Comparative

Models in
Policing
By Jhason Rodriguez
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Learning Objectives:
At the end of the chapter, the student will be able to:
• Discuss what policing entails, as well as understand
various comparative police models and comparative
criminal justice systems;
• Present the different types of criminal justice systems;
• Comprehend the various types of police models; and
• Recognize the diverse classifications of police operational
styles.
 Most of us are relatively familiar with the general
operations of the components of criminal justice process –
the law enforcement, the prosecution, the courts, the
corrections system, and the community, as well as the
important roles of local and national governments in
maintaining order. However, we are often unable to answer
what it is about these institutions that make them work as
agents of social control. Once the law has been violated, it
is the responsibility of formal social control agents, such as
law enforcement officers, to enforce the law.
This chapter introduces the basic terminologies
related to policing, types of criminal justice systems in
the world, police models and operational styles.
Definitions
• Policing. According to Manning (1977), policing literally
means, "controlling, monitoring, tracking, and altering, if
required, public conduct". Its core concept is identified by its
relation with the potential use of force in ensuring obedience
to the law, within the rule of law.
• Comparative Police System. This refers to the science and art
of investigating and comparing the police system of nations,
which covers the study of their police organizations, trainings
and methods of policing.
• Comparative Criminal Justice. This pertains to the sub-field of
criminal justice which deals with comparing the similarities
and differences of criminal justice in terms of structure, goals,
punishment and emphasis on rights as well as history, and
political structure of different systems.
Types of Criminal Justice
System in the World
1. Common Law System. It is characterized by strong
adversarial procedures and relies upon oral evidence in
which the public trial is a main focal point; also known
as “Anglo-American Justice” and adopted in most
English- speaking countries.
2. Civil Law System. This system exists throughout
European countries. It is characterized by a strong
inquisitorial system where less right is granted to the
accused and the written law is taken as gospel and
subject to little interpretation; also known as
"Continental Justice or Romano-Germanic Justice“
3. Socialist System. This system can be characterized by
procedures designed to rehabilitate or retrain people into
fulfilling their responsibilities to the State. It is the
paramount expression of positive law designed to move
ahead toward the perfection of the State and mankind. The
administrative officials, not legal officials, who make most
of the decisions in the administration of justice. This is also
known as the Marxist-Leninist Justice and practiced in
Africa and Asia.
4. Islamic System. In this system, procedures and practices in
the administration of justice are derived from the
interpretation of the Holy Qur'an. Generally, the Islamic
System is characterized by the absence of positive law2 and
is based more on the concept of natural justice or customary
law or tribal traditions, where crimes are considered as an
acts of injustice that conflict with tradition. Religion plays a
significant role to the extent of theocracy, where the country
is ruled by religious leaders.
Types of Police Systems
in the World
1. Fragmented Police System - This system, which is found in
the United States of America, is directly attributed to the
federated nature of the political system and local
communities asserting their right to home rule.
2. Combined Police System - This system is marked by the
national and local governments cooperating and sharing in
the responsibility for establishing a police service. England's
police organization is an example of this system.
3. National Centralized Police System - In this system, the
central government creates a national police force for the
community. This was originated in Rome and found in
democratic countries like France as well as in some non-
democratic countries.
Classification of Police
Operational Styles
1. As to law enforcement styles:
a. Legalistic, where emphasis is on violations of law and the use
of threat or actual arrest to solve disputes in the community. In
theory, the more arrests that are made, the safer the community
will be. This style is often found in large metropolitan areas.
b. Watchman, where emphasis is on informal means of resolving
disputes and problems in a community. Keeping the peace is
the paramount concern; arrest is used only as a last resort to
resolve any kind of disturbance of the peace. This style is
commonly found in lower socioeconomic communities.
c. Service, where emphasis is on helping the community as
opposed to enforcing the law. Referrals and diversion to
community treatment agencies are common instead of arrest
and formal court action. This style is most likely found in
wealthy communities.
2. As to the degree of commitment to maintaining
order and respect for due process
a. Enforcers, where emphasis is on order, with little respect
for due process.
b. Idealists, where emphasis is on both social order and due
process.
c. Optimists, where emphasis is on due process, with little
priority given to social order.
d. Realists, where little emphasis is given to due process or
social order.
3. As to the way police officers use their authority and
power in street police work.
a. Professional, where police officers have the necessary
passion and perspective to be valuable police officers.
b. Enforcers, where police officers have passion in
responding to human problems but do not recognize limits
on their power to resolve them.
c. Reciprocators, where police officers often are too
objective in that they have perspective but virtually no
passion, resulting in a detachment from the suffering they
encounter and often a failure to take action.
d. Avoiders, where police officers have neither passion nor
perspective, resulting in no intellectual recognition of
people's problems and no action to resolve them.
CHAPTER 2
GLOBALIZATION AND ITS EFFECTS TO
POLICING
Learning Objectives:

At the end of the chapter, the student will be able to:

• Discuss the concept of globalization and its causes;
• Present the effects of globalization to policing;
• Comprehend the challenges brought by globalization to
policing; and Recognize the changing role of the police.
Globalization, which refers to the increasingly international
character of social life, is having an impact on much of
society, including technology, commerce, communication
and crime. Crimes on the internet, drug dealing, and
smuggling show the power of global crime and the
difficulties it poses for local level law enforcement. Local
crimes and small-time perpetrators will be replaced or
supplemented by crimes and criminal groups with global
scope. This chapter will present the concept, causes and
challenges brought by globalization to policing.
The Concept of Globalization
Globalization refers to the process by which regional
economies, societies, and culture, as well as information,
ideas and even authority become integrated by a global
network of political ideas through communication,
transportation, and trade
In addition, it pertains to the increasing
interconnectedness of the different parts of the world
through common processes of economic, environmental,
political and cultural changes.
Events that Contributed to the
Emergence of Globalization
1. Establishment of international agencies and institutions
2. Standardize system of global time
3. Global networks of communication
4. International competitions and prizes
5. International law
6. Internationally shared notions of citizenship and human
rights.
Causes of Globalization
1. International division of labor
2. Internationalization of finance i.e. the emergence of
global banking and globally integrated financial markets
3. The new technology system based on a combination of
innovations, including solar energy, robotics,
microelectronics, biotechnology, and digital
communications and information system
4. The growth of the consumer markets among the more
affluent populations of the world; similar trends in
consumer tastes have been created by similar processes
Challenges Brought by
Globalization to Law Enforcement
1. Vast increase in the number of economic and social
transaction across national borders inevitably make
organized criminal activity move from the national to
international level
2. The evolution of the "Global Village" which opened up
unprecedented opportunities for transnational crime because
it has fundamentally changed the context in which both
legitimate and illegitimate business operate
3. Growth of transnational economic transaction that
complicates the ability of governments to regulate and
control monetary movements across boundaries
4. Rise of cosmopolitan world cities as the repositories of
capital and wealth and as major facilitators of cross- border
transaction which provides operation based for criminal
organizations
5. Accessibility of consumers to information about goods and
services around the world giving rise to global marketing
opportunities both licit and illicit
6. Increase in migration and growth of ethnic groups have
facilitated in the creation of network structures for the supply
of illicit good in the global market.
In summary, globalization presents new opportunities of
global information and developments, but it also presents threats
because of the unaccountable transnational flow of people,
information, and ideas, which present opportunities for
organized crime and new forms of transnational cooperation
between organized criminal groups.
The Changing Role of the Police
In the past, the police were preoccupied solving craft
local crimes. With globalization, they are now faced with
highly organized and sophisticated crimes, like terrorism,
bank robbery, drug trafficking, money laundering, and
kidnap for ransom, among others. Moreover, crimes
have crossed borders. Like big corporations, organized
crimes have evolved into transnational crimes, with
operations in different parts of the world (McCarthy, 2011).
Effects of Globalization to Policing
1. The emergence of transnational criminal activities
2. Need for transnational policing; hence cooperation
among police organizations in the world is vital
3. Training instruction for law enforcement officers must
include the use of updated technological tools
4. Development of new strategies to deal with
transnational organized crime groups
5. There is a need to update laws related to law
enforcement based on the contemporary theories of
crime causation.
CHAPTER 3
TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES
Learning Objectives:
At the end of the chapter, the student will be able to:
• Define Terrorism, what constitutes a terrorist act and
terrorist group;
• Present what defines drug trafficking;
• Comprehend the intricacies of money laundering;
• Discuss the problems posed by trafficking in persons; and
• Explain the diffeent types of cybercrimes.
 The principal targets of international police cooperation
are serious transnational crimes. Article 2 of the United
Nations Convention against Transnational Organized
Crimes defines serious crime as “conduct constituting an
offence punishable by a maximum deprivation of liberty of
at least four years or a more serious penalty".
Moreover, Article 2 describes “organized criminal group
to mean a structured group of three or more persons,
existing for a period of time and acting in concert with the
aim of committing one or more serious crimes or offences
established in accordance with this Convention, in order to
obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material
benefit”.
 In addition, the United Nations Office of Drugs and
Crime states that the “transnational nature of organized
crime means that criminal networks forge bonds across
borders as well as overcome cultural and linguistic
differences in the commission of their crime. Organized
crime is not stagnant, but adapts as new crimes emerge and
as relationships between criminal networks become both
more flexible, and more sophisticated, with ever-greater
reach around the globe” (UNODC). This chapter discusses
some transnational crimes besetting the world as well as the
various bilateral and international pacts established to fight
these menace. Furthermore, the Philippine responses to
address these problems are also presented herein.
Transnational Crimes
Transnational Crime is an activity that is considered a
criminal offense by at least two countries. It is an offense whose
inception, prevention and/or indirect effects involves more than
one country.
The word "transnational" describes crimes that are not
only international, but crimes that by their nature involve border
crossing as an essential part of the criminal activity. It also
includes crimes that take place in one country, but its
consequences significantly affect another country (Allum and
Gilmore, 2012).
NOTE: Transnational Crimes are especially concerned with acts
criminalized by laws of more than one country, while
International Crimes are crimes prohibited by international laws,
norms, treaties and customs.
EXAMPLES OF TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES
1. Terrorism - A tactic or technique by means of which a violent act or
threat thereof is used for the prime objective of creating overwhelming
fear for coercive purposes.
2. Trafficking in Persons– the exploitation of vulnerable people for
purposes of sex, labor, and organ harvest by organized criminal groups.
3. Money Laundering – is a process by which, assets primarily cash
assets, which are derived from illegal activities are manipulated in such a
manner to make them look as it were derived from legitimate sources.
4. Drug Trafficking – illegal movement across one or more national
frontiers of psychoactive substances.
5. Cybercrimes - crimes that involve an information and communication
technology (ICT) network. In the Philippines, Republic Act 10175 or the
Cybercrime Prevention Act divides these typologies into
a. Crimes that target a computer network or device directly. These are dubbed
'pure cybercrimes' inasmuch as the primary target is the ICT network itself
such as malware attacks and hacking.
b. Crimes facilitated by computer network or devices. Typically these are
violations of the Revised Penal Code and other special laws done through
means provided by ICT. An example would be illegal recruitment done
through online means.
Terrorism
Terrorism is not easy to define. For one, attempts of the
United Nations to postulate a universal definition through
the UN Comprehensive Convention on International
Terrorism has yet to produce any solid fruit owing to a
confluence of factors. Primary of which is the resistance of
the members of the Organization of the Islamic States to
include armed struggle for liberation and self-determination
as among the acts that may fall under the umbrella of
terrorist acts.
Here are a few attempts on defining terrorism:
• The use or threatened use of force designed to bring about a
political change [Brian Jinkins, 1984].
• Constitutes the illegitimate use of force to achieve a political
objective by targeting innocent people [Walter Laqueur,1970].
• Unlawful use of force or violence designed to intimidate or
coerce a government or civilian population in the furtherance
of political or social objectives. [Omnibus Diplomatic
Security, An Anti-Terrorism Act of 1986]
• Socially and politically unacceptable violence aimed at an
innocent target to achieve psychological effect (Martha
Crenshaw, 1983).
• Method of combat in which the victims serve as symbolic
targets.
• A premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated
against non-combatant targets by subnational groups or
clandestine agents.
• Any act intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to
civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of:
1. Intimidating a population of serious bodily harm; and
2. Compelling a government or an international organization
to do or abstain doing any act. [UN Panel - 03-17-05]
• Terrorists - One who does all acts of terrorism.
• Terrorist Group - Any organization that engages in or
had engaged in, terrorist activity. This includes not only
violent groups but legitimate groups that fund terrorists
operations.
• Terrorist Act – any act that is unlawful, involves the use
or threatened use of violence or force against individuals
or property is designed to coerce a government or society
and supports political, ideological, or religious objectives.
History of Terrorism
Terrorism originated from the French Revolution (1789-1795)
which describe the actions of the French government during the so-
called 'Reign of Terror’.
In the political upheavals in Europe in 1848 dubbed as the
'Revolutions of 1848 or the Springtime of the Peoples', it was
employed to describe violent revolutionaries who revolted against the
government.
By the end of 1800-1900, terrorism was used to describe the
violent activities of a number of groups including: labor organizations,
anarchists, nationalist groups revolting against the foreign powers and
ultranationalist political organizations.
After the Second World War, as the colonized people revolted
from European domination, nationalist groups were declared as
terrorist groups by most colonial powers.
From the 1960s to early 1980s, it was applied to violent left-wing
groups, as well as to nationalist groups in Asia, Africa, the Middle East
and even Latin America.
 In the mid-1980s, the US defined terrorism as a violent
activity of the hate movement. Internationally, terrorism
was viewed as sub- national warfare. A number of terrorists
were sponsored by rogue regimes.
Today, terrorism also refers to a large groups who are
independent from a state, violent religious fanatics, and
violent groups who terrorize for a particular cause such as
the environment
Criteria in Defining Terrorism: target; objective;
motive; perpetrator; and legitimacy or legality of the act.
 Kinds of Terrorism
1. Apolitical Terrorism - Employment of force in a terroristic
manner but for non-political ends.
Types of Apolitical Terrorism
a. Psychotic Terrorism - develops from abnormal behavior; those who
attempt bizarre, ostensibly political actions with uncertain or irrational
motives.
b. Criminal terrorism - systematic use of terror for material gain. The
primary manifestation of force in this form of terrorism include
kidnapping, extortion, gangland assassinations and murders.
c. Mystical Terrorism - involves the use of lethal force against symbolic
victims to influence or invoke supernatural powers. Mysticism plays a
part in both the instigation of terrorism and the enhancement of its
effect.
2. Revolutionary Terrorism - Its primary purpose is the destabilize
and topple the incumbent regime, replacing it with a political
apparatus more acceptable to the revolutionaries. [e.g. Chinese
Revolution; and the Vietnamese Revolution]
3. State Terrorism – involves the employment of lethal force by
state governments upon civilian populations for the express
purpose of weakening or destroying their will to resist. It could be
internal or external. Internal state terrorism is the use of lethal
force by the state government against its own civilian population
with the purpose of repressing the people, making them apolitical
or politically malleable, and/or weakening the population's
willingness to support revolutionary or other anti-government
forces.
Types of State Terrorism:
a. Repression Terrorism engaged in by a terrorist state regime against
elements of its own population to create conditions enough for that
regime to remain in political control. b.
b. Military Terrorism - employment of terrorism by a nation's military
instrument against the civilian population of an enemy nation for the
purpose of undermining the population's will to support its own
government or shattering the cohesion of the population making it
unable to support its government. Thus, where repression terrorism seeks
to control the population, military terrorism seeks to make that target
population unmanageable.
c. State-Sponsored Terrorism - involves the employment of lethal force
across international borders for the purpose of destroying or weakening
the political cohesion of a targeted political entity. The state employing
state-sponsored terrorism does not use its own military instrument to
deliver the lethal force, but harness social elements within the targeted
entity to do so.
Sub-Types of State-Sponsored Terrorism:
a. National Revolutionary Terrorism - Can be supported
by sovereign states wishing to weaken or topple the
incumbent regime of the target state. [e.g. Italian Red
Brigades; German Red Army Faction, etc.]
b. International Revolutionary Terrorism - Those that
employ terrorism targets controlled and operated by
persons other than terrorists own fellow countrymen.
[e.g. Palestinian Liberation Organization; Islamic Jihad;
or other radical Islamic terrorist group]
c. Minute Political Terrorist Gangs - Micro-political
terrorist gangs likely to receive state sponsorship. They
do not have popular support but support for them can
cause disruption in the targeted entity. [e.g. German Red
Army factions]
Traditional Terrorist Tactics
1. Bombing
2. Hijacking
3. Arson
4. Assault
5. Kidnapping
6. Hostage-taking
International Legal Instruments
Against Terrorism
1. 1963 Convention on Offenses and Certain Other Acts Committed On Board
Aircraft
2. 1970 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft
3. 1971 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of
Civil Aviation
4. 1988 Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports
Serving International Civil Aviation, supplementary to the Convention for the
Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation
5. 2010 Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Relating to International
Civil Aviation
6. 1997 International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings
7. 1991 Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of
Detection 8. 1999 International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing
of Terrorism 9. 2005 International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of
Nuclear Terrorism.
These are some of the legal instruments that have been drafted by the United
Nations and its specialized agencies to fight terrorism. Any member state of the UN is
welcome to adopt these in their territories.
Basic Organizational
Structures of Terrorist Groups
1. Command - The smallest group, is at the top, and responsible for
the command. As in military circles, leadership makes policy and
plans while providing general direction.
2. Active Cadre [military term] – They are the people who we call
“terrorists". They are responsible for carrying out the mission of
the terrorist organization. They have one or more specialties.
Other terrorists support each specialty, but the active cadre is the
striking arm of the terrorist group.
3. Active Supporters — They are the people who keep the terrorists
in the field. They maintain communication channels, provide safe
houses, gather intelligence, and ensure all other logistical needs
are met. This is the largest internal group in the organization.
4. Passive supporters - They complement active supporters. People
who do not readily join terrorist groups but simply represent a
favorable element of the political climate. Many times they were
used without their knowledge.
The Al Qaeda

