formation. Mature adhesion cannot be studied with AFM, not only
because of the time factor but because the total detachment force of most
mammalian cells is in the range of several hundred nano newtons which
is over the limit of atomic force microscopy setups.
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XLIII
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