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2017–2018 Edition

American Government
and Politics Today
The Essentials

Bardes Shelley Schmidt

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 A M E R I CA N
G OV E R N M E N T
and Politics Today

THE ESSENTIALS

2017–2018 Edition

Barbara A. Bardes
University of Cincinnati

Mack C. Shelley II
Iowa State University

Steffen W. Schmidt
Iowa State University

$XVWUDOLDä%UD]LOä0H[LFRä6LQJDSRUHä8QLWHG.LQJGRPä8QLWHG6WDWHV

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 American Government
and Politics Today,
The Essentials
2017—2018 Edition
Bardes, Shelley, Schmidt
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 iii

BRIEF CONTENTS

Part 1 The American System

Chapter 1 The Democratic Republic 1
Chapter 2 The Constitution 29
Chapter 3 Federalism 59

Part 2 Civil Rights and Liberties

Chapter 4 Civil Liberties 85
Chapter 5 Civil Rights 115

Part 3 People and Politics

Chapter 6 Public Opinion and Political Socialization 149
Chapter 7 Interest Groups 179
Chapter 8 Political Parties 205
Chapter 9 Campaigns and Elections 235
Chapter 10 The Media 265

Part 4 Political Institutions

Chapter 11 The Congress 287
Chapter 12 The President 319
Chapter 13 The Bureaucracy 347
Chapter 14 The Courts 377

Part 5 Public Policy

Chapter 15 Domestic and Economic Policy 405
Chapter 16 Foreign Policy 435

Appendices
A The Declaration of Independence A-1
B The Constitution of the United States A-3
C Federalist Papers Nos. 10, 51, and 78 A-19
D Justices of the United States Supreme Court since 1900 A-29
E Party Control of Congress since 1904 A-33
F Presidents of the United States A-34

Glossary G-1
Index I-1

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D E TA I L E D C O N T E N T S
A Letter to Instructors xi
A Letter to Students xii
MindTap QuickStart Guide xiii
Resources xiv
Acknowledgments xvi
Reviewers xvii
About the Authors xviii
Career Opportunities xix
Take Action: A Guide to Political Participation xxi
Part 1
The American System
Chapter 1
THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
Politics and Government 3
Government Is Everywhere 3
Why Is Government Necessary? 5
Limiting Government Power 5
Authority and Legitimacy 6
Democracy and Other Forms of Government
Types of Government 6
Direct Democracy as a Model 7
The Dangers of Direct Democracy 7
A Democratic Republic 8
What Kind of Democracy Do We Have? 9
Fundamental Values 11
Liberty versus Order 11
Equality versus Liberty 12
The Proper Size of Government
Political Ideologies 16
Conservatism 17
Liberalism 17
The Traditional Political Spectrum 18
Problems with the Traditional Political Spectrum
A Four-Cornered Ideological Grid 19
One Nation, Divided 20
The Changing Face of America 21
The End of the Population Explosion
Ethnic Change in America 22
Are We Better Off? 24
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
iv
Chapter 2
THE CONSTITUTION 29
The Colonial Background 31
Separatists, the Mayflower, and the Compact 31
More Colonies, More Government 32
British Restrictions and Colonial Reactions 33
The First Continental Congress 34
The Second Continental Congress 34
An Independent Confederation 35
The Resolution for Independence 35
July 4, 1776—The Declaration of Independence 35
The Rise of Republicanism 37
The Articles of Confederation: Our First Form
of Government 37
The Constitutional Convention 39
Who Were the Delegates? 40
1 The Working Environment 40
Factions among the Delegates 40
Politicking and Compromises 41
Working toward Final Agreement 43
The Final Document 45
The Difficult Road to Ratification 46
The Federalists Push for Ratification 46
6 The March to the Finish 48
Did the Majority of Americans Support
the Constitution? 49
The Bill of Rights 50
Altering the Constitution 51
The Formal Amendment Process 51
Informal Methods of Constitutional Change 54
Chapter 3
14
FEDERALISM 59
Federalism and Its Alternatives 61
A Unitary System 61
A Confederal System 61
19 A Federal System 62
Why Federalism? 63
Other Arguments for Federalism 64
Arguments against Federalism 64
22 The Constitutional Basis
for American Federalism 65
Powers of the National Government 65
 v
Detailed Contents

Powers of the State Governments 66 Privacy Rights and the “Right to Die” 102
Prohibited Powers 67 Civil Liberties versus Security Issues 104
Concurrent Powers 67 The USA Patriot Act 104
The Supremacy Clause 67 Roving Wiretaps 104
Interstate Relations 69 National Security Agency Surveillance 104
Defining Constitutional Powers—the Early Years 70 Recent Revelations of NSA Activity 104
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) 70 National Security and the Civil Liberties
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) 70 of Immigrants 105
States’ Rights and the Resort to Civil War 71 The Great Balancing Act: The Rights
The Continuing Dispute of the Accused versus the Rights of Society 106
over the Division of Power 72 Rights of the Accused 107
Dual Federalism 72 Extending the Rights of the Accused 107
The New Deal and Cooperative Federalism 73 The Exclusionary Rule 108
Methods of Implementing Cooperative Federalism 74 The Death Penalty 109
Fiscal Federalism and State Budgets 76
The Politics of Federalism 78 Chapter 5
What Has National Authority Accomplished? 78
The “New Federalism” 78
CIVIL RIGHTS 115
The Politics of Federalism Today 79 The African American Experience
Federalism and the Supreme Court 79 and the Civil Rights Movement 117
Recent Supreme Court Rulings 80 Ending Servitude 117
The Ineffectiveness of the Early
Civil Rights Laws 118
Part 2 The End of the Separate-but-Equal Doctrine 120

Civil Rights and Liberties De Jure and De Facto Segregation 120

The Civil Rights Movement 121
Modern Civil Rights Legislation 122
Chapter 4 Consequences of Civil Rights Legislation 123

