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Edited by
John Laing Roberts · Shyam Nath
Satya Paul · Yeti Nisha Madhoo

Shaping the Future

of Small Islands
Roadmap for
Sustainable
Development
Shaping the Future of Small Islands
John Laing Roberts • Shyam Nath
Satya Paul • Yeti Nisha Madhoo
Editors

Shaping the Future

of Small Islands
Roadmap for Sustainable Development
Editors
John Laing Roberts Shyam Nath
Indian Ocean Commission Amrita Center for Economics &
Ebène, Mauritius Governance
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
Satya Paul University
ANU College of Arts and Social Kollam, Kerala, India
Sciences
Australian National University Yeti Nisha Madhoo
Canberra, ACT, Australia Amrita Center for Economics &
Governance
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
University
Kollam, Kerala, India

ISBN 978-981-15-4882-6    ISBN 978-981-15-4883-3 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4883-3

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer
Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the
publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to
the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The
publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations.

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-­01/04 Gateway East, Singapore
189721, Singapore
 Foreword

Small island developing states (SIDS) are not in the spotlight of develop-
ment studies, even though the social and economic development con-
straints that these countries face are among the most difficult in the world.
These are sovereign small island states, isolated geographically, which fall
largely in middle-income categories. Nevertheless, they are often without
a strong physical or institutional infrastructure, and most are vulnerable to
external economic fluctuations and natural disasters as well as disease bur-
dens. This book of original essays goes a long way towards providing a
better understanding of these challenges and the policy answers that are
now in play in these countries.
The major impediments to development in small islands have to do
with their isolation and their vulnerability. International climate meetings
have remained ineffective on global environmental issues that have severe
consequences for the very existence of these small island states. Matters
are made worse because the development of their economic base—often
sea-fishing, international tourism and plantations—poses formidable chal-
lenges and is often at odds with their environmental management efforts.
Arguably, the biggest challenge of all is on the near-term horizon. SIDS
are on track to become the early sufferers from global warming and sea
level rise, and already are confronting a steady increase in the frequency
and severity of natural disasters, including cyclones and floods.
The chapters in this book take on some specific problems of individual
small island countries and link them back to the basic theme of vulnerabil-
ity to environmental degradation and to weakening economies. These
include the mounting threat of climate change, heatwaves, overcutting of

v
vi FOREWORD

natural forests, and the stress on the population that comes from attempt-
ing to overcome such issues through policy experiments. The solutions
offered in these essays vary from tailoring the traditional approaches to
better fit the case of SIDS (e.g., establishing better resilience measures and
better merging natural resource policy and economic development policy)
to avoiding over-tourism and embracing “blue and circular economies”
which focuses on reusing all waste.
This set of 21 original essays offers a new look at how small island
economies might balance their economic and environmental goals in a
context of extreme vulnerability. Not surprisingly the chapter authors are
drawn from several disciplines including economists, government practi-
tioners, ocean governance commissions, and environmentalists. The book
is a sequel to the volume Saving Small Island Developing States:
Environmental and Natural Resource Challenges edited by Shyam Nath,
John Laing Roberts and Yeti Nisha Madhoo (2010), published by
Commonwealth Secretariat, UK.

Dean and Regents Professor of Economics, Roy W. Bahl Jr

Emeritus, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies,
Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
Professor Extraordinaire, University of Pretoria,
Pretoria, South Africa
 Acknowledgements

I would like to take this opportunity to record our sincere thanks to every-
one who contributed to the development of this edited volume over sev-
eral phases. During my visit to Mauritius in 2013 to attend a workshop on
youth and sustainable development organised by Indian Ocean Commission
(IOC), Raj Mohabeer, Chargé de mission of IOC, shared this idea with
me and John Laing Roberts. Discussions with John Laing Roberts who
has long-time expertise with SIDS while working with Commonwealth
Secretariat, London, and IOC in Mauritius went a long way in getting
ahead the idea of a sequel of an earlier volume with an interesting new
title. This idea however remained latent until a team of economists headed
by Simon Feeney of RMIT University, Australia, visited Amrita University
to forge a collaboration in mainstream economics and supported this idea.
Our efforts got fresh stimulus when Satya Paul from the Western Sydney
University and the University of the South Pacific, Fiji (now with Australian
National University), joined the stream with his new ideas.
At this stage in 2017, a tremendous ray of support from the Chancellor
of Amrita University, Mata Amritanandamayi Devi, World Renowned
Spiritual Saint, speeded up the momentum and encouraged the idea
through the creation of Amrita Center for Economics & Governance.
Migration of Yeti Nisha Madhoo from the University of Mauritius to India
to join the Center with her expertise on the economics and ecology of
islands provided further impetus to this endeavour.
Subsequently, we contacted the experts working in the contemporary
issues of small islands. We are thankful to the experts not only for accept-
ing our invitations but also for writing chapters well on time despite their

