Human Sensor based detection system for lighting purpose

A Project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of B.E in
Electrical Engineering
BY

NAME OF STUDENTS ENROLLMENT NO.

1.PATEL SHIVAMKUMAR RAMCHANDRA 221103109022

2.PATEL HITEN RAKESHBHAI 221103109012

3. PATEL HARSH RAJESHKUMAR 221103109011

4.PATEL HARSH DHANSUKHBHAI 221103109010

Under the supervision of

PROF.DHARMISTHA PATEL
Department Of Electrical Engineering
GIDC DEGREE ENGINEERING COLLAGE, ABRAMA,
NAVSARI
Gujarat Technological University
©2022-23

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 CERTIFICATE

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLETION

This is to certify that the students namely,

SHIVAMKUMAR R. PATEL,
HITEN R. PATEL,
HARSH R. PATEL,
HARSH D. PATEL

of B.E. II (Electrical Engineering), Semester 6, have successfully completed the coursework and related tasks
for the project "Human Sensor Based Detection System for Lighting Purpose" during the academic term
ending in 2024.

Date:
Place: ABRAMA
Prof. .DHARMISTHA PATEL
Faculty Guide Head of the Department

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our gratitude and appreciation to all those who gave us the valuable
support in completing this report. A special thanks to our project coordinators, prof.
Dharmistha patel whose help, simulating suggestions and encouragement, helped us in
preparing this report. We would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial
role of the staff of Electrical Department Last but not least many thanks go to our Head of the
Department, Prof. Rakesh j. Motiyani who has given his full efforts in guiding the team in
achieving the goal as well as his encouragement to maintain our progress in track. We would
like to appreciate the guidance given by other supervisors, especially in our project
presentation, that has improved our p resentation skills by valuable comment and tips.

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 ABSTRACT

Energy wastage is not idea in our society because it increases electricity cost and even increase
the means of maintaining electricity production. Most frequently, power wastage occurs
through the bulbs fitted on the stair case in homes because its light is always ON even when
not used. This constant light on the stair case increases electricity costs through non–
conserved energy. This report presents the use of sensor basedhuman detector to switch ON
the stair case light only when the presence of human motion is on the stair case and also
switch OFF the staircase light when human motion is not detected thereby increasing effective
energy conservation and reduction of electricity cost. Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor, BC547
Transistor, SPDT relay and other electronic components were employed to accomplish the
construction of the device. The device was tested and it functioned well.

Keywords: Human motion, Passive Infrared Sensor, Staircase, Transistor, Relay, ighting..

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 Index

Chapter No. Content Page

No.

1. Introduction 8

Working 11
2. COMPONENTSDETAILS

1.PassiveInfraredSensor(PIR) 12

2.Resistor
3.Transistor
4.Diode TO
5.Relay
6. Pcb board 16
7. Battery

3. EVALUATIONOFIDEA

AEIOUS Summary
3.1 Activities 17
3.2 Environment
3.3 Interactions To
3.4 Objects
3.5 Users
3.6 AEIOU Summary 20

4. MIND MAP 21

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5. Empathy canvas 22

5.1 User
5.2 Stakeholders
5.3 Activities to
5.4 Story Boarding
5.5 Empathy Mapping 26

6. Ideation Canvas 27

6.1 People
6.2 Activities
6.3 Situation/Context/Location to
6.4 Props/Tools/Objects/Equipment
6.5 Ideation Canvas 31

7. Product Developing Canvas 32

7.1 Purpose
7.2 People
7.3 Product Experience
7.4 Product Function
7.5 Product Features to
7.6 Components
7.7 Customer Revalidation
7.8 Reject/Redesign/Retain
7.9 Product Developing Canvas
7.10 LEARING METRIX Canvas 38