CIVIL LIBERTIES 85 Civil Rights and the Courts 124

Standards for Judicial Review 126
The Constitutional Bases of Our Liberties 87 The Courts Address Affirmative Action 127
Protections Listed in the Original Constitution 87 Experiences of Other Minority Groups 129
Extending the Bill of Rights to State Governments 88 Latinos and the Immigration Issue 129
Incorporation under the Fourteenth Amendment 88 The Agony of the American Indian 131
Freedom of Religion 89 Asian Americans 132
The Separation of Church and State— Lingering Social and Economic Disparities 133
The Establishment Clause 89 Women’s Struggle for Equal Rights 134
The Free Exercise Clause 93 Early Women’s Political Movements 134
Freedom of Expression 94 The Modern Women’s Movement 134
No Prior Restraint 94 Women in Politics Today 136
The Protection of Symbolic Speech 95 Gender-Based Discrimination
The Protection of Commercial Speech 95 in the Workplace 137
Attempts to Ban Subversive or Advocacy Speech 96 The Rights and Status of Gay Males
The Eclipse of Obscenity as a Legal Category 97 and Lesbians 138
Unprotected Speech: Slander 98 Growth in the Gay Male and Lesbian Rights
Student Speech 98 Movement 138
The Right to Assemble and to Petition State and Local Laws Targeting Gay Men
the Government 99 and Lesbians 139
Freedom of the Press 100 Gay Men and Lesbians in the Military 139
The Right to Privacy 101 Same-Sex Marriage 140
Privacy Rights and Abortion 101 The Rights of Transgender Individuals 142
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 vi
Detailed Contents

The Rights and Status of Juveniles 143 Indirect Techniques 198

Voting Rights and the Young 143 Regulating Lobbyists 200
The Rights of Children in Civil and Criminal The Results of the 1946 Act 201
Proceedings 143 The Reforms of 1995 201
The Reforms of 2007 201

Part 3 Chapter 8
People and Politics POLITICAL PARTIES 205

Political Parties in the United States 207

Chapter 6 Functions of Political Parties in the United States 207
PUBLIC OPINION AND The Three Faces of a Party 208
POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION 149 The Party-in-the-Electorate 209
The Party Organization 209
Public Opinion and Political Socialization 151 The Party-in-Government 211
Consensus and Divided Opinion 151 A History of Political Parties in the United States 212
Forming Public Opinion: Political Socialization 152 The Formative Years: Federalists
The Media and Public Opinion 154 and Anti-Federalists 213
Political Events and Public Opinion 155 Democrats and Whigs 213
Political Preferences and Voting Behavior 157 The Civil War Crisis 214
Party Identification and Demographic Influences 157 The Post–Civil War Period 214
Election-Specific Factors 163 The Progressive Interlude 216
Measuring Public Opinion 163 The New Deal Era 216
The History of Opinion Polls 163 An Era of Divided Government 216
Sampling Techniques 164 The Two Major U.S. Parties Today 217
The Difficulty of Obtaining Accurate Results 165 A Series of Wave Elections 217
Additional Problems with Polls 166 The Parties’ Core Constituents 219
Technology and Opinion Polls 168 Divisions within the Parties 220
Public Opinion and the Political Process 170 Cultural Politics and Party Loyalty 222
Political Culture and Public Opinion 170 Why Has the Two-Party System Endured? 223
Public Opinion about Government 172 The Historical Foundations
Public Opinion and Policymaking 173 of the Two-Party System 223
A Policy Example: Contraception Insurance 174 Political Socialization and Practical Considerations 223
The Winner-Take-All Electoral System 223
Chapter 7 State and Federal Laws Favoring the Two Parties 224
INTEREST GROUPS 179 The Role of Minor Parties in U.S. Politics 225
Mechanisms of Political Change 229
Interest Group Fundamentals 181 Realignment 229
Interest Groups and Social Movements 182 Dealignment 230
Why Do Americans Join Interest Groups? 182 Tipping 231
Types of Interest Groups 184
Economic Interest Groups 185 Chapter 9
Environmental Groups 189
Public-Interest Groups 189
CAMPAIGNS AND ELECTIONS 235
Other Interest Groups 190 The Twenty-First-Century Campaign 237
The Influence of Interest Groups 191 Who Is Eligible? 237
What Makes an Interest Group Powerful? 191 Who Runs? 238
Interest Groups and Representative Democracy 193 Managing the Campaign 239
Interest Groups and the Political Parties 194 Financing the Campaign 241
Interest Group Strategies 196 The Evolution of the Campaign Finance System 241
Direct Techniques 196 The Current Campaign Finance Environment 243
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 vii
Detailed Contents

Running for President: The Longest Campaign 247 The Conflict-Resolution Function 292
Reforming the Presidential Primaries 247 The Powers of Congress 292
The Invisible Primary 248 House–Senate Differences
Primaries and Caucuses 249 and Congressional Perks 293
Front-Loading the Primaries 251 Size and Rules 293
On to the National Convention 252 Debate and Filibustering 294
The Electoral College 253 Congresspersons and the Citizenry:
How Are Elections Conducted? 254 A Comparison 296
Office-Block and Party-Column Ballots 254 Perks and Privileges 296
Voting by Mail 255
Congressional Elections and Apportionment 298
Voting Fraud and Voter ID Laws 255
Candidates for Congressional Elections 298
Turning Out to Vote 256 Apportionment of the House 300
Factors Influencing Who Votes 258
How Congress Is Organized 304
Legal Restrictions on Voting 259
The Power of Committees 304
Types of Congressional Committees 305
Chapter 10 The Selection of Committee Members 306
THE MEDIA 265 Leadership in the House 307
Leadership in the Senate 308
The Roles of the Media 267
Entertaining the Public 267 Lawmaking and Budgeting 310
Reporting the News 267 How Much Will the Government Spend? 310
Identifying Public Problems 268 Congress Faces the Budget 313
Socializing New Generations 268 Budget Resolutions and Crises 314
Providing a Political Forum 268
Making Profits 269 Chapter 12
Television versus the New Media 271 THE PRESIDENT 319
The Media and Political Campaigns 272
Television Coverage 272 Who Can Become President? 321
The Internet, Blogging, and Podcasting 275 A “Natural Born Citizen” 321
Government Regulation of the Media 278 Presidential Characteristics 321
Concentrated Ownership of the Media 278 The Process of Becoming President 322
Government Control of Content 278 The Many Roles of the President 323
The Issue of Net Neutrality 279 Head of State 323
Opinion and Bias in the Media 281 Chief Executive 323
Talk Radio 282 Commander in Chief 325
Bias in the Media 282 Chief Diplomat 327
Chief Legislator 329
The President as Party Chief and Superpolitician 332
Part 4 Presidential Powers 334
Political Institutions Emergency Powers 334
Executive Orders 335
Executive Privilege 336
Chapter 11 Signing Statements 337
THE CONGRESS 287 Abuses of Executive Power and Impeachment 337