vii
viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

hectic schedules. In this process, our task was facilitated with the great
help of Augustin K Fosu of United Nations University, Helsinki, Finland,
Oliver Morrissey of Nottingham University, UK, and Larry D Schroeder
of Syracuse University, USA.
We also place our thanks to Raj Mohabeer and IOC Headquarter in
Mauritius for initiating and supporting the idea of a roadmap for sustain-
able development of small islands.
Finally, we acknowledge the support of Palgrave, particularly Sandeep
Kaur and Arun Prasath for processing and monitoring the publication of
this volume.

Coordinating Editor Shyam Nath

Amrita Center for Economics & Governance,
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University,
Kollam, India
 Contents

Part I Economic and Development Concerns   1

1 Transition from Economic Progress to Sustainable

Development: Missing Links  3
Shyam Nath and John Laing Roberts

2 Macroeconomic Trends, Vulnerability, and Resilience

Capability in Small Island Developing States 21
Satya Paul

3 Development Strategies for the Vulnerable Small Island

Developing States 37
Augustin Kwasi Fosu and Dede Woade Gafa

4 Trade Policy and Innovation Governance: An Analysis of

Trade Challenges in the Pacific and Caribbean Economies 71
Keith Nurse and Jeanelle Clarke

5 Tourism and Sustainable Growth in Small (Island)

Economies 93
Harvey W. Armstrong and Robert Read

ix
x Contents

Part II Social Dimensions 109

6 Democracy and Social Empowerment in Small Island

Jurisdictions111
Peter E. Buker and Mark Lapping

7 Social Capital and Subjective Wellbeing in Small States125

Sefa Awaworyi Churchill, Yeti Nisha Madhoo, and
Shyam Nath

8 The Quality of Life: An Analysis of Inter-island Disparity

and Emerging Issues139
Satya Paul

9 Disease, Environment and Health Policy Response155

Brijesh C. Purohit

Part III Climate Change and Natural Resources 183

10 Climate Change, Sea Level Dynamics, and Mitigation185

Shyam Nath and Yeti Nisha Madhoo

11 Institutional and Policy Analysis: Water Security and

Disaster Management in Small Island Developing States205
Chloe Wale, Nidhi Nagabhatla, and Duminda Perera

12 Potential Restoration Approaches for Heavily Logged

Tropical Forests in Solomon Islands219
Eric Katovai, Dawnie D. Katovai, and William F. Laurance

13 Climate Change and Heatwaves233

John Laing Roberts
 Contents  xi

Part IV Environmental Governance and Challenges 249

14 Promoting the Blue Economy: The Challenge251

Raj Mohabeer and John Laing Roberts

15 Assessing the Progress of Environmental Governance in

Small Island Economies269
John Laing Roberts

16 Overseas Development Assistance and Climate Resilience:

A Case Study of Tonga283
Partha Gangopadhyay and Khushbu Rai

17 Overtourism, Environmental Degradation and

Governance in Small Islands with Special Reference to
Malta301
Lino Briguglio and Marie Avellino

Part V Global Environment and Sustainable Development 323

18 International Climate Diplomacy, Collective Action and

SIDS325
Larry D. Schroeder and Shyam Nath

19 International Development Goals and Small Island

Developing States339
Simon Feeny, Alberto Posso, and Sefa Awaworyi Churchill

20 Saving Small Islands: Does Institutional Quality Matter?361

Yeti Nisha Madhoo
xii Contents

21 The Connectivity Challenge in the Western Indian Ocean387

Raj Mohabeer

22 Overview, Emerging Issues and a Roadmap for SIDS405

John Laing Roberts, Shyam Nath, Satya Paul, and
Yeti Nisha Madhoo

Index417
 Notes on Contributors

Harvey W. Armstrong is Professor Emeritus (formerly Professor of

Economic Geography) at the University of Sheffield and Fellow of the UK
Academy of Social Sciences. He has previously worked at the University of
Loughborough and the University of Lancaster, and has held visiting
appointments at the University of British Columbia, and the
University of West Virginia (Regional Research Institute). His prin-
cipal research interests are in regional policy (including EU regional
policy), and the analysis of small states and island economies. He has
undertaken extensive advisory and consultancy work within the UK
and internationally, as well as with evaluation projects for DG
Regional Policy.
Marie Avellino is the Director of the Institute for Tourism, Travel and
Culture at the University of Malta, which offers programmes ranging from
Undergraduate to PhD level. Her research interests include social
anthropology, cultural heritage research, tourism and cultural identi-
ties, intercultural competencies for management, and visitor experi-
ence management. Her EU-Funded Projects experience in Project
Management includes the 2018–2021 Erasmus+ Key Action 2 Strategic
Partnerships “Boosting blue Entrepreneurs” competences towards an
environmental care ecosystem”(BLUESPROUT) and the 2019–2021
Skills for promotion, valorisation, exploitation, mediation, and interpreta-
tion of European Cultural Heritage (EUHeritage).
Lino Briguglio is a professor and the Director of the Islands and Small
States Institute of the University of Malta. His main research interests