Arabic for "The Base"; founded by

Osama bin Laden, Muhammed Atef, and
Ayman al-Zawahiri to continue the Jihad
internationally.
Al Qaeda's Organizational Structure
1. The Emir (Chief)
2. The Chief Counsel
3. Shura, or Consultation Council. This is a group of seasoned terrorists
and confidants known as majilis al shura who approve major decisions
such as terrorist attacks and the issuance of fatwas (edicts). The council
members play leadership roles in the organization's major committees,
made up of lower-ranking Al Qaeda members.
4. The Committees.
a. The Military Committee oversees recruitment, war, training, and the
purchase of the arms.
b. The Islamic Study Committee makes rulings on religious law and trains all
recruits in the teachings of the Koran and Jihad.
c. The Finance Committee — oversees corporate holdings, including the
travel office and several other companies.
d. The Cells. The network of terrorist recruitment and training has sites
throughout the world. Each cell engages in missions independent of the
others, and the members and activities of the other cells are kept secret.
The Islamic State Of Iraq And
Syria (ISIS)
A. History Cause and Founder
History
Formerly, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
[ISIL], it is a self- proclaimed Islamic State (IS) composed
of Sunni, extremist, jihadist unrecognized state and caliphate
based in Iraq and Syria. Later on it renamed as the Islamic
State of Iraq and Syria {[ISIS] Arabic acronym Dā'ish or
Daesh} This group originated as Jama'at al-Tawhid
wal-Jihad in 1999 and the forerunner of Tanzim Qaidat
al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn, commonly known as Al-Qaeda
in Iraq (AQI). During the 2003 invasion of Iraq, it took part
in the Iraqi insurgency against coalition forces and Iraqi
security forces.
 In 2006, it joined other Sunni insurgent groups to form the
Mujahideen Shura Council, which consolidated further into the
Islamic State of Iraq (ISI). It gained a significant presence in Al
Anbar, Nineveh, Kirkuk and other areas, but around 2008, its
violent methods led to a backlash from Sunni Iraqis and other
insurgent groups and a temporary decline.
In April 2013, the group changed its name to the Islamic
State of Iraq and the Levant. It grew significantly under the
leadership of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, gaining support in Iraq in
the context of perceived economic and political discrimination
against Iraqi Sunnis. After entering the Syrian Civil War, it
established a large presence in the Syrian governorates of
Ar-Raqqah, Idlib, Deir ez-Zor and Aleppo. It had close links to
al-Qaeda until February 2014 when, after an eight- month power
struggle, al-Qaeda cut all ties with the group, citing its failure to
consult and notorious intransigence.
Cause
Originally, it aimed to establish an Islamic state in
Sunni-majority regions of Iraq. Following its involvement
in the Syrian Civil War however, this expanded to include
controlling Sunni-majority areas of Syria. It proclaimed a
worldwide caliphate on 29 June 2014, and Abu Bakr
al-Baghdadi—known by his supporters as Amir
al-Mu'minin, Caliph Ibrahim—was named as its caliph, and
the group was renamed the Islamic State [IS].
 In its self-proclaimed status as a caliphate, it claims
religious authority over all Muslims worldwide, and aims to
bring most traditionally Muslim-inhabited regions of the
world under its political control, beginning with the Levant
region, which approximately covers Syria, Jordan, Israel,
Palestine, Lebanon, Cyprus, and part of southern Turkey.
Designated as a terrorist organization, because of its grave
human rights abuses; Amnesty International has found it
guilty of ethnic cleansing on a historic scale. Its actions,
authority and theological interpretations are widely
criticized around the world; notably within the Muslim
community.
Founder
The ISIS is founded by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, who is
known to his supporters as Amir al-Mu'minin Caliph
Ibrahim. Formerly known as Abu Du'a. He claims descent
from the Islamic prophet Muhammad, he is called Abu Bakr
Al-Baghdadi Al-Husseini Al-Qurashi. He is listed by the US
State Department as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist
on 4 October 2011 and announced a reward of up to US$10
million for information leading to his capture or death.
Al Baghdadi was born near Samarra, Iraq, in 1971; obtained
a BA, MA and PhD in Islamic studies from the Islamic
University of Baghdad. – Helped to found the militant
group Jamaat Jaysh Ahl al- Sunnah wa-l-Jamaah (JJASJ) in
2003, in which he served as head of the sharia committee.
His group joined the Mujahideen Shura Council (MSC) in
2006, which he served as a member of the MSC's Sharia
Committee. Later on, the MSC was renamed as the Islamic
State of Iraq (ISI) in 2006, and al-Baghdadi became the
general supervisor of the ISI's Sharia Committee, and a
member of the group's Senior Consultative Council.
 The Islamic State of Iraq (ISI), also known as al-Qaeda
in Iraq (AQI), was the Iraqi division of al-Qaeda, and
Al-Baghdadi was announced as its leader on 16 May 2010,
following the death of his predecessor Abu Omar
al-Baghdadi. As the leader of the ISI, al-Baghdadi was
responsible for masterminding large-scale operations such
as 28 August 2011 attack on the Umm al-Qura Mosque in
Baghdad, which killed prominent Sunni lawmaker Khalid
al-Fahdawi. Between March and April 2011, the ISI claimed
23 attacks south of Baghdad, all allegedly carried out under
al-Baghdadi's command.
• Following the death of founder and head of al-Qaeda, Osama
bin Laden, on 2 May 2011, in Abbottabad, Pakistan,
al-Baghdadi released a statement praising bin Laden and
threatening violent retaliation for his death. On 5 May 2011,
al-Baghdadi claimed responsibility for an attack in Hilla, 62
miles south of Baghdad, that killed 24 policemen and
wounded 72 others. Al-Baghdadi remained leader of the ISI
until its formal expansion into Syria in 2013, when in a
statement on 8 April 2013, he announced the formation of the
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)— alternatively
translated from the Arabic as the Islamic State in Iraq and
Syria (ISIS).
Legal Framework and Investigation
of the Crime of Terrorism
1. Legal Definition of Terrorism or Terror Acts
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9372 (AN ACT TO SECURE
THE STATE AND PROTECT OUR PEOPLE FROM
TERRORISM ), otherwise known as “ Human Security Act
of 2007" defined Terrorism as "Any person who commits an
act punishable under any of the following provisions of the
Revised Penal Code:
1. Article 122 (Piracy in General and Mutiny in the High Seas or in
the Philippine Waters);
2. Article 134 (Rebellion or Insurrection);
3. Article 134-a (Coup de etat), including acts committed by private
persons; Article 248 (Murder);
4. Article 267 (Kidnapping and Serious Illegal Detention);
5. Article 324 (Crimes Involving Destruction;
or under;
1. Presidential Decree No. 1613 (The Law on Arson);
2. Republic Act No. 6969 (Toxic Substances and
Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990);
3. Republic Act No. 5207, (Atomic Energy Regulatory and
Liability Act of 1968); 14

As of March 10, 2020, the Philippine Senate has

repealed Republic Act 9374 through the passage of the
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11479 “Anti-Terrorism Act of
2020”; however, its version in the House of Representatives
is still pending in the committee level.
4. Republic Act No. 6235 (Anti-Hijacking Law);
5. Presidential Decree No. 532 (Anti-piracy and Anti- highway
Robbery Law of 1974); and,
6. Presidential Decree No. 1866, as amended (Decree
Codifying the Laws on Illegal and Unlawful Possession,
Manufacture, Dealing in, Acquisition or Disposition of
Firearms, Ammunitions or Explosives)thereby sowing and
creating a condition of widespread and extraordinary fear
and panic among the populace, in order to coerce the
government to give in to an unlawful demand shall be guilty
of the crime of terrorism and shall suffer the penalty of forty
(40) years of imprisonment, without the benefit of parole as
provided for under Act No. 4103, otherwise known as the
Indeterminate Sentence Law, as amended. (Section 1 and 3,
RA 9372)
Persons Liable for the Commission of Terrorism
1. Persons who conspire to commit the crime of terrorism.
2. Any person who, not being a principal under Article 17 of the
Revised Penal Code or a conspirator as defined in Section 4
hereof, cooperates in the execution of either the crime of terrorism
or conspiracy to commit terrorism by previous or simultaneous
acts.
3. Any person who, having knowledge of the commission of the
crime of terrorism or conspiracy to commit terrorism, and without
having participated therein, either as principal or accomplice
under Articles 17 and 18 of the Revised Penal Code, takes part
subsequent to its commission in any of the following manner: (a)
by profiting himself or assisting the offender to profit by the
effects of the crime; (b) by concealing or destroying the body of
the crime, or the effects, or instruments thereof, in order to prevent
its discovery; (c) by harboring, concealing, or assisting in the
escape of the principal or conspirator of the crime.
Notwithstanding the above paragraph, the penalties
prescribed for accessories shall not be imposed upon those who
are such with respect to their spouses, ascendants, descendants,
legitimate, natural, and adopted brothers and sisters, or relatives
by affinity within the same degrees, with the single exception of
accessories falling within the provisions of subparagraph (a).
Drug Trafficking
Definitions
Drug Trafficking/ Illegal Drug Trade. A global black
market activity consisting of production, distribution,
packaging and psychoactive substances.

Drug Trafficking Activities

1. Discovery, plantation, cultivation and harvest
2. Preparation for distribution
3. Manufacture, synthesis and refinement
4. Marketing and distribution
Major Drug Traffic Routes
1. Drugs That Originates from the Golden Crescent:
Afghanistan; Pakistan; Iran & India.
In Southeast Asia, the Golden Crescent is the major
supplier of opium poppy, Marijuana and heroin products in
the Western part of Asia. It produces at least 85% to 90% of
all heroin channeled in the drug underworld market.
2. Golden Triangle: Myanmar (Burma), Laos and Thailand
Approximately 60% of the world's opium is produced,
and 90% in the Eastern part of Asia.
3. The Silver Triangle: Peru; Bolivia and Colombia
Silver Triangle [Peru and Bolivia (70%) and Colombia
(30%)], is the producer of the world's coca leaves and
cocaine based products
Primary Means of Distribution 1.
1. Hierarchical Arrangement. The manufacturer uses his
own men to smuggle, wholesale, store, and distributes
the drugs.
2. Hub-and — Spoke-Layout. Taking advantage of local
gangs and other localized criminal organization. The
Cartel is at the center with satellite organizations that
may provide certain services to the manufacturer, and
then there is a plurality distinct groups, each with its
own chain.
Techniques of Drug Traffickers when Crossing Borders
1. Avoiding border checks by small aircraft and through
overload smuggling routes.
2. Submitting to border checks with the drugs hidden in a
vehicle, between other merchandise, in luggage, in or
under clothes, inside the body, etc.
3. Buying off diplomats to smuggle drugs in diplomatic
mail/luggage to avoid border checks.

Note: — Mule: a lower criminal recruited by a smuggling

organization to cross a border carrying drugs, or sometimes
unknowing person in whose bag or vehicle the drugs are
planted, for the purpose of retrieving them elsewhere.
Philippine Drug Enforcement System (RA 9165 –
The Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002)
Agencies Involved in Drug Enforcement
1. The Dangerous Drug Board [Art. 9 (Sec. 71-81) The DDB which is
under the Office of the President, is the policy -making and
strategy-formulating body in the planning and formulation of policies
and programs on drug prevention and control.
2. The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency [Art. 9 (Sec. 82-86) RA
9165]
An agency created by the virtue of RA 9165 which was enacted into
law on June 7, 2002 and signed into law by President Gloria Macapagal
Arroyo. It is a part of Executive Order No. 61, issued January 15, 1999,
creating the National Drug Enforcement and Prevention Coordinating
Center which is tasked to orchestrate and consolidate all the
government's anti-drug efforts.
PDEA serves as the Implementing arm of the DDB, and is
responsible for the efficient and effective law enforcement of all the
provisions on any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and
essential chemical as provided by the comprehensive Drug Act of 2002.
National Campaign Strategy against Dangerous Drugs
1. Demand Reduction - Refers to the implementation of
preventive education and public information campaigns
to increase awareness of the ill effects of prohibited
drugs. It also includes treatment and rehabilitation of
drug dependents.
2. Supply Reduction - Refers to the activities which
endeavor to reduce the supply side/segment of illegal
drugs to the barest minimum level possible. Activities
are centered to the arrest of drug personalities and
seizure of illegal drugs through intensified police
operations. This is to simultaneously drive the prices of
drugs skyrocketing high and create acute shortage of the
contraband to death knell level.
 Intelligence workshops, neutralization of transnational
and local drug group, arrest of foreign and local drug group,
filing cases in courts, seizures of dangerous drugs,
controlled precursors and essential chemicals, and
laboratory equipment, dismantling of shabu laboratories and
chemical warehouses, precursor control, support activities [(
operation private group) gathering of information regarding
illegal drug activities and personalities in the neighborhood
and community without disclosing the identity of the
informants], monitoring of drug cases, destruction of seized
illegal drugs, and regulatory control.
3. Inter-Agency Cooperation - These are the activities that promote
anti-drug related activities among tasked government agencies in
close coordination with the PDEA, being mandated to lead the
drug enforcement and prevention efforts of the government.
4. International Cooperation - To run after the transnational drugs
syndicates; and plug/minimize the drug traffic to and from the
Philippines. Exchange of information and relevant technologies
that could be used in the anti-drugs campaign are accessed
through the PCTC, INTERPOL, ASEANAPOL, Defense/Military
and Police attaches, embassies, consulates, international NGOs,
like the International Association of chiefs of Police (IACP).
These are the avenues through which international cooperation is
tapped against transnational syndicates and sources of drugs. This
is the natural consequence of the "globalization of the world into a
village".
Activities
a. International interdictions
b. Coordination with Interpol
c. Linkages with the ASEAN community
d. U.N. Anti - drug Convention
Money Laundering
Definitions
Money Laundering. Covers all procedures to change,
obscure or conceal the beneficial ownership or audit trail of
illegally obtained money or valuable so that it appears to
have originated from a legitimate source.
It is a process through which the existence of an illegal
source of unlawful application of illicit gains is concealed
or disguised to make the gains legitimate, thereby helping to
evade detection, prosecution, seizure and taxation.
MONEY LAUNDERING PROCESS
1. Placement. The physical disposal of cash proceeds derived
from the unlawful activity. The aim is to remove cash from
the location of acquisition to avoid detection.
2. Layering. Separating illicit proceeds from their source by
creating complex layers of financial transactions designed to
disguise the source of money, subvert the audit trail and
provide anonymity. The purpose is to disassociate the illicit
proceeds from the unlawful activity by creating intentionally
a complex web of financial transactions aimed at concealing
any audit trail as well as the source and ownership of funds.
3. Integration. The final stage in the process at which the
money is integrated into legitimate economic and financial
systems and is assimilated with all the other assets in the
system.
 Money Laundering Methods
1. Mix dirty money with legitimate funds
2. Use dirty money for legitimate purposes
3. Invest dirty money legitimate business
Some identified methods of money laundering include:
double invoicing; direct cash deposit; back-to- back loans; fake
properties transactions; underworld illicit banking systems;
advocate trial fees; smurfing; and fake gambling earnings. Other
identified methods are: stock exchange bogus transactions;
purchase of shares into holding companies, off-shore companies,
box-letter companies; purchase of shares in private multinational
banks, either directly or through intermediaries; and purchases of
gold, jewelry, luxury items like luxury cars, ships or vessels,
planes, real estate properties, etc.
Historical Background of Money Laundering
Money laundering originated in the 1920's when The American
mafia owned laundromats which were cash businesses. Criminals then
used this laundromats to hide illegal proceeds by investing said money
in the Laundromats business, or mixing illicit funds with clean money.
In 1986, The United States passed the Money Laundering Control
Act (MLCA), and in 1988 the United Nations Convention against
Illicit Trafficking in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances
(VIENNA CONVENTION) made drug money laundering a criminal
offense
In 1989 The G-7 Nations (France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United
Kingdom, United States, and Canada) formed the FINANCIAL
ACTION TASK FORCE (FATF) which were mandated to devise
international standards and policies to combat money laundering.
And in 2000 the United Nations Convention against Transnational
Organized Crime (PALERMO CONVENTION) extended the legal
definition of money laundering to include all serious crimes.
 The Anti-Money Laundering Act (REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9160,
otherwise known as the “Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2001, as
amended by RA 9194, RA10167, & 10365)