The Nature and Functions of Congress 289 The Executive Organization 338
Bicameralism 289 The Cabinet 338
The Lawmaking Function 290 The Executive Office of the President 339
The Representation Function 290 The Vice Presidency 341
The Oversight Function 291 The Vice President’s Job 341
The Public-Education Function 291 Presidential Succession 342
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Chapter 13
THE BUREAUCRACY 347
The Nature and Scope
of the Federal Bureaucracy 349
Public and Private Bureaucracies 349
Models of Bureaucracy 349
The Size of the Bureaucracy 350
The Federal Budget 352
The Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy
Cabinet Departments 353
Independent Executive Agencies 356
Independent Regulatory Agencies 357
Government and Government-Controlled
Corporations 360
Staffing the Bureaucracy 362
Political Appointees 362
History of the Federal Civil Service
Modern Attempts at Bureaucratic Reform 365
Sunshine Laws before and after 9/11 365
Privatization, or Contracting Out 366
Saving Costs through E-Government 366
Helping Out the Whistleblowers 366
Bureaucrats as Politicians and Policymakers 368
The Rulemaking Environment 370
Negotiated Rulemaking 371
Bureaucrats as Policymakers 371
Congressional Control of the Bureaucracy 373
Chapter 14
THE COURTS 377
Sources of American Law 379
The Common Law Tradition 379
Constitutions 380
Statutes and Administrative Regulations
Case Law 380
The Federal Court System 381
Basic Judicial Requirements 381
Parties to Lawsuits 382
Procedural Rules 382
Types of Federal Courts 383
Federal Courts and the War on Terrorism
The Supreme Court at Work 387
Which Cases Reach the Supreme Court?
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viii
Detailed Contents
Court Procedures 388
Decisions and Opinions 388
The Selection of Federal Judges 389
Judicial Appointments 390
Policymaking and the Courts 394
Judicial Review 394
Judicial Activism and Judicial Restraint 395
Strict versus Broad Construction 395
The Roberts Court 396
353 What Checks Our Courts? 399
Part 5
Public Policy
Chapter 15
363 DOMESTIC AND
ECONOMIC POLICY 405
The Policymaking Process:
Health Care as an Example 407
Health Care: Agenda Building 407
Health Care: Policy Formulation 410
Health Care: Policy Adoption 411
Health Care: Policy Implementation 412
Health Care: Policy Evaluation 413
Immigration 413
The Issue of Unauthorized Immigration 414
The Immigration Debate 414
Crime in the Twenty-First Century 415
Crime in American History 415
The Prison Population Bomb 417
Energy and the Environment 418
Energy Independence—A Strategic Issue 418
380 Climate Change 421
The Politics of Economic Decision Making 422
Good Times, Bad Times 422
Fiscal Policy 424
Deficit Spending and the Public Debt 425
Monetary Policy 427
The Politics of Taxes 429
385 Federal Income Tax Rates 429
Loopholes and Lowered Taxes 429
387
 ix
Detailed Contents

Chapter 16 The Major Foreign Policy Themes 456

The Formative Years: Avoiding Entanglements 456
FOREIGN POLICY 435
The Era of Internationalism 456
Facing the World: Foreign and Defense Policies 437 Superpower Relations 458
National Security and Defense Policies 437
Diplomacy 438
Idealism versus Realism in Foreign Policy 438
Terrorism and Warfare 439
The Emergence of Terrorism 439
Appendices
A The Declaration of Independence A-1
Wars in Iraq 441
Afghanistan 442 B The Constitution of the United States A-3
The Civil War in Syria and the Rise of ISIS 443 C Federalist Papers Nos. 10, 51, and 78 A-19
U.S. Diplomatic Efforts 444 D Justices of the United States
Nuclear Weapons 444 Supreme Court since 1900 A-29
The New Power: China 446 E Party Control of Congress since 1904 A-33
Israel and the Palestinians 447 F Presidents of the United States A-34
Europe’s Economic Troubles 449
Who Makes Foreign Policy? 452 Glossary G-1
Constitutional Powers of the President 452 Index I-1
Other Sources of Foreign Policymaking 453
Congress Balances the Presidency 455

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 xi
A Letter to I N S T R U C TO R S
T
he fundamental theme of American Government and
Politics Today: The Essentials, 2017–2018 Edition con-
tinues to be the importance of participating in active
citizenship, emphasizing critical thinking about political
issues, and encouraging students to take action and become
involved in the political process. Whether the topic is immi-
gration, trade deals, Supreme Court rulings, or taxation, we
constantly strive to involve students in the analysis. Our goal
is to make sure that politics is not just an abstract process,
but a very human enterprise. We emphasize how differ-
ent outcomes can affect students’ civil rights and liberties,
employment opportunities, and economic welfare. To make
sure students understand the link between themselves and
the subject matter they are reading, new Why Should You
Care about...? features grab students’ attention while they
are reading the materials. We further encourage interac-
tion with the political system by ending each chapter with
a feature titled How You Can Make a Difference, which
shows students how to become politically involved and why
it is important that they do so. Which Side Are You On?
features challenge students to find the connection between
a current controversy and their personal positions. And to
help students think critically about the world around them
and spark discussion in your classroom, we pose questions
for critical analysis with almost every boxed feature, table,
chart, exhibit, and photo.
New to This Edition
We have made numerous changes to this volume for the
2017–2018 Edition. We have rewritten the text as neces-
sary, added many new features, and updated the book to
reflect the events of the past two years. For a detailed list of
changes, please contact your Cengage learning consultant.
t


Because we know that students respond to up-to-date
information about political events, we incorporate com-
pelling, thought-provoking current examples through-
out. We also include the results of the November 2016
elections and analyze how the rise of Donald Trump
will change the way we look at American politics. In
each new Election 2016 feature, we place the elec-
tion results in the context of the chapter’s subject
matter.
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
t

T
he 2017–2018 Edition includes a separate Chapter 10
on The Media. Because the new media have become so
important, we felt it necessary to devote an entire chapter
to this topic. We look at content providers and aggrega-
tors. We look at the importance of media in campaigns.
Net neutrality is an important topic in this chapter. Finally,
we examine the issue of media bias and talk radio.
t

M

ore demographics material is included through-
out, particularly in Chapter 1, which presents material
on positive and negative trends, such as unemployment
and inequality, and falling crime and teen pregnancy
rates, and rising mortality rates among members of the
rural white working class.
t