xiii
xiv NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

include economies of small states, island tourism, and economic gover-

nance. He is known internationally for his seminal work on the
“Vulnerability Index”, which was published in World Development in
1995, which led to a worldwide interest and to many quantitative studies
on economic vulnerability. He has also pioneered work on the measure-
ment of economic resilience, in a paper published in Oxford Development
Studies in 2009. He has acted as a consultant to various international
organisations on studies and reports relating to small states.
Peter E. Buker is Chair of General Studies at Yorkville University in
Canada. He was educated at Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario,
Canada (MA in Economics and PhD in Political Studies) and St Andrews
University, Scotland (MA). His research interests are in the areas of politi-
cal economy and democracy, and small-scale jurisdictions. He is a research
associate of the Institute of Island Studies, the University of Prince
Edward Island, Canada, where he lives.
Sefa Awaworyi Churchill is an associate professor and principal research
fellow with the School of Economics, Finance & Marketing at RMIT
University, Australia. He holds a PhD in Economics from Monash
University. His inter-disciplinary research focuses on development eco-
nomics, addictive behaviour, ethnic diversity, wellbeing, and other issues
related to sociology, health and economics. He has experience working on
consultancy projects for various policy agencies and international develop-
ment organisations.
Jeanelle Clarke is an international trade policy specialist working as
Associate Economic Affairs Officer at the UNCTAD in Geneva,
Switzerland, where she works on economic diversification in small and
developing states with a specific focus on the creative economy. Ms Clarke
holds a Bachelor’s degree in Political Science and Law, and a master’s in
International Trade Policy from the University of the West Indies.
She has worked for national governments and international organisa-
tions in the Caribbean and internationally, including the World Trade
Organisation.
Simon Feeny is a professor at RMIT University, Australia. He has
20 years’ experience as a development economist. Feeny has been awarded
more than US$1.5 million in funding and has undertaken work for the
Australian government’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade,
the United Nations, the South Pacific Forum Secretariat, the
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xv

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Secretariat, Oxfam

Australia, World Vision International, the Fred Hollows Foundation,
Plan International and the Centre for Poverty Analysis in Sri Lanka.
Feeny has more than 80 academic publications and has produced over
25 reports for industries. He is an associate editor of the Journal of
International Development.
Augustin Kwasi Fosu is a professor in the University of Ghana, an
extraordinary professor in the University of Pretoria, and a research associ-
ate (CSAE) in the University of Oxford. His recent positions include
Deputy Director, United Nations University-WIDER, Helsinki; Senior
Policy Advisor/Chief Economist, UNECA, Addis Ababa; and Director of
Research, AERC, Nairobi. He holds a PhD in Economics from
Northwestern University, USA. Fosu is Editor-in-Chief of Journal of
African Trade (Elsevier/Atlantis), Co-Managing Editor of Journal of
African Economies (Oxford), and has served on the editorial boards of
numerous other journals including Journal of Development Studies, Oxford
Development Studies, World Bank Economic Review, and World
Development. He has published extensively in referred journals.
Dede Woade Gafa is a PhD candidate in the UNU-WIDER/University
of Ghana collaborative PhD programme in Development Economics. She
holds a Master of Philosophy (MPhil) degree in Economics from the
University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana. Her research interests focus on
inequality of opportunity and poverty.
Partha Gangopadhyay is Associate Professor of Economics at the School
of Business, Western Sydney University. His recent positions include chair
professorships in Germany and Fiji and visiting professorships in the USA,
Canada, India. He also holds the position of Joint-Executive Director at
the Gandhi Centre at ABBS, Bangalore, India.
Dawnie D. Katovai is a PhD candidate at the University of the South
Pacific in Suva, Fiji, where she is studying the impact of land-use change
on ecological connectivity across coastal forests in the Solomon Islands.
Eric Katovai is a senior lecturer at James Cook University, Fiji. One of
Katovai’s research initiatives examines possible ways of rehabilitating heav-
ily logged forests in the Solomon Islands.
Mark Lapping is the Distinguished University Professor Emeritus at the
University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine (USA), where he taught
xvi NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