8. 8.1 Conclusion

8.2 References 39

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Figure List

Name Of
Figure Page
Figure.
No. No.
9
1.1 Block Diagram
10
1.2
CircuitDiagram

Passive Infrared Sensor(PIR) 11

2.1
2.2 Resistor
2.3 Transistor
to
2.4 Diode
2.5 Relay 16
2.6 Pcb board
2.7 Battery

3 AEIOU Summary 20

4 Mind Map 21

5 Empathy mapping 26

6 Ideation canvas/framework 31

7 Product Developing Canvas 37

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 CHAPTER1
Introduction
Staircase lighting is needed to light the way while climbing a staircase. Uncountable accidents
have occurred due to poor or no staircase lighting. Several of such accidents have resulted in
permanent injuries to people including bone fractures. In some cases, it has led to permanent
disability and damages to properties. Staircase lighting ought to be ON only when it is
needed. They are of course needed only when necessary, to save energy and energy costs.
Staircase lighting is extremely important in terms of safety. Dark spots and shadows along
staircases may cause safety risks. For this reason, necessary calculations must be done before
the installation of staircase lighting systems. Glare from lighting fixtures and windows should
be minimized. There are different classes of lighting schemes, namely, Direct Lighting,
Indirect Lighting, semi-direct, semi- indirect and general diffusing Lighting System. A well
constructed lighting scheme is the one that provides adequate illumination, avoids glare and
hard shadows, and provides sufficient uniform distribution of light all over the working plane
(The raja and The raja, 2002). The traditional way of controlling the staircase lighting was by
use of two-way switching. The modern staircase lighting consists of a simple circuit that
makes use of motion/human detector or sensor/ to automatically switch OFF/ON an electrical
system such as the staircase lighting. Transistors, light emitting diodes(LEDs), passive
infrared (PIR) sensor, etc. can be used to construct a light sensing device that can
automatically be switched ON when motion is detected or switch OFF when motion is not
detected

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Block Diagram
.

Figure.1.1

Here is a step-by-step explanation of how the circuit works:

1. When there is no movement in the area, the PIR sensor does not detect any infrared radiation.
2. The output of the PIR sensor is low.
3. The transistor is turned off.
4. No current flows to the relay coil.
5. The relay contacts are open.
6. The bulb is off.
7. When someone enters the area, the PIR sensor detects their infrared radiation.
8. The output of the PIR sensor goes high.
9. The transistor is turned on.
10. Current flows to the relay coil.
11. The relay contacts close.
12. The bulb turns on.

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Sure, let's expand the explanation of the circuit diagram further:

The circuit diagram depicts a straightforward setup designed for automatic control of an AC bulb using a
Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor, a transistor, a relay, along with supporting components like a diode and
resistor.

1. **PIR Sensor (Passive Infrared Sensor)**:

- The PIR sensor is a key component that detects infrared radiation emitted by objects within its field of
view, such as humans or animals. When a warm body is detected, the sensor outputs a signal indicating
motion.

2. **Transistor (NPN Type)**:

- The transistor in the circuit serves as a switch controlled by the PIR sensor's output. In this setup, an
NPN transistor is used. When the PIR sensor detects motion and outputs a signal, it triggers the transistor
to conduct.

3. **Relay**:
- The relay is an electromechanical switch consisting of a coil and a set of contacts. When the transistor
conducts, it allows current to flow through the relay coil, which then activates the relay.

4. **Relay Contacts**:
- The relay's contacts are connected to the AC power line and the bulb. When the relay is activated (due
to motion detection by the PIR sensor), the relay's contacts close, completing the circuit and allowing AC
power to flow to the bulb.

5. **AC Bulb**:
- The AC bulb is the load in the circuit. When the relay's contacts close, the AC power is supplied to the
bulb, causing it to light up.

6. **Diode (Flyback Diode)**:

- The diode connected across the relay coil is a flyback diode. It is used to protect the transistor from
voltage spikes that occur when the relay coil is de-energized (turned off). The diode provides a path for
the current generated by the collapsing magnetic field of the relay coil, preventing potential damage to the
transistor.