M

ajor updates to the content have been made in
the areas of public opinion, interest groups, modern
political parties, social media in politics, and the Obama
legacy. The chapters on Domestic and Economic Policy
and Foreign Policy have been completely updated and
modernized. The text reflects the current events that
most interest you and your students, including recent
Supreme Court rulings and state legislation on same-sex
marriage, marijuana, privacy and recent NSA revelation
coverage, current civil rights issues including the role of
the police, foreign policy coverage of Syria and Ukraine,
and more!
MindTap
MindTap is here to simplify your workload as an instruc-
tor, organize and immediately grade your students’ assign-
ments, and allow you to customize your course as you see
fit. Through deep-seated integration with your Learning
Management System (LMS), grades are easily exported and
analytics are pulled with just the click of a button. MindTap
provides you with a platform to easily add in current events
videos and RSS feeds from national or local news sources.
Looking to incorporate more recent and late-breaking news
into the course? Add in our KnowNow American Govern-
ment Blog link for weekly updated news coverage and
pedagogy.
Barbara A. Bardes, Mack C. Shelley II, Steffen W. Schmidt
 xii
A Letter to S T U D E N T S
T
he 2016 presidential elections proved to be the most
consequential in years. If Democrat Hillary Clinton
had been elected, the nation would have carried
on much as it had under the last six years of the Barack
Obama administration. We would have a Democratic presi-
dent constrained by a Republican House of Representatives.
That is not what happened, however. Republican Donald
Trump is now president of the United States of America.
Republicans control both chambers of Congress. Further-
more, Trump is not a conventional Republican. Would he
really impose major restrictions on imports? Deport millions
of unauthorized immigrants? Snuggle up to Russia’s Vladi-
mir Putin? Above all, how can he meet the expectations of
his millions of energized supporters? What will happen to
the economy? How far will Congress go in unraveling the
Obama legacy? Whatever Trump and the Republicans do,
the effect is likely to be felt by every citizen.
You’ll learn about all of these developments and more
in the 2017–2018 Edition of American Government and
Politics Today: The Essentials.
Our hope is that this book inspires you to join the
exciting process of being an active, informed citizen. Your
American Government course and the material you’ll read
here will give you the knowledge you’ll need to under-
stand our political system and develop well-informed
opinions on the current issues and controversies you’ll
encounter in your daily life. We strive to highlight how
American government and politics directly affect you in
every chapter. We also suggest easy ways that you can
take action in your community and become involved in
the political process.
Special Features
t

Take Action: A Guide to Political Participation
is filled with resources and suggestions to help stu-
dents stay informed and get involved in the political
process.
t

Thought-provoking What If . . . ?, Beyond Our Bor-
ders, and Consider the Source features help you
understand key concepts and current events as well as
develop a more informed and global perspective.
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
t

Why You Should Care about . . . ? marginal features
demonstrate why the topic at hand directly affects you
and matters in your life.
t

Which Side Are You On? sections challenge you to
take a stand on controversial issues.
t

How You Can Make a Difference features conclude
each chapter with ways in which you can become
actively involved in American politics.
t

Election 2016 features highlight the important impact
of the 2016 elections and include an analysis of the cam-
paigns and election results.
t

$SJUJDBMUIJOLJOH
RVFTUJPOT now accompany almost
all boxed features, figures, tables, and photo cap-
tions, helping you apply and analyze the information
presented.
t

-FBSOJOH
0VUDPNFT appear in each chapter opener,
correlate to each major section to help you target your
reading, and are revisited in each Chapter Summary and
end-of-chapter Quiz to help you assess your comprehen-
sion and master the book’s key concepts. Every chapter
also concludes with key terms and a list of additional
print and media resources. And the book is now seam-
lessly integrated with MindTap, directing you to a vari-
ety of online interactive activities that will help you test
yourself on the book’s Learning Outcomes.
The Benefits of Using MindTap
For you as a student, the benefits of using MindTap with
this book are endless. With automatically graded practice
quizzes and activities, an easily navigated learning path, and
an interactive eBook, you will be able to test yourself inside
and outside of the classroom with ease. The accessibility of
current events coupled with interactive media makes the
content fun and engaging. On your computer, phone, or
tablet, MindTap is there when you need it, giving you easy
access to flashcards, quizzes, readings, and assignments.
Barbara A. Bardes, Mack C. Shelley II, Steffen W. Schmidt
Want to turn your
C into an A? Obviously, right?
But the right way to go about it isn’t always so obvious. Go digital to
get the grades. MindTap’s customizable study tools and eTextbook
give you everything you need all in one place.