classes in public policy, community development and planning, and

democracy. He founded the School of Rural Planning & Development at
the University of Guelph, Ontario (Canada), as well as the Bloustein
School of Planning and Public Policy at Rutgers University, New
Jersey (USA). He is a research associate in the Institute of Island
Studies at the University of Prince Edward Island, Canada, and lives
in Maine (USA).
William F. Laurance is a distinguished research professor at James Cook
University in Cairns, Australia, and an Australian Laureate and Prince
Bernhard Chair in International Nature Conservation at Utrecht
University, Netherlands.
Yeti Nisha Madhoo is a professor at the Center for Economics &
Governance, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University (India). She holds
a PhD degree in Economics from the University of Mauritius and con-
ducted post-doctoral research in Development Economics at the University
of California, Berkeley (USA), under Fulbright Scholarship. Madhoo was
attached to National University of Singapore, the University of Alberta
(Canada), and the University of East Anglia (UK). She co-edited the
book, Saving Small Island Developing States (2010), and worked as con-
sultant to African Economic Research Consortium (AERC, Kenya),
United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD,
Geneva, Switzerland), and Commonwealth Secretariat (UK).
Raj Mohabeer holds the position of Officer-in-Charge of Economic
Affairs with the portfolio of economic cooperation, trade, regional inte-
gration and infrastructure and maritime security at the Indian Ocean
Commission General Secretariat since 2000. Prior to this period, he
worked as an Economist at the Ministry of Economic Planning and
Development of Mauritius. Mohabeer has extensive knowledge of the
Western Indian Ocean region and has contributed to the advancement of
regional integration by working closely with neighbouring regional
organisations in a varied number of areas such as regional integra-
tion, promotion of trade, economic cooperation and maritime secu-
rity, improvement of natural resources and sustainable development.
He has also been working with the Pacific and Caribbean region for
the promotion of SIDS issues.
Nidhi Nagabhatla is an adjunct professor at McMaster University,
Canada, and programme officer with the United Nations University
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xvii

Institute for Water, Environment and Health (UNU-INWEH). With over

20 years of experience as systems science specialist and geospatial analyst,
she has led, coordinated, and implemented transdisciplinary projects and
worked with multi-disciplinary research teams in various geographical
regions (Asia, African, West Europe, and North America). She has been
associated with multiple international organisations leading sustainable
development projects and programmes (International Water Management
Institute (IWMI), World Fish Centre International Union for Conservation
of Nature (IUCN), and United Nations University (UNU)) and capacity
development initiatives and published widely over 150 reports, peer-
reviewed paper, and policy and web articles.
Shyam Nath is Director of Amrita Center for Economics & Governance,
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University (Coimbatore, India), and earlier,
he was Professor of Economics at University of Mauritius, Le Reduit,
Mauritius. He holds PhD in Economics from University of Rajasthan,
India, and PDF in Metropolitan Finance from the Maxwell School,
Syracuse University (New York, USA). He has more than 40 years of
teaching and research experience at university level in India and abroad
and 20 years of active participation in consultancy and research for national
and regional governments and international agencies (UNDP, United
Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF), the World Bank, United
Nations University/World Institute for Development Economics Research
(UNU/WIDER), United States Agency for International Development
(USAID), United Nations Research Institute for Social Development
(UNRISD), Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), African Economic
Research Consortium (AERC), Commonwealth Secretariat).
Keith Nurse is the Principal of the Sir Arthur Lewis Community College
in St Lucia. He has formerly served as the World Trade Organisation Chair
at the University of the West Indies and has worked recently as Senior
Economist and Advisor on Structural Policies and Innovation at the
OECD Development Centre in Paris. He serves on the executive
bureau of the UN Committee for Development Policy and as a member
of Hemispheric Programme Advisory Committee of the Inter-­American
Institute for Cooperation in Agriculture.
Satya Paul is Honorary Professor at Australian National University. His
recent positions include Professor of Economics at the University of
Western Sydney and Professor and Head of School of Economics at the
xviii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