7. **Resistor**:
- The resistor connected to the base of the transistor plays a crucial role in limiting the current flowing
into the base, thereby controlling the transistor's switching behavior. It helps ensure that the transistor
operates within safe limits and prevents excessive current draw.

This circuit arrangement enables automatic control of the AC bulb based on detected motion by the PIR
sensor. When motion is sensed, the PIR sensor triggers the transistor, which then activates the relay to
turn on the bulb. The use of a relay is essential for isolating the low-voltage circuit (controlled by the PIR
sensor and transistor) from the high-voltage AC circuit powering the bulb, ensuring safety and reliability
in the operation of the lighting system.

Overall, this circuit demonstrates a practical application of motion detection technology for energy-
efficient lighting control, suitable for various environments where automatic lighting based on occupancy
is desired.
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 Circuit diagram:-

Figure.1.2

The way the circuit works is as follows:

When the PIR sensor detects motion, it sends a high signal to the output pin.
The voltage regulator converts the AC 220V input voltage to a stable 5V DC voltage.
The transistor amplifies the weak signal from the PIR sensor.
The amplified signal from the transistor triggers the relay.
When the relay is triggered, it allows current to flow to the light bulb, turning it on.
This is a simple example of how a PIR sensor can be used to automatically control a light. These types of
circuits are often used in home automation applications, such as security lights and automatic door openers

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 Deep Dive into the Components of a PIR Sensor-Based Light System:

 PIR Sensor (Passive Infra-Red Sensor):

 Imagine the PIR sensor as a guardian with heat vision. It constantly detects infrared (IR) radiation, a form
of invisible heat energy emitted by all objects with a temperature above absolute zero.
 When a person or animal with a higher temperature than the background walks through the sensor's field of
view, the change in IR radiation is picked up.
 This triggers a high signal on the sensor's output pin, essentially saying, "Hey, someone's here!"
 Voltage Regulator (IC 7805):
 Think of the voltage regulator as a bouncer at a voltage club. It ensures only "authorized voltages" get in.
 In this case, your circuit operates on a stable 5V DC (Direct Current). But the wall outlet supplies a much
higher, unregulated AC (Alternating Current) voltage (often 220V in some regions).
 The 7805 steps in, regulating the unruly AC voltage from the wall outlet and converting it into a smooth,
stable 5V DC that safely powers the other delicate electronic components.
 Transistor (BC547):
 The transistor acts like an amplifier for the weak signal coming from the PIR sensor. Imagine it as a shy
person needing a microphone to be heard.
 The weak PIR sensor signal might not be strong enough to directly trigger the relay. The transistor boosts
the signal strength, making it powerful enough to activate the next component in line.
 Relay:
 This is the muscle of the circuit, controlling the flow of high current to the light bulb.
 Think of it as a powerful switch operated by the transistor's amplified signal.
 When the transistor sends a signal, the relay flips its internal switch, allowing electricity to flow to the light
bulb, illuminating the room.
 Diode (1N4007):
 This tiny component acts as a bodyguard for the transistor. When the relay switches off, a surge of voltage
(called back EMF) can occur.
 The diode steps in, absorbing this voltage spike and protecting the delicate transistor from harm.
 Resistor (R1):
 Resistors are like tiny traffic lights for electricity, controlling the current flow. R1 limits the current
flowing through the transistor, preventing it from overloading and potentially getting damaged.

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 Working Together:
 These components work in harmony. The PIR sensor detects motion, sending a signal to the transistor. The
transistor amplifies the signal, triggering the relay. The relay then acts as a switch, turning on the light
bulb. Finally, the diode safeguards the transistor, and the resistor regulates current flow. The result? An
automatic lighting system that illuminates the room only when someone is present.

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 Working
Certainly! Let's elaborate on the description of the circuit operation based on the provided details:

The circuit operates using a DC power supply to energize the Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor. The PIR
sensor is designed to detect movement within its detection range. When motion is detected, the sensor
outputs a signal at 5V, indicating the presence of a warm body or significant temperature difference.