Engage with your course content, enjoy the flexibility of

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TO GET STARTED VISIT

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About the AU T H O R S
Barbara A. Bardes
Barbara A. Bardes is professor emerita
of political science and former dean of
Raymond Walters College at the Uni-
versity of Cincinnati. She received her
B.A. and M.A. from Kent State Uni-
versity. After completing her Ph.D. at
the University of Cincinnati, she held
faculty positions at Mississippi State
University and Loyola University in
Chicago. She returned to Cincinnati,
her hometown, as a college adminis-
trator. She has also worked as a politi-
cal consultant and directed polling for
a research center.
Bardes has written articles on pub-
lic opinion and foreign policy and on
women and politics. She has authored
Thinking about Public Policy; Declara-
tions of Independence: Women and
Political Power in Nineteenth-Century
American Fiction; and Public Opinion:
Measuring the American Mind (with
Robert W. Oldendick).
Bardes’s home is located in a very
small hamlet in Kentucky called Rab-
bit Hash, famous for its 150-year-old
general store. Her hobbies include
traveling, gardening, needlework, and
antique collecting.
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
xviii
Mack C. Shelley II
Mack C. Shelley II is professor of politi-
cal science and statistics at Iowa State
University. After receiving his bache-
lor’s degree from American University
in Washington, D.C., he completed
graduate studies at the University of
Wisconsin–Madison, where he re-
ceived a master’s degree in econom-
ics and a Ph.D. in political science. He
taught for two years at Mississippi
State University before arriving at
Iowa State in 1979.
Shelley has published numer-
ous articles, books, and monographs
on public policy. From 1993 to 2002,
he served as elected co-editor of
the Policy Studies Journal. His pub-
lished books include The Permanent
Majority: The Conservative Coalition in
the United States Congress; Biotech-
nology and the Research Enterprise
(with William F. Woodman and Brian
J. Reichel); American Public Policy: The
Contemporary Agenda (with Steven
G. Koven and Bert E. Swanson); Re-
defining Family Policy: Implications for
the 21st Century (with Joyce M. Mer-
cier and Steven Garasky); and Quality
Research in Literacy and Science Edu-
cation: International Perspectives and
Gold Standards (with Larry Yore and
Brian Hand).
His leisure time includes traveling,
working with students, and playing
with the family dog and cats.
Steffen W. Schmidt
Steffen W. Schmidt is professor of
political science at Iowa State Univer-
sity. He grew up in Colombia, South
America, and studied in Colombia,
Switzerland, and France. He obtained
his Ph.D. in public law and govern-
ment from Columbia University in
New York.
Schmidt has published 14 books
and more than 130 journal articles.
He is also the recipient of numerous
prestigious teaching prizes, includ-
ing the Amoco Award for Lifetime
Career Achievement in Teaching and
the Teacher of the Year award. He is
a pioneer in the design, production,
and delivery of Internet courses and
a founding member of the American
Political Science Association’s section
on Computers and Multimedia. He
is known as “Dr. Politics” for his ex-
tensive commentary on U.S. politics
in U.S. and international media. He
is a weekly blogger for Gannett and
comments on CNN en Español and
Univision. He is the chief political and
international correspondent of the In-
ternet magazine InsiderIowa.com.
Schmidt likes to snow ski, ride
hunter jumper horses, race sailboats,
and scuba dive.
 xix
CA R E E R O P P O R T U N I T I E S :
Political Science
Introduction
It is no secret that college graduates are facing one of the
toughest job markets in the past fifty years. Despite this
challenge, those with a college degree have done much
better than those without since the 2008 recession. One
of the most important decisions a student has to make is
the choice of a major. Many consider future job possibili-
ties when making that call. A political science degree is
useful for a successful career in many different fields, from
lawyer to policy advocate, pollster to humanitarian worker.
Employer surveys reveal that the skills that most employers
value in successful employees—critical thinking, analytical
reasoning, and clarity of verbal and written communica-
tion—are precisely the tools that political science courses
should be helping you develop. This brief guide is intended
to help spark ideas for what kinds of careers you might pur-
sue with a political science degree and the types of activities
you can engage in now to help you secure one of those
positions after graduation.
Careers in Political Science
Law and Criminal Justice
Do you find that your favorite parts of your political science
classes are those that deal with the Constitution, the legal
system, and the courts? Then a career in law and criminal
justice might be right for you. Traditional jobs in the field
range from lawyer or judge to police or parole officer. Since
9/11, there has also been tremendous growth in the area of
homeland security, which includes jobs in mission support,
immigration, and travel security, as well as prevention and
response.
Public Administration
The many offices of the federal government combined rep-
resent one of the largest employers in the United States.
Flip to the bureaucracy chapter of this textbook and con-
sider that each federal department, agency, and bureau you
see looks to political science majors for future employees.
A partial list of such agencies would include the Depart-
ment of Education, the Department of Health and Human
Services, and the Federal Trade Commission. There are also
thousands of staffers who work for members of Congress
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
or the Congressional Budget Office, many of whom were
political science majors in college. This does not even begin
to account for the multitude of similar jobs in state and
local governments that you might consider as well.
Campaigns, Elections, and Polling
Are campaigns and elections the most exciting part of politi-
cal science for you? Then you might consider a career in the
growing industry based around political campaigns. From
volunteering and interning to consulting, marketing, and
fundraising, there are many opportunities for those who
enjoy the competitive and high-stakes electoral arena. For
those looking for careers that combine political knowledge
with statistical skills, there are careers in public opinion poll-
ing. Pollsters work for independent national organizations
such as Gallup and YouGov, or as part of news operations
and campaigns. For those who are interested in survey
methodology there are also a wide variety of non-political
career opportunities in marketing and survey design.
Interest Groups, International and
Nongovernmental Organizations
Is there a cause that you are especially passionate about?
If so, there is a good chance that there are interest groups
out there that are working hard to see some progress made
on similar issues. Many of the positions that one might find
in for-profit companies also exist in their non-profit inter-
est group and nongovernmental organization counterparts,
including lobbying and high-level strategizing. Do not for-
get that there are also quite a few major international orga-
nizations—such as the United Nations, the World Health
Organization, and the International Monetary Fund—
where a degree in political science could be put to good
use. While competition for those jobs tends to be fierce,
your interest and knowledge about politics and policy will
give you an advantage.
Foreign Service
Does a career in diplomacy and foreign affairs, complete
with the opportunity to live and work abroad, sound excit-
ing for you? Tens of thousands of people work for the State
Department, both in Washington, D.C., and in consulates
throughout the world. They represent the diplomatic inter-
ests of the United States abroad. Entrance into the Foreign
Service follows a very specific process, starting with the
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
gun and called it the Winchester Repeating Rifle. It is the outcrop of the old
Jennings rifle.”[221]
[221] From the Hartford Evening Post, Tuesday, Feb. 25, 1890.
A PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY ON TOOL BUILDING

Smiles: Industrial Biography. Boston, 1864.

Smiles: Men of Invention and Industry. N. Y., 1885.
Smiles: Boulton and Watt. London, 1904.
Smiles: The Stephensons. London, 1904.
Smiles: Smeaton and Rennie. London, 1904.
Beck: Beiträge zur Geschichte des Maschinenbaues. Berlin,
1900.
Matschoss: Beiträge zur Geschichte der Technik und Industrie.
Berlin, Bände I-V, 1909-1913.
Sargant: “Sir Samuel Bentham,” in “Essays of a Birmingham
Manufacturer.” London, 1869.
Bentham, Mary S.: Memoirs of Brigadier-General Sir Samuel
Bentham, in Papers and Practical Illustrations of Public
Works. London, 1856.
Beamish: Life of Sir Marc Isambard Brunel. London, 1862.
Nasmyth: Autobiography of James Nasmyth, Edited by Smiles.
London, 1883.
Holtzapffel: Turning and Mechanical Manipulation. London,
1847.
Buchanan: Millwork and other Machinery. London, 1841.
Perrigo: Modern American Lathe Practice. N. Y., 1907.
Perrigo: Change Gear Devices. N. Y., 1915.
Camus: Treatise on the Teeth of Wheels (English Translation).
London, 1837.
Willis: Principles of Mechanism. London, 1841.
Fairbairn: Mills and Millwork. London, 1863.
Pole: Life of Sir William Fairbairn. London, 1877.
Memoir of John George Bodmer, in Transactions of the
Institution of Civil Engineers, Vol. XXVIII. London, 1869.
Farey: Treatise on the Steam Engine. London, 1827.
Price: Fire and Thief-proof Depositories, and Locks and Keys.
London, 1856.
Baker: Elements of Mechanism. London, 1858.
Bishop: History of American Manufactures. 3 Vols. Philadelphia,
1868.
Weeden: Economic and Social History of New England. 2 Vols.
Boston, 1890.
Field: State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.
Goodrich: History of Pawtucket, R. I. Pawtucket, 1876.
Wilkinson: Memoir of the Wilkinson Family. Jacksonville, Ill.,
1869.
Fitch: Report on Manufactures of Interchangeable Mechanism,
in U. S. Census, 1880. Volume on “Manufactures.”
Durfee: “Development of the Art of Interchangeable
Construction in Mechanism,” in Transactions of the American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. XIV, p. 1225.
Olmstead: Memoir of Eli Whitney. New Haven, 1846.
Woodworth: American Tool Making and Interchangeable
Manufacturing. N. Y., 1911.
Blake: History of Hamden, Conn. New Haven, 1888.
Blake: New Haven Colony Historical Papers, Vol. V. New Haven,
1894.
North: Memoir of Simeon North. Concord, 1913.
Washburn: Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries of
Worcester. Philadelphia, 1889.
Iles: Leading American Inventors. N. Y., 1912.
Parton: Captains of Industry. Boston, 1891.
Van Slyck: Representatives of New England. Boston, 1871.
Goddard: Eminent Engineers. N. Y., 1905.
Lathrop: The Brass Industry. Shelton, Conn., 1909.
Anderson: The Town and City of Waterbury. 3 Vols. New Haven,
1896.
Evans: The Young Millwright and Miller’s Guide. Philadelphia,
1826.
Freedley: Philadelphia and its Manufactures. Philadelphia, 1858.
Cist: Cincinnati in 1851. Cincinnati, 1851.
Cist: Cincinnati in 1859. Cincinnati, 1859.
Porter: Engineering Reminiscences. N. Y., 1908.
Transactions of the Institution of Civil Engineers. London.
Transactions of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. London.
Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Journal of the Franklin Institute. Philadelphia.
 Files of “American Machinist,” New York.
Files of “Machinery,” New York.
Files of “Engineering Magazine,” New York.
Files of “Cassier’s Magazine,” New York.
Files of “Engineering News,” London.
Files of “Engineering,” London.
Much of the data in the latter portions of this book is derived from private
correspondence and personal interviews, and is, therefore, not available for
reference.
INDEX
 INDEX