University of the South Pacific. He also taught at other prestigious

universities in Australia, New Zealand, India, Canada, and China. He
also served as a Consultant to Indian Planning Commission, National
Institute of Public Finance and Policy, Delhi, ILO, and UNFPA. Paul
has published extensively in refereed journals. His area of research
includes income distribution, poverty, growth, well-being, relative depri-
vation, unemployment, and measurement of efficiency.
Duminda Perera is a water resource professional with over 15 years’
experience in research related to water-related disasters. He is a civil engi-
neering graduate of the United Nations University Institute for Water,
Environment and Health, Canada, and McMaster University, Canada, and
University of Ottawa, Canada, and Sri Lanka and holds master’s and doc-
toral degrees in Urban and Environmental Engineering from the Kyushu
University, Japan. His research covers numerical modelling for flood haz-
ards, flood forecasting, basin-scale climate change impact assessments,
disaster risk reduction, and capacity development. Before UNU-INWEH,
he worked as research specialist at UNESCO International Centre for
Water Hazard and Risk Management (ICHARM), Japan. He is affiliated
with McMaster and the Ottawa University, Canada.
Alberto Posso is Professor of Economics, RMIT University, Australia.
Posso holds a PhD in Economics from the Australian National University
with specialisations in labour economics, economic development, and
applied econometrics. His research focuses on development issues in East
Asia, Latin America, and the Pacific. Posso has over 40 peer-­reviewed pub-
lications, including papers in World Development, The Journal of
Development Studies, and The Review of Development Economics. Posso has
also authored reports for governments and international organisations,
including Oxfam, Plan International, the United Nations, and the Fred
Hollows Foundation.
Brijesh C. Purohit is a professor at the Madras School of Economics,
Chennai, India. After completing his PhD in Economics from the Institute
for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore, India, he accumulated nearly
25 years of professional experience, including teaching, training,
research, and consultancy. He has served at various reputed institu-
tions in India and was also a South Asian Visiting scholar at Queen
Elizabeth House, the University of Oxford, UK. He has published a
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xix

number of books and articles in reputed national and international

journals.
Khushbu Rai is an early-career academic. Her research focuses on the
developmental aspects of island states in the Pacific and the Caribbean.
She is at present a Doctoral Candidate in Climate Studies at the University
of the South Pacific, Fiji.
Robert Read is Senior Lecturer in International Economics at the
Lancaster University Management School UK. He is a leading interna-
tional authority on the growth performance of small economies and has
published numerous articles in leading academic journals, book chap-
ters, and reports (much of it in collaboration with Prof. Harvey
Armstrong). Read has been a consultant for many leading interna-
tional organisations, including the European Commission, the UK
Department for International Development (DfID), the UK Foreign
Office, the Dutch Foreign Ministry, the Commonwealth Secretariat,
the World Bank and its Foreign Investment Advisory Service (FIAS),
and the World Trade Organization (WTO).
John Laing Roberts is a consultant on sustainable development with the
Indian Ocean Commission and the Commonwealth Secretariat, with mas-
ter’s and PhD degrees from the University of Birmingham, in health eco-
nomics. During 1962–1989 he worked in the National Health Service
(NHS), becoming a Regional Administrator in 1981. After the NHS,
he became adviser to the WHO, the World Bank, the EU and the
African Development Bank, while teaching at post graduate level in
Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Manchester, and Mauritius. He contributed
to the UNEP Development Outlook series and was co-­ editor of the
Commonwealth Secretariat, 2010, Saving SIDS book. He lives in
Mauritius.
Larry D. Schroeder is Professor Emeritus of Public Administration and
International Affairs at the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public
Affairs, Syracuse University in Syracuse, New York. His research interests
focus on local public finance, intergovernmental fiscal relations, and
financial management, particularly in developing and transition
economies. Schroeder has authored and co-authored a large number
of articles and several books on these subjects and has participated in
policy research projects in numerous countries, especially in South
and South-East Asia but also in Africa and Eastern Europe.
xx NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Chloe Wale is a joint scholar from McMaster University and United

Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health. She has
worked for a municipal water department of the city for two years. Given
her passion in environment and health in the developing world, as well as
water research and climate change, she has been closely involved in science
communication activities and created a collaborative project with the
Hamilton Paramedics. She wrote a systematic review and also contributed
significantly to research and policy outputs of UNU-INWEH related to
SIDS. Her extracurricular activities include volunteering with Let’s Talk
Science, where she attends schools and leads classes in performing science
experiments.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 The earliest reference to Parker Street (formerly Parker’s
Lane) so far discovered, belongs to February,[143] 1620, when mention
was made of “a way or passage of twenty feet broad, lately marked
out by the said Walter Burton, leading from Drury Lane to and
through the ground of the said Sir Charles Cornwallis, knight,
towards Holborn.”[144] The “marking out” of Parker Street took place
therefore between July, 1615, and February, 1620. There seems great
probability that the street owed its name, as suggested by Parton,[145]
to Philip Parker, who certainly had a share in building the houses
there.[146] That he actually held ground in the neighbourhood of
Parker Street is evident from the terms of Burton’s lease to Edlyn of
1620, when, in granting his own interest in the land on the south side
of Parker Street for a space of 520 feet westwards from the Rose
Field boundary, he adds: “and the said Thomas Burton grants to
Edmund Edlyn all the interest, right, claim or demand which he hath
or ought to have in and to that piece of ground holden by Philip
Parker.” In the Subsidy Rolls for 1620–21 and 1618–9, Philip Parker
is shown as residing in Drury Lane, perhaps the house (the third on
the east side, north of Parker Street) where William Parker was living
in 1646.[147]
The Council’s collection contains:—
[148] No. 166, Drury Lane. Stone tablet (drawing).
XXXI.—No. 18, PARKER STREET.
Ground Landlord.
Name unobtained.
General description and date of
structure.
No. 18, Parker Street seems to have been rebuilt in 1774.[149]
Plate 11 shows a typical ground floor front of an 18th-century
tenement in this parish. The window was probably provided with
stout shuttering for protection.
Condition of repair.
The house is in fair repair.
The Council’s collection contains:—
[150]No. 18, Parker Street. Exterior of ground floor (photograph).
No. 46, Parker Street. Exterior view, brick and weather boarded
structure (photograph).
No. 58, Parker Street. Exterior showing timber bay window
(photograph).
XXXII.—GREAT QUEEN STREET (General.)