Money Laundering Offense

Money laundering is a crime whereby the proceeds of an unlawful
activity (predicate crime) are transacted, thereby making them appear
to have originated from legitimate sources.

Money Laundering is committed as follows:

1. Any person who transacts or attempts to transact with any
monetary instrument knowing that it involves or relates to the
proceed of an unlawful activity
2. Any person who facilitates the commission of money- laundering
as defined in no.1 by knowingly performing or failing to perform
an act
3. Any person who fails to disclose and file a report with AMLC of
any instrument or transaction report as required under the law.
Trafficking in Persons
Definition
The recruitment, transport, transfer, harboring or receipt
of a person by such means as threat or use of force or other
forms of coercion, abduction, fraud or deception for the
purpose of exploitation. It differs from human smuggling
for the latter is mainly about the illegal entry of a person
into a State, and it is understood to include an element of
"consent" or willingness
Core Elements of the Concept of Trafficking 1.
1. The action of trafficking which means the recruitment,
transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons;
2. The means of trafficking which includes threat of or the
use of force, deception, coercion, abuse of power or
position of vulnerability;
3. The purpose of trafficking is always exploitation

Note: Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the

exploitation or the prostitution of others or other forms of
sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or
practices similar to slavery, servitude or removal of organs.
Commonly Identified Form of Human
Trafficking
1. Sexual exploitation
2. Forced labor
3. Domestic servitude and forced marriage;
4. Organ removal; and
5. Exploitation of children in begging, the sex
trade and warfare
Modalities of Trafficking
1. Recruitment: Methods vary, but usually involve
deception or coercion. Generally, traffickers target
persons in harsh living conditions with limited
educational and professional opportunities.
2. Transportation: Traffickers facilitate travel including
help with border crossings, provision of counterfeit
documentation, bribing officials, as required. Depending
on the region and the potential financial gain, various
modes of transportation are used, including via the sea.
3. Control and Exploitation: This is part of the trafficking
scheme. Upon arrival of the country of transit and
destination, victims may times are compelled into slave-
like working conditions, and trafficked women and
children are often forced into prostitution.
They are kept in debt bondage, obliged to pay back heavy debt
arising out of the cost of transport of fake documents, and
often have their passport and money confiscated in order to
control their movements. Women have been found up in
brothels. In many cases, victims of trafficking and even their
relatives back home are subjected to physical threats and
violence.
They may also be sold and pass on among various groups.
This phenomenon coined the expression "Countries of
Circulation," which describes a situation where victims of
trafficking, upon arrival are being passed on among traffickers
and circulated for exploitation in a number of countries.
Anti-Trafficking In Persons
Act Of 2003 [ RA 9208]
The Fight against human trafficking in the Philippines is
guided by REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9208 (ACT TO
INSTITUTE POLICIES TO ELIMINATE TRAFFICKING
IN PERSONS ESPECIALLY WOMEN AND CHILDREN,
ESTABLISHING THE NECESSARY INSTITUTIONAL
MECHANISMS FOR THE PROTECTION AND
SUPPORT OF TRAFFICKED PERSONS, PROVIDING
PENALTIES FOR ITS VIOLATIONS, AND FOR
OTHER)which was enacted on May 26, 2003.
Acts Considered as Trafficking in Persons
The following are considered as an act of trafficking in persons, to wit:
1. Recruiting, transporting, transferring; harboring, providing, or
receiving a person by any means, including those done under the
pretext of domestic or overseas employment or training or
apprenticeship, for the purpose of prostitution, pornography,
sexual exploitation, forced labor, slavery, involuntary servitude or
debt bondage;
2. Introducing or matching for money, profit, or material, economic
or other consideration, any person or, as provided for under
Republic Act No. 6955, any Filipino woman to a foreign national,
for marriage for the purpose of acquiring, buying, offering, selling
or trading him/her to engage in prostitution, pornography, sexual
exploitation, forced labor, slavery, involuntary servitude or debt
bondage;
3. Offering or contracting marriage, real or simulated, for the
purpose of acquiring, buying, offering, selling, or trading them to
engage in prostitution, pornography, sexual exploitation, forced
labor or slavery, involuntary servitude or debt bondage;
4. Undertaking or organizing tours and travel plans consisting
of tourism packages or activities for the purpose of utilizing
and offering persons for prostitution, pornography or sexual
exploitation;
5. Maintaining or hiring a person to engage in prostitution or
pornography;
6. Adopting or facilitating the adoption of persons for the
purpose of prostitution, pornography, sexual exploitation,
forced labor, slavery, involuntary servitude or debt bondage;
7. Recruiting, hiring, adopting, transporting or abducting a
person, by means of threat or use of force, fraud, deceit,
violence, coercion, or intimidation for the purpose of
removal or sale of organs of said person; and
8. Recruiting, transporting or adopting a child to engage in
armed activities in the Philippines or abroad.
Acts that Promote Trafficking in Persons
1. Knowingly lease or sublease, use or allow to be used any house,
building or establishment for the purpose of promoting trafficking
in persons;
2. Produce, print and issue or distribute unissued, tampered or fake
counseling certificates, registration stickers and certificates of any
government agency which issues these certificates and stickers as
proof of compliance with government regulatory and
pre-departure requirements for the purpose of promoting
trafficking in persons;
3. Advertise, publish, print, broadcast or distribute, or cause the
advertisement, publication, printing, broadcasting or distribution
by any means, including the use of information technology and
the internet, of any brochure, flyer, or any propaganda material
that promotes trafficking in persons;
4. Assist in the conduct of misrepresentation or fraud for purposes of
facilitating the acquisition of clearances and necessary exit
documents from government agencies that are mandated to
provide pre-departure registration and services for departing
persons for the purpose of promoting trafficking in persons;
5. Facilitate, assist or help in the exit and entry of persons
from/to the country at international and local airports,
territorial boundaries and seaports who are in possession
of unissued, tampered or fraudulent travel documents
for the purpose of promoting trafficking in persons;
6. Confiscate, conceal, or destroy the passport, travel
documents, or personal documents or belongings of
trafficked persons in furtherance of trafficking or to
prevent them from leaving the country or seeking
redress from the government or appropriate agencies;
and
7. Knowingly benefit from, financial or otherwise, or make
use of, the labor or services of a person held to a
condition of involuntary servitude, forced labor, or
slavery.
Qualified Trafficking in Persons
The following are considered as qualified trafficking:
1. When the trafficked person is a child;
2. When the adoption is effected through Republic Act No.
8043, otherwise known as the “Inter-Country Adoption
Act of 1995" and said adoption is for the purpose of
prostitution, pornography, sexual exploitation, forced
labor, slavery, involuntary servitude or debt bondage;
3. When the crime is committed by a syndicate, or in large
scale. Trafficking is deemed committed by a syndicate if
carried out by a group of three (3) or more persons
conspiring or confederating with one another. It is
deemed committed in large scale if committed against
three (3) or more persons, individually or as a group;
4. When the offender is an ascendant, parent, sibling,
guardian or a person who exercises authority over the
trafficked person or when the offense is committed by a
public officer or employee;
5. When the trafficked person is recruited to engage in
prostitution with any member of the military or law
enforcement agencies;
6. When the offender is a member of the military or law
enforcement agencies; and
7. When by reason or on occasion of the act of trafficking
in persons, the offended party dies, becomes insane,
suffers mutilation or is afflicted with Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) or the Acquired
Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
Cybercrimes
Definition
Cybercrime. The commission of a
criminal acts using the instruments of
modern technology such as computers
and the internet.
Types of Cybercrimes
1. Cyber theft. Use of cyberspace to either distribute
illegal goods or services or to defraud people for quick
profits. E.g. Illegal copyright infringement, identity
theft, internet securities fraud, warez.
2. Cyber vandalism. Use of cyberspace for revenge,
destruction, and to achieve a malicious intent. E.g.
Website defacement, worms, viruses, cyber stalking,
cyber bullying.
3. Cyber terrorism. An effort by covert forces to disrupt
the intersection where the virtual electronic reality of
computers meets the physical world. E.g. Logic bombs
use to disrupt or destroy "secure" systems or network,
Internet used to communicate covertly with agents
around the world.
The Cybercrime Prevention
Act of 2012 [RA 10175]
REPUBLIC ACT 10175 AN ACT DEFINING
CYBERCRIME, PROVIDING FOR THE PREVENTION,
INVESTIGATION, SUPPRESSION AND THE
IMPOSITION OF PENALTIES THEREFOR AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES [ Cybercrime Prevention Act of
2012].