Acme Wire Co.: 160.

Allen, Ethan: 226.
Allen, Walter: 264.
Alvord, J. D.: 192, 197.
American Brass Co.: 236.
American industries:
reasons for delayed development, 109-114;
influence of the cotton gin, 114.
American iron:
results of exportation to England, 110-113;
early production, 115.
American Pin Co.: 234.
American Screw Co.: 125, 198, 226;
pointed screw, 126.
American Steel & Wire Co.: 225-226.
“American system”: see Interchangeable manufacture.
American Tool Works: 269.
American Watch Co.:
interchangeable system, 144, 164.
American Wire Gauge: 205.
Ames Manufacturing Co.:
gun-making machinery, etc., 138, 140, 228-229.
Amoskeag Manufacturing Co.: 123, 124, 216-217, 253.
Andover, Mass.:
scythe mill, 117.
Angell, William G.: 126.
Ansonia Brass & Copper Co.: 234.
Ansonia Clock Co.: 234.
Arkwright, Sir Richard: 6, 64, 121, 150, 161.
Armstrong, Sir William: 105.
Arnold, Asa:
partner of Pitcher, 124.
Arnold, Jeremiah O.: 125.
Arnold, Joseph:
brother of Jeremiah, 125.
Atwood, L. J.: 237.
Babbage, Charles:
calculating machine, 59.
Baldwin, Matthias:
Baldwin Locomotive Works, 256.
Bancroft, Edward:
Bancroft & Sellers, 247.
Barber-Coleman Co.: 274.
Bardons & Oliver: 183, 265.
Barker, William:
partner of Lodge, 269-270.
Barnes, B. F.: 274.
Barnes, W. F. & John, Co.: 273.
Barnes Drill Co.: 274.
Baush Machine Tool Co.:
drilling machines, 230.
Bayley, O. W.: 217.
Beach, H. L.: 165.
Beach, H. B., & Son: 165.
Beale, Oscar J.:
accurate standards, 205.
Beckley, Elias:
gun shop, 162.
Bellows, E. H.: 222.
Bement, Clarence S.: 255.
Bement, William B.: 217, 219, 249, 252-254;
estimate of, 255;
hammer, 255.
Bement & Dougherty: 254.
Bement, Miles & Co.:
 history of, 254-255.
Benedict, Aaron:
brass worker, 232.
Benedict & Burnham: 234.
Benedict & Coe:
brass workers, 232.
Bentham Jeremy: 22, 25.
Bentham, Sir Samuel: 7, 22, 49, 89, 107;
work on Portsmouth block machinery, 8, 9, 18, 22, 26, 28;
in Russia, 23, 24;
in British navy service, 24;
woodworking machinery, 24, 25;
planer, 51;
patent of 1793, 38;
slide-rest, 6, 38;
relations with Maudslay, 89.
Bessemer, Sir Henry: 96.
Besly, Charles H., & Co.: 275.
Bibliography: 295-297.
Bickford, Henry: 272.
Bidwell, Jason A.: 198, 266.
Bilgram Machine Works:
gear cutting, 259.
Billings, Charles E.: 170, 174-175, 201.
Billings & Spencer Co.: 175-176.
Blake, Eli Whitney: 160.
Blake, Philos: 160.
Blaisdell, P., & Co.: 222.
Blanchard, Thomas: 220-221;
lathe for turning gun-stocks, 6, 140, 142, 219, 220-221.
Blenkinsop:
Locomotives, 56.
Block machinery: see Portsmouth block machinery.
Bodmer, John George: 75-80;
estimate of, 79;
diametral pitch, 70 note 66;
interchangeable manufacture, 76, 131;
 firearms, 76;
two patents, 77-79;
traveling crane, 77, 80;
mill machinery, 76.
Bond, George M.:
Rogers-Bond Comparator, 180-182.
Boring machines:
Smeaton’s, 2, 13;
Wilkinson’s, 3, 10, 11, 12, 13, 60;
in 18th century, 4.
Boston, Mass.:
heavy forge, 117.
Boston & Worcester R. R.: 220.
Boulton, Matthew: 145;
on Wilkinson’s boring machine, 3;
on Wilkinson, 145.
Boulton & Watt: 3, 11, 46, 55;
relations with Wilkinson, 12, 13.
Bow-string truss: 82.
Boye & Emmes Machine Tool Co.: 268, 271.
Bramah, Joseph: 7, 8, 15, 107;
estimate of, 19, 20;
invention of slide-rest, 6, 36;
planer, 50;
hydraulic press, 18;
machine for numbering banknotes, 19;
woodworking machinery, 18, 19, 24;
other inventions, 18;
relations with Maudslay, 17, 19, 33, 34;
with Watt, 18;
with Clement, 19, 58.
Bridgeport Brass Co.:
micrometer, 211-213.
Bridgeport Machine Tool Co.: 184.
British Small Arms Commission: 138, 140, 141.
Brooker, Charles F.: 236.
Brown, David: 126, 202.
Brown, Capt. James S.: 124.
Brown, Joseph R.: 126, 202;
estimate of, 215;
“Universal” miller, 138 note 163, 196, 208-209;
linear dividing engines, 202, 204-205, 206;
vernier caliper, 203;
formed milling cutter, 206, 207;
improvements on turret screw machine, 207;
universal grinder, 214.
Brown, Moses:
textile industry, 120, 121.
Brown, Sylvanus: 124.
inventor of slide-rest, 6;
slide lathe, 120.
Brown Hoisting Machine Co.: 258.
Brown & Elton:
wire and tubing, 233.
Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Co.: 125, Chapter XVI;
J. R. Browne & Sharpe, 202, 204;
“Universal” miller, 138 note 163, 196, 208;
linear dividing engines, 206;
precision gear cutter, 206;
turret screw machines, 207-208;