The eastern part of Great Queen Street was formed upon

Purse Field, but the western and larger portion, together with Wild
Street and Kemble Street, occupies the site of the field known in
Elizabethan times as Aldwych Close. The boundaries of this close,
which had a reputed area of eight acres, were in the year 1567
described[151] as “the close nowe the quenes majesties called Dalcona
Close[152] on the easte parte, ... the lane leading frome the Strond
towardes the towne of Saynt Gyles aforesaid of the west parte, ... the
close of Sir Willm. Hollys and the gardyn belonginge to Drurye
House of the southe parte, and the close nowe the Quenes Majesties
called the Rosefelde on the north parte.” Of these boundaries the
northern is represented by the line dividing the houses on the south
side of Parker Street from those on the north side of Great Queen
Street,[153] and the eastern by the line of the court between Nos. 6 and
7, Great Queen Street, continued to meet Sardinia Place,[154] while the
southern corresponds with the old parish boundary.
Aldwych Close was included in that part of the property of the
Hospital of St. Giles which eventually came into the hands of Lord
Mountjoy, through his wife, Katherine, daughter of Sir Thomas Legh.
[155]
On 20th January, 1566–7, it was purchased of the Mountjoys by
Richard Holford, who was at the time actually in occupation of the
field.[151] Holford died on 12th January, 1569–70, leaving the
property to his son Henry, then aged 20,[156] during whose ownership
the field began to be cut up for building. In 1600 only two houses
were in existence on the close.[157] At about this time Holford began
to mark out the close and let portions on lease for building. There is
no complete record of these leases, but the largest transaction of the
kind was effected on 28th April, 1607, when Holford granted to
Walter Burton, who has already been mentioned in connection with
the development of Rose Field, a lease, for 51 years from the previous
Christmas, of “that peece or parcell of grounde latlie taken out of the
north side of the close of the said Henry Holford called Oldwych
Close ... as the same ys severed and divided ffrom the residue of the
same close with a pale latelie erected, and all that mesuage or
tenemente latelie erected uppon a parte of the said peece or parcell
off ground by one Henry Seagood, and nowe in the occupacion of the
said Henry Seagood, and alsoe twoe other mesuages or teñts with the
gardens, backsides, and garden plottes to the same adioyninge or
belongeinge in the tenure or occupacion of Humfrey Grey or his
assignees scituate on the west parte of Oldwych Close aforesaid, and
lately alsoe enclosed out of the said close.... And alsoe all that other
peece or parcell of ground which was then agreed and staked out to
be enclosed of and from the west side of the said close ... next
adioyninge unto Drewrie Lane.... By the name of three mesuages and
three acres of pasture with the appurtenances.”[158]
The three messuages in question can easily be identified.
Henry Seagood’s house occupied the site of Nos. 36–37, Great Queen
Street,[159] and the houses of Humphrey Grey (which no doubt were
the two houses in existence in 1600) are identified later[160] as The
White Horse, in Drury Lane, opposite Long Acre, and another house
(divided between 1635 and 1658 into two houses) adjoining it on the
north. The “three acres of pasture” was the remaining portion of the
triangular piece of ground now bounded by Drury Lane, Wild Street
and Kemble Street.[161]
From the foregoing it will be evident that by the year 1607
there were the merest beginnings of building on the Drury Lane
frontage of the close. The first two streets to be formed were those
now known as Kemble Street and Great Queen Street, the former
being probably an old public way leading across Aldwych Close and
Purse Field to Holborn, the route of which was afterwards marked by
the archway on the west side of Lincoln’s Inn Fields, and the latter
being in its origin a royal private way through the fields,[162] used as
the route to Theobalds, in Hertfordshire, James I.’s favourite
residence. Kingsgate Street (formerly existing nearly opposite the
northern termination of Kingsway), where there were two gates[163]
into the fields on either side of Holborn (see Plate 2), and Theobald’s
Road mark the continuation of the royal way. There was also at first
probably a gate[164] at the street’s western entrance,[165] which was
very narrow, and the first mention we have of the street seems to
refer to this. In a petition to the Earl of Salisbury, undated, but
evidently belonging to the period 1605–1612,[166] the “inhabitantes of
the dwellinges at the newe gate neere Drewry Lane” state that they
have petitioned the Queen (obviously Anne of Denmark, the consort
of James I.) “to gyve a name unto that place,” and have been referred
to him; they therefore request him to give it a name on her behalf.
It seems reasonable to conclude that it was as the result of this
application that the name “Queen Street” (or “Queen’s Street”)[167]
was given to the thoroughfare. Blott, indeed, states this as a fact, but
no entry in confirmation has been found in the Domestic State
Papers. Assuming, therefore, that the petition above mentioned had
reference to this street, and having regard to the probability,