APPROVED: September 12, 2012

PUNISHABLE ACTS
1. Offenses against the confidentiality, integrity and
availability of computer data system, such as: illegal
access, illegal interception, data interference, system
interference, misuse devices, and cybersquatting.
2. Computer-related offenses, such: as computer-related
forgery, computer related fraud, and computer-related
identity theft.
3. Content-related offenses, such as: cybersex, child
pornography, unsolicited commercial communications,
and libel.
4. Other offenses, such as: aiding or abetting in the
commission of cybercrime, and attempt in the
commission of cybercrime {Sections 4 & 5}.
PRESERVATION AND DISCLOSURE OF COMPUTER
DATA
Preservation of computer data by service provider: Minimum
period of 6 months from the date of transaction.

Preservation of the content data: 6 months from the date of

receipt of the order from law enforcement authorities requiring
its preservation

Disclosure of computer data: Within 72 hours from receipt of

the order in relation to a valid complaint officially docketed for
investigation. {Section 13 & 14}

Note: Service provider – refers to any public private entity that

provides to users of its service the ability to communicate by
means of computer system; any other entity that process or
stores computer data on behalf of such communication service or
users of such service.
POWERS AND DUTIES OF LAW ENFORCEMENT
AUTHORITIES DURING THE SEARCH, SEIZURES
AND EXAMINATION OF COMPUTER DATA 1.
1. To secure a computer system or a computer data storage
system
2. To make and retain a copy of those computer data
secured
3. To maintain the integrity of the relevant stored computer
data
4. To conduct forensic analysis or examination of the
computer data storage medium
5. To render inaccessible or remove those computer data in
the accessed computer and communications network
{Section 15}.
CUSTODY OF THE COMPUTER DATA: Deposited under the
custody of the court within 48 hours after the examination as provided
by the warrant {Section 16}.

JURISDICTION: Regional Trial Court [Special Cybercrime Court]

{Section 21}.

THE CYBERCRIME INVESTIGATION AND COORDINATING

CENTER: Under the Administrative supervision of the OPRES for
policy coordination among concerned agencies and for the formulation
and enforcement of the national cybersecurity plan { Section 24}

COMPOSITION OF THE CICC {Sec 25}

Chairperson - Executive Director of the Information and
Communications Technology, Department of Science and Technology
(ICTO-DOST)
Vice Chairperson - NBI Director
Members - PNP Chief, Head of the DOJ Office of Cybercrime and 1
representative from the private sector and academe.
Effects of Transnational Crime to Police Service
With globalization, commission of transnational crimes
across borders is facilitated, and the need for bilateral and
international cooperation become now imperative. It also
indicates that policing should be more current and effective.
Police should gain insights into how to deal with these new
breeds of crimes. Best practices maybe adopted from other
police models. The goal is to test whether the theory and
practice in policing needs innovation to meet the demands
of the present trends in crime fighting.
The Fight Against Transnational Crime
The key struggle against transnational crime is dynamic
cooperation base upon:
1. Mutual trust;
2. Common perception of the threat;
3. Realization that crime must be influence beyond
national borders;
4. Understanding of the limitations of domestic
intervention and unilateral action; and
5. Signaled attention to work with other interested nations
in the interest of protecting national integrity and
sovereignty.
UN Convention Against Transnational Crime
Features:
a. Creation of domestic criminal offenses to combat the
problem;
b. Adoption of new, sweeping frameworks for mutual legal
assistance, extradition, law enforcement cooperation,
technical assistance and training.

UN Protocols on Specific Areas of Transnational Organized

Crime
Features:
a. Protocol to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking in
persons, especially women and children;
b. Protocol against smuggling of migrants by land, air and sea;
and
c. Protocol against the illicit manufacturing of and trafficking
of firearms, its parts, components and ammunition.
Philippine Response to Transnational Crimes
The Creation of the Philippine Center for Transnational Crime
(PCTC)
Legal Basis
1. Executive Order No.62 Series of 1999 (January 15,1999) -
PCTC is created to establish a shared database among concerned
agencies for information on criminals, methodologies, arrest and
conviction on transnational crime in all its forms.
2. Executive Order No.100 Series of 1999 (May 7, 1999),
Executive No.295 (September 28, 2002) and Executive Order
No.146 (October 22, 2002) - strengthen the operational,
administrative and information support system of the PCTC.
Under these EO's, the center shall exercise general supervision
and control over the following:
1. Loop Center of the National Action Committee on Anti – Hijacking
and Terrorism (NACAHT)
2. International Criminal Police Organization ICPO-INTERPOL-NCB
Manila, which has been reconstituted to serve as the national liaison
office and main coordinating body for international police
cooperation against transnational crime. 50
 3. Police attaches of the Philippine National Police, and 4.)
4. Political attaches/counselors for security matters of the
Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG).

Four Major Concerns of PCTC

2. Information Exchange
3. Strategic Studies
4. Capacity Building
5. Law Enforcement Coordination
Activities of the PCTC to underscore its Role in the Fight
Against Transnational Crimes
1. Strong Regional Coordination - the PCTC serves as a focal
point in seeking the assistance and support of member
countries in the ASEAN and Asia Pacific Regions by
strengthening international cooperation.
2. Support to the United Nations – PCTC is involved in the
drafting of the main text of the UN Convention against
Transnational Crime and other related protocols.
3. Capacity Building of Local Government Units PCTC
conducts simulation exercises to assist local government
units in the country in coping with the issues and concerns
relative to crisis situation.
4. National Cooperation - PCTC host various technical
working group meetings formulating proposed legislation.
PCTC's Command and Control
1. The PCTC is under the office of the President but
placed under the general supervision and control of the
National Security Adviser
2. The Executive Director has immediate supervision and
control over all units of PCTC. As such he is authorized
to designate duties and functions of all units and
Personnel of the PCTC; and
3. The Executive Director has direct operational and
supervisory authority over personnel and resources
detailed with PCTC.
 Presently the PCTC have two (2) Executive Offices and four
(4) Directorates:
Executive Offices:
1. Office of the Executive Director (OED)
2. Office of the Deputy Executive Director (ODED) who also
act as chairman of the Committee on Decorum, Grievance
Committee, and ravel Board Personnel Selection and
Recruitment Committee, and Travel Board Personnel
Selection and Recruitment Committee

Directorates:
1. Directorate for Support Services (DSS) – performs its
functions through its Administrative Divisions, Security
Service Division, and Budget and Finance Division
2. Directorate for Operations (DO) — performs its
functions through its Case Management Division,
INTERPOL Command and Coordination Division,
Capacity Building Division, and Investigation and
International Notices Division Fugitive
3. Directorate for Research (DR) – performs its functions
through its six (6) Division namely:
a. Public Safety and Terrorism Division
b. Drugs and Criminal Organization Division
c. Financial And High-Tech Crimes Division
d. Special Crimes Division
e. Human Trafficking and Smuggling Division
f. Information and Technology Division
4. Directorate for Plans and Policies - performs its
functions through its three (3) Division namely: a)
a. Strategic Research Division
b. Policy Formulation Division
c. International Cooperation Division
Legislative Responses Against Specific Transnational Crimes
1. Public Safety and Terrorism: RA 9372 - Human Security
Act of 2007; RA 6969 - Toxic Substances and Hazardous
and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990; PD 532 – Anti –
Piracy and Anti-Highway Robbery Law of 1974; PD 1866 as
amended by RA 8294 - Decree Codifying the Law on
Illegal/ Unlawful Possession, Manufacture, Dealing In,
Acquisition or Disposition of Firearms, Ammunition and
Explosives; RA 9851 – Philippine Act on Crimes against
International Humanitarian Law, Genocide, and Other
Crimes Against Humanity; and RA 10168 – Law that
Punishes Terrorist Financing
2. Trafficking of Human Beings: RA 9208 - Anti-Trafficking
in Persons Act of 2003; RA 8042 - Migrant Workers and
Overseas Filipino Workers Act (Illegal Recruitment); RA
8043 - Inter – Country Adoption Act; RA 6955 – Anti Mail
Order Bride Act; RPC, Article 272 - Slavery; and RPC,
Article 341 - White Slave Trade
3. Financial and High-Tech Crimes: RA 9160 as amended
by RA 9194, RA 10167 & RA 10365 Anti-Money
Laundering Act of 2001; RA 8484 Access Devices
Regulation Act; RA 8792 - Electronic Commerce Act of
2000; RA 4200 - Anti - Wire Tapping Law; RA. 10175 -
Cybercrime Act of 2012.
4. Drug Trafficking/Smuggling: RA 9165 – The
Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002 as
amended by RA 10640
 PNP Agreements with ASEAN Police Organizations
1. Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the PNP and
KNPA; September 10, 2013 in South Korea which covers
cooperation in crime information exchange, capacity building,
exchange in law enforcement technology, studies on the
prevention and control of illicit drug trafficking, terrorism, arms
smuggling, human trafficking, cybercrimes, money laundering,
international economic crimes and banking offenses, and forgery,
among others. It also provides establishment of Police Liaison
Desks in the PNP and KNPA to facilitate police assistance to
Filipino nationals.

2. Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the PNP and the

Indonesian National Police (INP) to expand regional inter-agency
cooperation against transnational crimes on March 8, 2011 at the
Istana Merdeka in Jakarta. The agreement covers the following
crimes: drug trafficking, terrorism, arms smuggling, human
trafficking, maritime piracy, cybercrimes, commercial crimes,
bank offenses, credit card fraud, fraudulent travel documents, and
other forms of commercial and financial fraud.
CHAPTER 4
ASEAN POLICE MODELS
Learning Objectives:

At the end of the chapter, the student will be able to:

• Present the policing models in the ASEAN;
• Compare the different policing models in the ASEAN;
and
• Discuss the history and evolution of the various policing
models in the ASEAN region.
 The Philippines is one of the founding members of the
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
Likewise, it has active diplomatic relations with these
neighboring countries. The countries in the ASEAN region
are beset by transnational organized crimes. Thus promotion
of regional cooperation among their police forces is a
necessity. This chapter presents the basic features of police
system among ASEAN member-states.
BRUNEI
Brunei is located in Southeastern Asia, on the northwest corner of
the Island of Borneo in the South China Sea bordering Malaysia. It
covers 5,770 square kilometers and have an estimated population of
500,000. About 40% of its workforce is foreign workers; crude oil and
natural gas account for nearly half of its gross domestic product.
Brunei is a Constitutional Sultanate and the same family has ruled
it for over six centuries. It has been a British Protectorate in 1888 and
full independence was achieved on January 1, 1984.
Its legal system is based on English Common Law; for Muslims,
Sharia Law supersedes civil law in a number of areas. The Sultan is
both the head of State and head of the Government. Cabinet, appointed
and presided over by the Monarch, deals with executive matters. There
is also a Religious Council, whose members are appointed by the
Monarch, passes laws.
 The Royal Brunei Police (RBP), founded in 1906, is
one of the oldest institutions in the country. It was Officially
established in 1921 and was renamed Royal Brunei Police
in 1965.
Since independence in 1984, the RBP has been headed
by the Monarch, who is the Inspector General of Police.
Directly subordinate to the Monarch is the Commissioner of
Police, who manages the RPB headquarters, assisted by a
Deputy Commissioner of Police and Secretariat. The office
includes five (5) main departments: Administration and
Finance, Operations, Criminal Investigation and
Intelligence, Logistics, and Traffic Control. Directly
subordinate to the Commissioner are Commanders of six
(6) Regional Police Districts.
 BRP's Official Mission is, "To maintain law and order
in accordance with powers conferred by any written law
of the land in most professional manner”.
Entrance age in BRP is 18 years old and retirement age
is 60 years old. The minimum physical requirements is not
less than 5'6” in height for male, and not less than 5'4" for
female. Moreover, male should weigh not exceeding 60kgs,
and for the female, not exceeding 55kgs. Academic
requirement should be at least Brunei Junior Certificate of
Education (BJCE).
Training period is nine (9) months, involving the
study of Brunei law, physical fitness, and arms and feet
drills. The posting is after gaining three (3) year-probation,
with 12-16 weeks of refresher course thereafter.
RANKING SYSTEM
Inspector General of Police
Deputy Inspector General of Police
Commissioner
Deputy Commissioner
Senior Assistant Commissioner
Assistant Commissioner
Senior Superintendent
Deputy Superintendent
Chief Inspector
Senior Inspector
Inspector
Probationary Inspector
Cadet Inspector
Sergeant Major
Staff Sergeant
Sergeant
Corporal
Lance Corporal
CAMBODIA
Cambodia, in Southeast Asia, is bordered by Thailand,
Laos, and Vietnam. It has an area of 181,040 and have an
estimated population of 15 million. It was a French
protectorate from the mid-19th century on and struggled
against colonial powers from the time of the Second World
War until 1953, when France granted it independence.
Although Cambodia was independent, Vietnamese forces
used the eastern part of the country as a base for operations
in the 1960s, result in air attacks from U.S. forces.
Cambodia is a monarchy until it was deposed in
mid-1970 leading to a 5-year Khmer republic. A major
tragedy in Cambodia's history was Pol Pot's 3-year
totalitarian reign of terror, form 1975-1978, during which
more than 1.7 million Cambodians were killed.
 When Pol Pot's regime was displaced by invading
Vietnamese forces, over half million people fled toward
Thailand, creating a humanitarian disaster. However, upon
the Vietnamese's withdrawal and commencement of
negotiations, the United Nations assisted Cambodia in
holding elections, and it became a multiparty liberal
democracy in the framework of a Constitutional Monarchy.
The police force in Cambodia was created in 1980,
naming it People's Police of Cambodia with a mandate of
securing cities and towns, keeping the peace, and pursuing
justice for citizens. Its main priority however, is to secure
urban areas and tracking down enemies within its territories.
Like the military, they are heavily armed and battle ready.
 On July 14, 1994, the military created a gendarmerie,
the military Police (MP). In addition to policing the
military, the MP's duties included enforcing law and order
for civilians. This new force was well trained and
disciplined, and its organization was rigidly structured. The
MP gained popularity, and people started to turn to the MP
for assistance and to report crime. Due to the division of
policing authority, competition ensued between the agencies
over who should have responsibility for a civilian
enforcement. In 2002, the government ended the PM's law
enforcement role over civilians.
At present, the National Police of Cambodia under the
Ministry of Internal Affairs is the sole policing authority in
Cambodia. It is organized into six (6) central departments
and four (4) autonomous units.
 The central departments are: security, transport, public
order, border, administrative and judicial. And the
autonomous units are: Interpol Unit, headquarters Unit,
Intervention Unit, and Drug Enforcement Unit. Its mission
is to work together to serve and protect the people.
The National Police of Cambodia is headed by a
Commissioner General who holds a rank of General.
Entrance age is 23 to 36 years old, high school graduate,
5'5" in height for male and 5'3" for female. They are retired
at the age of 65 years old. Moreover, their mode of
selection is family based which means that priority is
given to applicants with parents of either father or mother
is serving in the Cambodian police force. Recruits
undergo rigorous combat training in Cambodian police
camps.
RANKING SYSTEM
General
Lieutenant General
Major General
Brigadier General
Colonel
Lieutenant Colonel
Major
Captain
1st Lieutenant
2nd Lieutenant
Chief Warrant Officer
Warrant Officer
Sergeant Major
First Sergeant
Staff Sergeant
INDONESIA
Indonesia is the world's largest archipelago, composing
17,000,440 islands over 1,919,440 kilometers between the Indian and
North Pacific Oceans. Its population is estimated at 240 million. It was
a Dutch colony that was occupied by the Japanese during World War
II. After the war, a strong independence movement finally succeeded
in gaining independence from the Netherlands in 1949.
The Indonesian National Police (Polisi Republik Indonesia as
POLRI) from the 1960s until 1998 was a branch of the Armed Forces,
reporting to the Ministry of Defense until it was separated from the
military in 1999.
Presently, the POLRI is a centralized national bureaucracy directly
under the office of the President. It is headed by the Chief of
Indonesian National Police with the Rank of General, who is assisted
by subordinate commanders deployed in formulations and throughout
the country.
 Geographically, it is divided into Regional Commands called
Polda, which reported to territorial headquarters. The Poldas are
further subdivided into Districts called Polres, Subdistricts called
Polsek, Community Police Office called Polmas in the village
levels. The capital Jakarta however, has its own districts with
subdivisions into precincts, sections and police posts.
Operationally, it is divided into departments for intelligence
and security (INTEL-PAM), criminal investigation (RESERSE),
patrol SAMAPTA), traffic LANTAS), and community guidance
(BIMMAS). These units are reinforced by air, marine, a
paramilitary unit (BRIMOB) and technical services
One of the biggest subdivisions is Brimob (Indonesian
Police Mobil Brigade, or Brigade Mobil), a paramilitary unit that
acts as an elite emergency squad for situations requiring large
numbers under a cohesive command such as crowd and riot
control.
 Entry age with the POLRI is 18 years old and retirement
is 45, which may be extended up to 58. They are required to
be at least high school graduate or college graduate, and
must undergo 11 months of police training.
Police volunteer (which is part of Indonesian policing
system) applicants are required to have at least sixth-grade
education and to pass a competitive examination. After
three years of service, personnel with junior
secondary-school diplomas could enter training as
non-commissioned officers.
One aspect of policing that has taken into account the
decentralization of the force is the recruitment of police to
serve in their home areas, although the officers above the
rank of lieutenant may not have the choice over where they
are deployed.
 POLRI has a police-to - population ratio of around 1 police officer to 526
civilians, and adopted a Dutch style Ranking System, to wit:
LAOS
Laos is located in the heart of the Indochinese peninsula in
Southeast Asia, bordered by China, Myanmar (formerly Burma),
Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia. The country covers a total of
236,800 square kilometers, 75% of which is mountains and
plateaus. The capital and largest city is Vientiane. The country is
divided into 16 provinces. It remains extremely poor; with 85%
of the population relying upon subsistence agriculture. Laos
remains governed by one-party communist rule. Although in
1986 the government began to adopt market-based economic
policies, there is general reluctance to embrace far-reaching
reforms.
 Royal Lao Police is divided into several branches of service
which comprise a plainclothes criminal investigation department,
urban constabulary, regional gendarmerie and a
counter-insurgency armed support unit. All these formations are
answerable to the Laotian Ministry of public Security (formerly
the Ministry of Interior) who shares responsibility for internal
security with the Ministry of Defense's security forces and with
movements organized and controlled by the Laotian People's
Republic Party.
The mission of the Royal Lao Police is to ensure nationwide
security social order and prevention, detection and investigation
of crime. There are not formal educational requirements for
entry to the police service but it is open graduates.
Recruitment and selection procedures are managed by police
forces at a local level, although a nationally agreed
competency-based framework is applied. Training is 12 weeks or
3 months.
RANKING SYSTEM
Major General (Director of the Royal Lao Police)
Brigadier General
Colonel
Lieutenant-Colonel
Major
Captain
1st Lieutenant
2nd Lieutenant
Sergeant Major
Master Sergeant
Sergeant 1st Class
Staff Sergeant
Sergeant
Corporal
Patrolman 1st Class
Patrolman
MALAYSIA
Malaysia is located on the southern part of the South
Asian peninsula (between Thailand and Singapore), as well
as on northern third of the island of Borneo (bordering
Indonesia and Brunei). It has a total area of 329,750 square
kilometers and a population of about 25 million, of whom
two thirds live in the lowlands of Peninsular Malaysia.
Malays, who are Muslim by constitutional definition,
are politically dominant. The second ethnic group is
Chinese, who make up approximately 25% of the
population. Finally, 7% of the population are Indians. The
population on North Borneo consists of more than 50%
indigenous ethnic groups.
 European forays into southeast Asia began with the
Portuguese conquest of Malacca, and the region traded hand
back and forth between the Dutch and British before being
united as the Colony of the Straits Settlements in 1824
(comprising Malacca, Penang and Singapore). Territories in the
South Asian Peninsula negotiated independence from the British
in 1948 as the Federation of Malaysia; they were joined by the
former colonies of Singapore, Sarawak, and Sabah (North
Borneo) in 1963. Singapore withdraw from the Federation in
1965 and became independent.
At present, Malaysia is a federation of 13 States and 3
Federal Territories; the federal government remains responsible
for internal security. It is a constitutional Monarchy, with Islam
as the state religion, but Kings are elected to 5-year terms from
the sultans of the peninsular States. Prime Ministreas are chosen
from and by the majority party in the lower house of Malaysia's
bicameral legislature. Much of the administration, including the
legal system, was inherited from British Common Law.
ROYAL MALAYSIAN POLICE (RMP) POLIS
DIRAJA MALAYSIA
In British colonial times, each State had its own police
force. As the impetus for independence grew, the different
forces united, and the first federal police force in Malaysia
was created in 1946. The Royal Malaysian Police was
officially established at the time of independence in 1963.
Police Structure and Organization
The RMP is subordinate to the Ministry of Home
Affairs and is headed by an Inspector General who reports
to the Minister. Work of the police is also supervised by the
Royal Malaysian Police force Commission (RMPFC),
chaired by the Home Minister but with the participation of
other relevant officials, including the Inspector General.
The RMP is highly centralized; each of Malaysia's 13 States
has a force that is subordinate to the federal-level RMP. At
the federal level, four directors who have the rank of
Commissioner of Police control the Management, Criminal
Investigation, internal Security and Public Order, and the
Special Branch Departments who are task to collect, process
and disseminate intelligence information.
Organization
Department Involved in Administration:
1. Management Department tasked with routine
management and administration affairs of RMP. The
nerve center of the RMP and act as support service
platform for the rest of the force.
2. Logistics Department – Provide several equipment
needed by the RMP.
Department Involved in Crime Prevention and Suppression:
1. Criminal Investigation Division
2. Narcotics Criminal Investigation Division
3. Internal Security and Public Order Department Maintains