limit gauges, 210;
micrometer caliper, 211-213;
cylindrical grinder, 213;
automatic gear cutters, 214.
Brunel, Sir Isambard K.: 32.
Brunel, Sir Marc I.: 7, 26, 27, 31, 49, 107;
slide-rest, 6;
inventions, 27;
Portsmouth block machinery, 8, 9, 22, 26, 27, 28.
Bryant, William L.:
chucking grinder, 200.
Buchanan:
English writer, 50.
Builders Iron Foundry or “High Street Furnace”: 125.
Bullard, E. P.: 183-184.
vertical boring and turning mill, 184-185.
Bullard Machine Tool Co.: 184.
Burke, William A.: 253;
Amoskeag Manufacturing Co., 217;
Lowell Machine Shop, 217, 218.
Burleigh, Charles:
rock drill, 228.
Burlingame, L. D.:
history of micrometer, 213.
Burton, James H.:
Enfield gun machinery, 140.
Calipers:
“Lord Chancellor,” 45, 211;
vernier, 203;
micrometer, origin of, 211-213.
Campbell, A. C.: 237.
Camus: 64;
“The Teeth of Wheels,” 64-65, 68.
Carmichaels, of Dundee:
engine makers, 86.
Carron Iron Works: 2, 85.
Change-gear box: 182.
Chase Rolling Mills Co.: 236.
“Chordal’s Letters”: 261.
Cincinnati, Ohio:
tool building in, 266-267.
Cincinnati Bickford Tool Co.: 272.
Cincinnati Milling Machine Co.: 272.
Cincinnati Planer Co.: 271-272.
Cincinnati Screw & Tap Co.: 272.
Clement, Joseph: 7, 8, 9, 57-58, 59, 99, 107;
screw-thread practice, 10, 19, 57, 58-59, 101;
gear practice, 68;
taps and dies, 10, 19, 58;
lathes, 19, 57;
 planers, 19, 50, 52, 54, 59;
relations with Bramah, 19, 58;
with Maudslay & Field, 19, 46, 58.
Cleveland, Ohio: 183.
tool builders in, 261-266;
first multi-spindle automatic screw machines, 265.
Cleveland Twist Drill Co.: 266.
Clock industry in Connecticut: 171-172.
Coe, Israel: 236.
Coe, Lyman: 234, 236.
Coe Brass Co.: 234.
Coes Wrench Co.: 226.
Colby, Gilbert A.: 254.
Collins Co.:
axe makers, 169.
Colt, Samuel: 166-168;
interchangeable system, 137, 168;
Colt revolver, 166, 167;
erection of Armory, 167, 168.
Colt Armory: 165, 166;
erection of, 167, 168;
a “contract shop,” 178.
Conradson, Conrad N.:
turret machine, 276.
Cook, Asa: 174.
Coombs, S. C.: 222.
Corliss Machine Works: 126.
Cotton crop:
growth of, 150-151.
Cotton gin:
invention of, 131, 148 et seq.;
influence, 114, 131, 145, 149, 150-151, 161;
patent rights of, 151-158.
Cowie, Pierson: 221-222.
Cramp Ship Building Co.: 257.
Croft, James:
brass worker, 232.
Crompton, William: 114.
Cup-leather packing: 18.
Currier & Snyder: 222.
Cushman, A. F.: 173.
Darby, Abraham, 3d:
first iron bridge, 15.
Darling, Samuel:
graduating engine, 203, 204.
Davenport, James:
textile machinery, 246.
Davenport, William S.: 214.
da Vinci, Leonardo:
anticipation of modern tools, 6, 36.
Davis, Charles: 269.
Davis, Jefferson:
on Whitney’s steel-barreled muskets, 160.
Davis & Egan: 269.
D’Eichthal, Baron:
partner of Bodmer, 75.
De la Hire:
gear teeth, 63, 64, 67.
DeLeeuw, A. L.: 273, 277.
Dennison, A. L.:
American Watch Co., 144.
de Vaucanson, Jacques:
milling cutter, 206.
Diametral pitch:
“Manchester pitch,” 70 note 66;
Bodmer, 80.
Die forging: 137.
Dietz, Schumacher & Boye Co.: 268.
Dodge, Cyril: 126.
Dodge, Nehemiah:
goldsmith, 126.
Dougherty, James: 254.
Draper Machine Tool Co.: 222.
Dresses, Henry: 271.
Dresses, Mueller & Co.: 271.
Drilling machines:
in 18th century, 4.
Drop hammer:
developed in America, 5, 143, 175.
Dwight, Dr. Timothy:
on Pawtucket, 121.
Eagle Screw Co.: 126.
Earle & Williams: 219.
Eberhardt, Ulrich: 259.
Edgemoor Iron Co.: 249-250.
Egan, Thomas P.: 268, 269.
Eminent Men of Science Living in 1807-1808.
engraving by Walker, 20.
Enfield Armory: 5, 96, 103;
Nasmyth on reorganization of, 140-141;
British Small Arms Commission, 138, 140;
gun-machinery, 138-141;
Robbins & Lawrence, 191-192.
Epicyclic curve: 63, 67, 68.
Essex Machine Shop: 219.
Euler:
gearing, 64.
Evans, Oliver: 239-246;
conveyors for handling materials, 240-241, 246;
steam engine, 241-242, 245;
description of shop, 243;
steamboat, 242;
prediction of railways, 245;
“Engineer’s Guide,” 242;
“Miller’s Guide,” 244.
Fairbairn, Sir Peter: 71, 74, 107.
Fairbairn, Sir William: 62, 107;
on machine tools, 10;
with George Rennie, 54, 71;
 millwork, 71;
on “a good millwright,” 72;
Fairbairn & Lillie, 72-73, 77;
treatise on “Mills and Millwork,” 73;
iron ships, 73-74;
bridge building, 74.
Fairbairn & Co.: 268.
Fairfield, George A.: 170, 174, 176.
Fales & Jenks Machine Co.: 125.
Farrel Foundry & Machine Co.: 237.
Fay, J. A., & Co.:
woodworking machinery, 229-230, 267.
Fay, J. A., & Egan Co.: 230.
Fellows, E. R.: 199.
Fellows Gear Shaper Co.: 199.
Field, Joshua: 35, 89;
relations with Maudslay, 8, 35, 90;
founder of Institution of Civil Engineers, 90.
Fire engine:
first in America, 116.
Fitch, John:
steamboat, 82.
Fitch, Stephen:
horizontal turret, 197.
Fitchburg, Mass.: 219, 227-228.
Fitchburg Machine Works: 228;
Lo-swing lathe, 200.
Flagg, Samuel, & Co.: 221, 222.
Flather Manufacturing Co.: 228.
Flax industry:
Murray’s influence on, 57.
Foote-Burt Co.: 183;
drilling machines, 265.
Forehand & Wadsworth: 226.
Forq, Nicholas:
planer, 50.
Fosdick Machine Tool Co.: 271.
Fosdick & Plucker: 271.
Fox, James: 7, 50, 52, 53, 54.
Fox & Taylor:
manufacturers of blocks, 28.
Fox, Henderson & Co.: 192.
Francis, James B.:
hydraulic engineer, 218.
Franklin Machine Co.: 125.
Fulton, Robert: 150, 151, 161.
Gage, Warner & Whitney: 218, 228.
Gang, William E.: 268, 271.
Gang & Dietz: 271.
Gardner, Frederick M.:
disk grinding machines, 275.
Gardner Machine Co.: 276.
Garvin Machine Co.: 127.
Gascoigne, William:
principle of micrometer, 211.
Gay, Ira: 124, 216-217.
Gay, Zeba: 124, 217.
Gay & Silver Co.: 195, 197, 217;
planer, 53.
Gearing and Millwork: Chapter VI.
Geier, Frederick A.: 272-273.
“Genealogies”:
Early English Tool Builders, Fig. 5;
New England Gun-makers, Fig. 27;
Robbins & Lawrence Shop, Fig. 37;
Worcester Tool Builders, Fig. 45;
Naugatuck Brass Industry, Fig. 50.
Giddings & Lewis Manufacturing Co.: 276.
Gisholt Machine Works: 276.
Gleason Works: 183.
Globe Rolling Mill: 251.
Goddard, Benjamin: 225.
Gorham, Jabez: 127.
Gorham Manufacturing Co.:
founded, 127.
Gould & Eberhardt: 259.
Grant, John J.: 214.
Gray, G. A., Co.: 273.
“Great Eastern,” The: 32.
“Great Western,” The: 32.
Great Western Railway:
steamers, 93.
Greene, Nathaniel:
cannon factory of, 118.
Greene, Mrs. Nathaniel:
friend to Eli Whitney, 147;
connection with cotton-gin, 148-149.
Greene, Timothy: 119, 121.
Greenwood, Miles: 267.
Gridley, George O.:
automatic lathes, 194, 200.
Grilley, Henry:
founder of brass industry, 232.
Grinder:
developed in America, 5;
Brown & Sharpe’s, 213-214;
disc, 275-276.
Hakewessel, Reinholdt: 183;
Acme automatic, 265.
Hamilton, Alexander:
entertains Brunel, 8, 27.
Hamilton, Ohio:
tool builders in, 273.
Hampson, John:
with Maudslay, 98.
Hanks, Alpheus and Truman:
foundry, 165.
Harper’s Ferry Arsenal: 140, 143, 163;
established, 136;
 interchangeable equipment, 137;
rifle, 160.
Harrington & Richardson: 226.
Hartford, Conn.: 127;
manufactories of, 164, 165, 170;
gun makers of, 164, 166.
Hartford Machine Screw Co.: 170, 174, 176.
Hartness, James: 194, 197-198, 266;
designer of machine tools, 198;
flat-turret lathe, 198;
Lo-swing lathe, 200.
Haskell, Co., The William H.: 124.
Hawkins, John Isaac: 69;
on early gear tooth practice, 65-68, 70.
Hayden, Hiram W.: 234, 236.
Hendey Machine Co.:
tool-room lathe, 182.
Henn, E. C.:
Acme automatic, 265.
Herman, William: 271.
Hick, B., & Son: 75.
High Street Furnace: 125.
Hildreth, S. E.: 222.
Hobbs, Alfred C.:
picks Bramah’s lock, 16.
Holmes, Hodgin:
cotton gin, 152, 154, 156, 157.
Holmes, Israel: 232, 233, 234, 236.
Holmes, Joseph:
pioneer iron worker, 117.
Holmes & Hotchkiss: 233.
Holmes, Booth & Haydens: 234, 237.
Holtz, Frederick:
milling machine, 272.
Holtzapffel, Charles: 74, 99;
on Roberts, 60-61;
plane surfaces, 100.
Hovey, P.:
partner of Pitcher, 124.
Howe, Elias:
sewing machine, 144.
Howe, Frederick W.: 195, 196, 209, 217;
milling machines, 138, 196, 208, 209;
profiling machine, 143, 191;
turret-head screw machine, 195-196, 207;
turret lathe, 197, 199.
Howe, Hezekiah: 119.
Humphries:
suggests invention of large hammer, 93.
Hydraulic press:
invented by Bramah, 18, 34.
Industrial conditions:
new elements in 18th century, 1.
Ingersoll Milling Machine Co.: 274.
Institution of Civil Engineers:
founding of, 90.
Interchangeable manufacture:
rise of, Chapter XI;
developed in America, 5, 129;
defined, 128;
abroad, 138, 140;
in France, 129-131;
in Hartford, 164;
tools for, 142-143.
clock, watch and sewing machine industries, 144;
Bodmer, 76;
Colt, 137, 168;
Enfield, 138, 141;
Simeon North, 131, 133, 135-136, 137, 162;
Robbins & Lawrence, 191;
Eli Whitney, 131-133, 136.
International Machine Tool Co.: 275.
Involute gears: 63, 64, 67, 68, 207.