amounting to practical certainty, that the plan of Purse Field
reproduced in Plate 2 dates from 1609,[168] it follows that the title
“Queen Street” must have been given during the period 1605–1609.
The name “Great Queen Street” used to distinguish it from “Little
Queen Street” does not seem to have been in common use until about
1670.[169]
The earliest buildings erected in Great Queen Street were,
contrary to the usual statements made in the matter,[170] on the north
side of the street. The dates at which this took place cannot,
unfortunately, be determined with certainty. Clanricarde House was
in existence in 1604.[171] Henry Seagood’s house (occupying the site of
Nos. 36–37) was built before April, 1607.[172] The site of Nos. 38–45,
which in 1597 contained only a forge, was built on by May, 1612.[173]
The site of Nos. 7–13 was leased for building purposes to Thomas
Burton on 7th May, 1611. These facts, fragmentary though they are,
seem to point to the north side of the street, so far as it was situated
in Aldwych Close, being built during the period 1603–1612.[174] In
this connection it is interesting to note the statement made, on
unknown authority, by Dobie,[175] that the house on the south side of
the street in which Lord Herbert of Cherbury died[176] was “one of the
fifteen built in the third year of James I. (1603).” The third year of
James I. was actually 1605–6, but it is quite certain that no houses
were built on the south side of Great Queen Street for over thirty
years afterwards. The date seems, however, to fit in well with the
facts concerning the north side of the street.
XXXIII.—No. 2, GREAT QUEEN STREET
(Demolished).
General description and date of
structure.
The eastern portion of Great Queen Street, comprising the
sites of Nos. 1 to 6 on the north side, and of all the houses above No.
69 on the south side, was formed on Purse Field.
On 30th July, 1638, Newton leased to William Sandfield a
portion of the ground, on which at some time subsequently, but
before January, 1640, a house was built. On 29th March, 1642, the
property is described[177] as a plot of ground having a breadth of 26
feet at the north end, and 25 feet at the south, and a length of 76 feet
on the east side, and 81 feet on the west; “scituate at the east end of
Queene Street, on the north side of it, between the highway there
leading to the Kinges Gate on the east, a certen lane called Parker’s
Lane on the north, and the King’s highway leading into Queene
Street on the south.” This is easily identifiable with the site of No. 1,
Great Queen Street, and other property in the rear.
On 14th January, 1639–40, Newton sold to Francis
Thriscrosse[178] a plot of ground having a breadth of 23 feet 4 inches
at the north end, and 22½ feet at the south, and a length of 81 feet
on the east side and 86 feet on the west, “and abutteth east upon a
peece of ground and the house thereon built let to William
Sandfeild,” Parker’s Lane on the north, and the King’s highway on
the south. On this plot a house had been erected, representing No. 2,
Great Queen Street. Similarly it may be proved that the site of No. 3
had been built on by Richard Webb by August, 1639.[179] As regards
Nos. 4 to 6, no sufficiently early deeds have come to light to enable
the date of building to be ascertained, but it is probable that all were
built about the same time.
It would seem that these six houses were superior to most of
the others erected on the north side of the street. Such is certainly
the impression derived from Hollar’s Plan of 1658 (Plate 3).
Moreover, Bagford, after alluding to the stateliness and magnificence
of the houses on the south side, goes on to say: “At ye other side of ye
way, near Little Queen Street, they began after ye same manner with
flower de lices on ye wall, but went no further.”[180]
The original buildings on the site of Nos. 1 and 2 were pulled
down about 1735, for a deed dated 7th February in that year,
referring to the site, describes it as “all that toft, peice or parcell of
ground, scituate in Great Queen Street on the north side of the same
street, and extending itself from Queen Street to Parker’s Lane,
together with the old ruinous messuage or tenement and the coach
house, stable, and other erections and buildings thereupon
standing.”[181] Moreover in the sewer ratebook for 1734, there is a
note against the house: “Pulled down and rebuilt.”
The second building on the site of No. 2 was demolished in
connection with the formation of Kingsway. The front had little
architectural merit, judging from a water colour drawing by T. H.
Shepherd, dated 1851, now in the Crace Collection.[182]
The interior had a notable mahogany staircase (Plates 12 and
13) of six flights, the four lower ones having carved brackets, while
the upper part had straight strings more simply treated.
The beautiful balustrade and decorative details were
preserved by the London County Council when the house was pulled
down, and have been lent to and exhibited at the London Museum.
Biographical notes.
The indications as to who exactly were the occupants of particular
houses on the north side of Great Queen Street during the 17th century are
not always very clear, and the following list of persons occupying No. 2 is
perhaps occasionally during the period named open to suspicion:—