public security and order. Also responsible for traffic control
and search and rescue operations.
4. Special Branch – collects intelligence for national security
that are related to domestic and external threats, and intercept
activities by extremist group.
5. Commercial Crime Investigation Department investigates,
arrests, and prosecutes offenders committing white collar
crimes such as fraud, breach of trust, cybercrimes, forgery,
counterfeiting etc.
Units Under the Internal Security and Public Order Department:
1. General Operation Force – The paramilitary of RMP which provides VIP
security. b.
2. Police Counter Terrorist Unit:
1. Pasukan Gerukan Khas — major elite force of RMP under the command of
senior assistant commissioner II. —
2. Unit Gempur Marine (UNGERIN) handle threats and attacks in national
waters.
3. Federal Reserve Unit (Pasukan Sumpanan Persekutuan) suppresses and
dismisses riots and illegal assemblies. Also task with Public Control;
Response with pre and post chemical, biological, radiological, and
nuclear threats; Disaster Rescue Assistance; Crime Prevention; and
Massive Operation.
4. Implementation System - assigned to patrol, and equipped with CCTV
system.
5. Mounted Police Unit
6. Traffic Branch
7. Marine Operation Force - tasked with maintaining law and order and
coordinating search and rescue operation in Penang and Johor.
8. Malaysian Control Center
9. Royal Malaysian Police Air Unit - look after national security through
surveillance and patrol from the air.
Recruitment and Training
Applicants can enter the police force at three levels: as
Constable, Probationary Inspector, or assistant superintendent.
Constable are required to be Malaysian citizens between the ages
of 18 and 28 years, they must have secondary education. And
they must be in good physical shape. Candidate recruits attend 6
months of training at the Police Training Center in Kuala
Lumpur. Those who otherwise meet the requirements who have a
diploma or high school education certificate can be candidates
for probationary inspectors. A Bachelor's Degree is required to
enter as an Assistant Superintendent. Candidates for these
positions also attend the 6 months of training at the Police
Training Center, but are given an additional 3 months of
advanced training at the royal Malaysian Police College.
RANKING SYSTEM
Inspector - General of Police (IGP)
Deputy Inspector - General of Police (DIGP)
Commissioner of Police (CP)
Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP)
Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police I (SAC I)
Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police II (SAC II)
Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP)
Superintendent of Police (SP)
Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP)
Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP)
Chief Inspector (C/Insp)
Sub - Inspector (SI)
Sergeant Major (SM)
Sergeant (Sgt)
Corporal (Cpl)
Lance Corporal (L/Cpl)
Constable (PC)
MYANMAR
Myanmar is squeezed between India and Bangladesh to its west,
and China, Laos, and Thailand to its east. Myanmar, formerly Burma,
occupies 678,500 square kilometers along the Bay Bengal, and has an
approximate population of 45 million people. As part of India until
1937, it was British Colony until 1948. Thus, created modeled on
British precedent. Burma's military rulers changed the country's name
to Myanmar in 1989; this name change was not recognized by the
democratically elected parliament and has not been universally
recognized by other countries.
Formally known as the People's Police Force in 1995, Myanmar
Police Force was established in 1964 as an independent department
under the Ministry of Home Affairs. It is commanded by a Director
General, whose rank is major general. His deputy, who holds the rank
of Brigadier General, is responsible for command, control, and
supervision of the police throughout the country
ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURES
Headquarters
State and Division Police Forces
Special Forces consisting of Special Branch and Criminal
Investigation
Department, Railways Police Department, and the City
Development Department
Training Centers
Reserve Units
Police Battalions
 There are 14 State and Divisional Police Forces and
three additional State/Division Police Forces which are
commanded by Police Colonels. Divisional Police Forces
are then divided into District Police Force which may be
Class A, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel and Class B,
commanded by Police Majors. Township Police Force is
commanded by Police Captains, and Police Stations
commanded by Police Lieutenants.
Police Battalions are specialized units offering security
in urban areas where unrest threatens public buildings. They
directly report to the Police General Director Entrance age
is 18; 5'6" in height for male and 5'4” for female; 65
kilograms for male and 56 kilograms for female. Recruits
shall undergo trainings on the following training centers
with their corresponding duration period
Training Centers 1.
1. Central Training Institute of Myanmar Police Force
2. No.1 Police Training Depot which undertakes Basic
Training Course for Police Sergeant for 2 years;
Warrant Officer and Police Sergeants Course for 12
Weeks; and Basic Training Course for Constables for 6
Months.
3. No. 2 Police Training Depot which conducts only Basic
Training Course for Constables, completed within
around 6 months.
MPF RANKING SYSTEM
Police Major General
Police Brigadier General
Police Colonel
Police Lieutenant Colonel
Police Major (Township Police Commander)
Police Captain (Deputy Township Police Commander)
Police Lieutenant (Station Commander)
Police Second Lieutenant
Police Warrant Officer
Police Sergeant
Police Corporal
Police Lance Corporal
PHILIPPINES
The Philippines is an archipelago east of Vietnam and
north of Malaysia and Indonesia in the Philippine Sea. The
islands of the Philippines cover an area of 298,170 square
kilometers and have a population of 120,000,000 people. It
was a Spanish colony until 1898, then ceded to the United
States, and became independent in 1946. It is a democratic
and republican State, which administratively divided into
provinces, cities and municipalities. Some provinces are
organized into geographical regions.
 The history of the police forces of the Philippines can be
traced during the reigns of the Pre-Hispanic Lakans, Datus and
Sultans in the Islands, which it was divided into political units
called the Barangay. Each barangay was headed or ruled by a
Datu whose responsibility, aside from exercising all the powers
– executive, legislative and judicial was to maintain peace and
order within his jurisdiction. The Datu designated from among
his warriors a chief warrior who, together with some
subordinates were charged with the duty to enforce the decrees,
customs and traditions as well as practices and usages. The chief
warrior was then in effect the chief of police. When the
Spaniards came, personnel of the Spanish Army and local
militias were tasked with policing duties in local communities.
Also local branch of the Civil Guard was officially established.
Starting from a single division, during the Revolutionary period
it grew into a corps of military police with detachments in Luzon
and the Visayas.
 With the beginning of American rule and the
Philippine-American War, the Philippine Constabulary was
established in 1901 as the national gendarmerie force for law
enforcement, directly reporting to the American government. At
the same time, what is now the Manila Police District came into
existence as the nation's first city police force.
By virtue of Republic Act 6975, the Philippine National
Police (PNP) came into existence under the National Police
Commission. The PNP is national in scope and civilian in
character, being a community and service oriented agency
responsible for the maintenance of peace and order and public
safety. It was organized to ensure accountability and uprightness
in police exercise of discretion as well as to achieve efficiency
and effectiveness of its members and units in the performance of
their functions.
Recruitment and Training
Candidates for the PNP must be Philippine citizens of
good moral conduct, sound mind and body, and must be a
baccalaureate degree holder, possess eligibility recognized
by the National Police Commission. They must meet height
and weight requirements, and must be between the ages of
21 to 30 years old.
On April 12, 2019, President Rodrigo Roa Duterte
signed into law Republic Act 11279 that transferred the
control of the Philippine National Police Academy as well
as the National Police Training Institute (NPTI) from the
Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC) to the Philippine
National Police.
NEW PNP RANKING SYSTEM
Commissioned Officers
Police General (PGEN)
Police Lieutenant General (PLTGEN)
Police Major General (PMGEN)
Police Brigadier General (PBGEN)
Police Colonel (PCOL)
Police Lieutenant Colonel (PLTCOL)
Police Major (PMAJ) Police Captain (PCPT)
Police Lieutenant (PLT)
Non-Commissioned Officers
Police Executive Master Sergeant (PEMS)
Police Chief Master Sergeant (PCMS)
Police Senior Master Sergeant (PSMS)
Police Master Sergeant (PMSg)
Police Staff Sergeant (PSSg)
Police Corporal (PCpl)
Patrolman / Patrolwoman (Pat)
SINGAPORE
Singapore is a small island city-state, occupying 693
square kilometers on islands between Malaysia and
Indonesia. Its population is approximately 5 million people.
It was a British colony that briefly joined with Malaysia and
then became independent in 1965. Singapore is one of the
most prosperous countries in Asia, with a gross domestic
product that rival many Western European countries.
Foreign investment is aided by its largely corruption-free
government, skilled work force, and highly developed
infrastructure. Manufacturing (mostly electronics,
biomedical and chemical industries) and financial services
drive the economy. Singapore also boasts a low crime rate.
SINGAPORE POLICE FORCE
The Singapore Police Force which is under the
Ministry of Internal Affairs is headed by a Police
commissioner who has a Deputy and a Director for Special
Duties. Six (6) Regional Police Divisions report directly to
the Police Commissioner, as do specialized Units. The Staff
Department coordinates administrative functions such as
manpower, planning, public Affairs, organizing
Technology, as well as encompassing the Criminal
Investigation Department, the Police national Service
Department, the Operations Department, and the VIP
protection Services.
 In Singapore, able bodied male citizens must serve 12
months of national service. Some of them are deployed in the
police where they will be assigned into five functional groups,
namely:
1. Key installation
2. Patrol and Neighborhood Post 3.
3. Light Strike force 4.
4. Headquarters Staff 5.
5. Service and support Reinforcement Troops.
Police national servicemen can also be deployed into
leadership position.
Singapore's police is strongly oriented toward community
service. More than 50% of resolved crimes were solved with the
assistance of the public. Part of this was achieved by introducing
a system of neighborhood police centers, centralized stations
where citizens are able to have their needs addressed under a
single roof.
 One of the strategic initiative to enhance the police's
partnership with the community is the Community Safety
and Security Program (CSSP). Projects that are part of this
program include care and support programs for crime
victims, youth at risk, and foreign domestic workers, as well
as initiatives such as safe drive zones and neighborhood
watch zones.
In 2002, a museum of the police, the Police Heritage
Center, was opened in Singapore to create an awareness of
the genesis, development and milestones of the police and
foster a sense of awareness between the police and the
community. It also maintains archives and records of the
police.
Recruitment, Selection and Training
Police Officers enter the force at the rank of corporal or sergeant,
depending on educational qualifications, which must include passing at least
five secondary school exams. A senior police officer's initial rank also
depends on education, which must consist of a college degree. Likewise,
candidates for the force must meet requirements for height, weight, eyesight,
and education. Singapore citizens or permanent residents at least 18 years
old.
New recruits are trained in a 6-month Police Officer basic course at a
residential academy. Recruits undergo physical training, as well as training in
weapons used, unarmed combat fighting and basic foot drill. They are also
taught police procedures and regulations,, criminal law, and the basics of
investigation.
Upon completing the academy, depending on their qualifications, as well
as vacancies, officers are assigned to posts in a Land Division headquarters,
neighborhood Police Center, or a Specialized Police Unit.
A continuing education program allows police officers to take course
part-time to improve their skills and eligibility for promotion. Eligible
officers can be sponsored, and their registration fees, course fees, and
examination fees are paid subject to a service bond upon the completion of
their sponsored courses. 79
Ranking System
Senior Police Officer Ranks
Commissioner of Police
Deputy Commissioner of Police
Senior Assistant Commissioner
Assistant Commissioner
Deputy Assistant Commissioner
Superintendent of Police
Deputy Superintendent of Police
Assistant Superintendent of Police
Inspector of Police
Police Officer Ranks
Senior Inspector 2 of Police
Senior Station Inspector of Police
Station Inspector of Police
Senior Staff Sergeant
Staff Sergeant
Sergeant
Corporal
Lance Corporal
Special Constable
Police Constable
Accountability
Police review is conducted through the police Service
Inspectorate Division, which investigates offenses and
recommends corrective action. External review is also
available to address complaints through the Corrupt
practices Investigation Bureau. This body, which is part of
the prime Minister's Office, investigates corruption in both
public and private sector.
Best Known Practices
Community Approach
Since 1981, the Singapore Police Force has carefully
shifted from a reactive, incident driven mode of operation to
full scale Community Oriented Police Policing System
(COPPS). It has de-emphasized motorized patrolling and
emergency response in favor of intensive community
involvement in the establishment of Neighborhood Police
Post (NPP). COPPS Approach represents a theoretical and
philosophical perspective which maintains that for the
police to be effective in today's society, they must enlist the
support of the communities they are sworn to protect.
 Singapore's COPPS has led to the following changes
1. Development of community-based crime prevention
2. De-emphasis on motorized patrolling in favor of foot patrols.
3. Creation of more decentralized area commands within the
precincts.

The Work and Arrangement of Neighborhood Police Post

(NPP)
1. NPP are essential bases of operations for patrol, develops
community-based crime prevention, and provides non-
emergency services. As well as liaison with communities.
2. NPPs are easy to locate because of their foot-high blue-on-
white signs mounted over the front entrance and direction
signs scattered throughout the housing estates.
3. NPP is staffed with about 20 officers: 4 teams having 4
constable and corporals, 4 sergeants, and 1 half-time
inspector (officer-in-charge). Teams work 7 consecutive
days before receiving time off, rotating through all 3
shifts. New officers are mixed training course in NPP
work.
4. Community Police Strategy is not created as a separate
command or division of the police force. NPPs report to
the patrol commanders, and NPP officers focus
exclusively on patrolling and community involvement.
5. The prevailing view is that NPP officers must present a
friendly image; making arrest from criminal
investigation and the possible use of force should be left
to detectives who are not based in local government.
THAILAND

Thailand was established in the mid-14th century, the

Kingdom of Thailand is the only country in Southeast Asia
that has never been taken over by the European power. It
has a total area of 514,000 square kilometers, with a
population of 65,0000,000 people. Thailand is composed 76
provinces and has a bicameral National assembly that
consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives.
THE ROYAL THAI POLICE (SAMNAK NGAN
TAMRUAT HAENG CHAT)
A centralized police system, the RTP is the primary law
enforcement agency in the country, with a long history
going back to the time this country was established. The
main revolution of the RTP was in 1932, which formed the
current structure of the organization. The RTP is a
militaristic style, service oriented police organization with a
ratio of 1 police officer for every 260 citizens. All of the
personnel in the RTP are uniformed police officers. The
agency is headed by the Director General, the highest
position in the department answerable to the Prime
Minister.
 Major Operational Units:
1. Provincial Police - largest operational component, it
provides police services to every town and village
2. Border Patrol Police - paramilitary force.
3. Metropolitan Police responsible for providing all law
enforcement services for the capital city of Bangkok and
it suburbs. Consist of three urban areas: Northern
Bangkok; Southern Bangkok, Thon Buri.
4. Central Investigation Bureau - national coordinating
headquarters which assist provincial and metropolitan.
 Other Operational Units:
1. Office of Immigration Bureau
2. Narcotics Suppression Bureau
3. Office of Logistics
4. Office of the Royal Court
5. Police Education Bureau - train police personnel in the
latest method of law enforcement and use of modern
weapon.
6. Tourist Police
7. Marine Police Division
Recruiting, Training and Promotion (RTP)
There are two (2) levels of entry to the police service; a
rank and file level and sub inspector level. The sub
inspector applicants with a high school education receive
training provided by the Police Education Bureau and
become rank-and-file police officers, whereas those with a
college degree receive training provided by the Police Cadet
Academy and become sub inspectors. The cadet in the
Police Academy are students who finished grade 10 and
studied in the Pre-Cadet school for 2 years with the army,
Navy and Air force Cadets, followed by a 4-year course in
the academy. After graduation, the cadets receive a
bachelor's degree and start their career at the sub inspector
level.
 No entry is allowed beyond sub inspector ranks outside
of the agency; thus promotions to the inspector rank and
higher come from within the agency.
The requirements of candidates for police service are
Thai citizenship, a male 14 to 18 years of age for a high
school applicant, a male or female 18 to 35 years of age for
a college graduate applicant, being of good moral character,
achieving the required educational level, and passing
various aptitude tests and a medical examination. Basic
training in the Police Cadet Academy and police school
provided by the Police Education Bureau emphasizes both
physical and academic programs. The police schools are
located in nine regions correspondents to the provincial
Police Regions 1 to 9.
Ranking System
The RTP uses a militaristic style with operational rank including:
Police General
Police Lieutenant General
Police Major General
Police Senior Colonel
Police Colonel
Police Lieutenant Colonel
Police Major
Police Captain
Police Lieutenant
Police Sub-Lieutenant
Police Senior Sergeant Major
Police Sergeant Major
Police Sergeant
Police Corporal
Police Lance Corporal
Policeman/Constable
VIETNAM
The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is located in Southeast Asia,
bordering the Gulf of Thailand, Gulf of Tokin, and the South china Sea,
alongside china Laos, and Cambodia. It has an area of 329,560 square
kilometers. The capital of this communist State is Hanoi.
The legal system is based on communist legal theory and French civil
law. The government consists of executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
The executive is headed by the president, who is elected by the National
Assembly from among its members for a 5-year term. The prime minister is
appointed by the president from among the members of the National
assembly; deputy prime minister is appointed by the prime minister.
The legislative branch consists of a Unicameral National Assembly, with
498 seats. The members are elected by a popular vote to serve 5-year terms.
The judicial branch is headed by the Supreme People's Court, whose
Chief justice is elected for a 5-year term by the National Assembly on the
recommendation of the president.
Law Enforcement
Vietnamese legal thought with regard to the treatment of
criminals is the result of three major influences: Classic
Confucianism, the Napoleonic Code and
Marxism-Leninism. Confucian concepts postulate that
society is to be governed not by law but by moral men and
that crime is a symptomatic of an absence of virtue that
engenders conflict and disharmony. Most importantly it
provides no principle of judicial administration. In Imperial
China, justice was an interpretation of the moment by the
emperor and his mandarins, meaning that in every instance
imperial will was superior to the law.
 The spirit of the law the French brought to Vietnam was
that guilt should be determined by fair and impartial means
and should be assigned appropriate punishment.
Marxism-Leninism added to this attitude the perspective
that crime is a reflection of environmental factors that
victimize the individual by turning him into criminal. The
proper remedy for this condition is to eliminate the causal
factors while rehabilitating the criminal.
 The combination of the three legacies has produced
Vietnamese society a legal philosophy that is inquisitorial
rather than adversarial, seeking reform rather than
punishment. The system imposes on the individual and the
State the responsibility of bringing all members of society
to a condition of self-imposed moral rectitude in which
behavior is defined in terms of collective, rather than
individual good.
The People's Public Security of Vietnam (PPSV)
The PPSV is the main police and security force of
Vietnam. It is a part of Vietnam People's Armed Forces. It is
under the control of Communist Party of Vietnam.
The PPSV has two branches: The Vietnam People's
Security whose mandates are to prevent, investigate, and
defeat potential against enemies of the Vietnamese nation
and that can endanger national security; intelligence work;
joining forces in internal political security, economic
security, ideology-cultural security; network security; and
information security with other uniformed bodies as
established by law; manage entrance or exit visas; helping
to build personal security in every kind of life, at every area
in the country, and perform other duties, missions and
responsibilities in keeping with the law.
 Vietnam People's National Police Force, whose duties
are to prevent, investigate and solve environmental,
political, traffic, functional and corruption- related criminal
activities in keeping with the laws of the Socialist Republic;
working with the general public on crime prevention and in
participations in its actions; perform responsibilities and
duties pertaining to identification security, public security,
transport security, road and highway safety, civil defense,
and disaster preparedness and response; and execute other
duties and mission in accordance with the constitution and
the laws of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. These two
forces are trained mainly at two institutions. That is, the
People's Police Academy and the People's Security Institute
of Vietnam.
Organizational System
Ministry of Public Security
Public Security Departments of provinces and
municipalities
Public Security Offices of rural districts, urban
districts, towns and provincial cities
Public Security Posts of communes, wards and
townships
Ranking System
Higher Ranks
General-Held by Minister of Public Security
Colonel General-Held by Deputy Ministers of
Public Security
Lieutenant General-Held by Director Generals of
General Department, Director
General of Ho Chi Minh City Police Department,
Director General of Hanoi
Police Department Major General-Held by Vice
Director Generals of General Department and
Directors of Department
Middle-Ranks
Senior Colonel-Held by Chiefs of Provincial Police and Directors
of Department
Colonel-Held by chiefs of District Police and Chiefs of Division
Lieutenant Colonel - held by Chiefs of Ward Police and Chief of
Police Team
Major
Captain
First Lieutenant
Lieutenant
Second Lieutenant
Non-Commissioned Officers
Sergeant Major
Sergeant
Corporal
Enlisted Personnel
Private First Class - Senior Constable
Private-Constable