1646. Sir M. Lumley[183] (?)

Before 1664 to after 1675. Matthew Hewitt.
Before 1683 to 1700. Henry Moreland.
1700 to after 1720. Samuel Knapton.
1727. Susan Knapton.
1734–75. John Crofts.
1784– Poyser Roper.

Sir Martin Lumley, of Bardfield Magna, Essex, son of Sir Martin

Lumley or Lomley, Lord Mayor of London (1623–4), was born about 1596.
He was sheriff of Essex, 1639–40; and was M.P. for that county in the Long
Parliament, from February 1641, until secluded in December, 1648. He was
created a Baronet on 8th January, 1641, being knighted at Whitehall on the
day following. He died about 1651.[184]
In the Council’s collection are:—
[185]Mahogany staircase, ground to second floor, and second to third
floor (measured drawing).
[185]Mahogany staircase, do., do., details (measured drawing).
XXXIV.–XXXVI.—Nos. 26 to 28, GREAT
QUEEN STREET.
Ground landlord.
The names of the ground landlords of Nos. 27 and 28 have not
been obtained.
General description and date of
structure.
The date of erection of the original houses on the sites of Nos.
26 to 35 is uncertain. The Subsidy Roll for 1628–9, however, among
its few (12) entries relating to Queen Street, contains the names of
three persons[186] who are known to have lived in this row, and that
for 1620–21 contains one;[187] it is therefore fairly certain that the
houses on the site of Nos. 26 to 35 were already in existence by the
latter date.
The ground on which they stood had, it is known, been let on
building lease for a term expiring at Christmas, 1657, and it seems
more than likely that the lease in question was that granted to Walter
Burton on 28th April, 1607. It will be noticed[188] that a part of that
grant comprised a piece of ground taken out of the north side of the
close, and Henry Seagood’s messuage erected on a part of that piece.
Now Seagood’s house occupied the site of Nos. 36–37[189], and the
piece of ground alluded to above certainly did not extend to the west
of Seagood’s house, as that property (the site of Nos. 38 to 45) had
already been disposed of by Holford. It seems, therefore, probable
that it included the ground to the east of the house, thus taking in the
site of Nos. 26 to 35.
The earliest description of the property which has been found
is dated 30th May 1661,[190] where, evidently repeating the account
given in the lease of 1636 (when it was let for 51 years as from 27th
December, 1657) it is referred to as “all those severall messuages or
tenements ... with their appurtenances, scituate, lying and being on
the north side of ... Queene Street ... now or late in the several
tenures of [here 13 names are given]; abutting upon a messuage or
tenement now or late in the tenure ... of John Sparkes, his assigne or
assignes, on the east, and on a messuage or tenement, now or late in
the tenure of one Henry Seagood, his assigne or assignes, on the west
part, and the said Queene Street on the south ...; all which said
messuages ... conteyne in length from east to west 180 feet ... and in
breadth from north to south 60 feet.” It is clear from the entries in
the ratebooks that the original houses on the sites of Nos. 27 and 28
were pulled down between 1723 and 1734, a period which agrees
perfectly with the evidence of the dates on the cisterns mentioned
below.
The present houses have three floors in addition to a
basement and an attic storey. The fronts are treated in brickwork.
No. 27 contains an ornamental cast lead cistern (Plate 15) dated
1733, and in No. 26 is a cistern of somewhat similar design, bearing
the initials B.B. and the date 1725. On the latter house is a cast lead
rain-water head illustrated on Plate 15.
The only external features of interest are the two doorcases,
side by side, which are of deal with Roman Doric pilasters, block
entablatures and pediments. The doorways are recessed, and have
elliptical arches, enclosing fanlights, as shown by the measured
drawing (Plate 14).
The staircase of No. 27 has the original carved brackets. That
of No. 28 is modern.

DEAL STAIR BRACKET TO OUTER STRING TO No. 27 GT.

QUEEN ST.