Here's a detailed breakdown of the circuit components and their functions:

1. **DC Supply and PIR Sensor**:

- The PIR sensor is powered by a DC supply. It detects changes in infrared radiation caused by
movement or temperature differences within its coverage area.

2. **Output Signal from PIR Sensor**:

- When the PIR sensor detects movement, it provides a 5V output signal. This signal is used to trigger
subsequent stages in the circuit.

3. **Resistor as Current Limiter**:

- The resistor connected between the PIR sensor output and the base of the transistor acts as a current-
limiting device. It helps control the amount of current flowing into the transistor's base, ensuring safe
operation.

4. **Transistor (NPN Type)**:

- The transistor is used to amplify the current or act as a switch based on the signal received from the
PIR sensor. It prevents the backflow of current and serves as a control element for activating the relay.

5. **Relay as a Switch**:
- The relay in the circuit acts as a switch that controls the AC power supply to the fluorescent lamp. It
has two sets of contacts: normally closed (NC) and normally open (NO).
- When the relay is not activated (no motion detected), the normally closed contacts are connected,
keeping the circuit open, and the fluorescent lamp remains OFF, conserving power.
- When motion is detected (PIR sensor output is high), the relay is energized. This action switches
the relay contacts from normally closed to normally open, closing the circuit and turning ON the
fluorescent lamp.

6. **Fluorescent Lamp Operation**:

- The fluorescent lamp is connected to the relay's normally open contacts. When the relay is activated
(due to detected motion), the circuit is completed, allowing current to flow to the fluorescent lamp and
turning it ON.
- Conversely, when no motion is detected, the relay remains inactive, keeping the circuit open, and the
fluorescent lamp remains OFF, thereby saving power.

By using this configuration, the circuit effectively controls the operation of the fluorescent lamp based
on detected motion, optimizing energy usage in areas where lighting is only required when occupants
are present. The PIR sensor's ability to detect subtle changes in infrared radiation ensures reliable
performance in detecting human presence, contributing to energy conservation and automation in
lighting systems.

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CHAPTER2

COMPONENTS DETAILS:-

1. Passive Infrared Sensor (PIR)

2. Resistor

3. Transistor

4. Diode

5. Relay

6. Pcb Board

7. Battery

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1. Passive Infrared Sensor(PIR)

Passive infrared (PIR) sensors use a pair of pyro electric sensors to detect heat energy in the
surrounding environment. These two sensors sit beside each other, and when the signal
differential between the two sensors changes the sensor will engage. Range of PIR Sensor
Indoor passive infrared: Detection distances range from 25 cm to 20 m. Indoor curtain type:
The detection distance ranges from 25cm to 20 m. Outdoor passive infrared: The detection
distance ranges from 10 meters to 150 meters.

Figure2.1

A PIR sensor is an electronic sensor used in motion detectors such as automatically triggered
lighting devices and protection systems that measure devices emitting infrared light in their field
of view. Each body with a temperature above zero releases heat energy, which is in the form of
radiation. PIR sensors detect infrared radiation that is reflected or released from the target instead
of measuring or sensing heat. If the sensor detects an animal, insect, or a person, the temperature
at that point in the sensor’s field of view increases to the body temperature of the intruder from
the ambient temperature and then back accordingly. The resulting change in the received infrared
radiation is translated by the sensor into a change in the output voltage, which activates detection.
Usually, the PIR sensors detect general movement. They do not offer specifics and information
about what or who moved, but only movements of animals, people, or some other thing. An active
IR sensor can be used to get further details.

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2. Resistor

A passive electrical component with two terminals that are used for either limiting or regulating
the flow of electric current in electrical circuits. The main purpose of resistor is to reduce the
current flow and to lower the voltage in any particular portion of the circuit.

Figure2.2

Working Principle of ResistorThe resistor absorbs the electrical energy in the process where it
acts as a hindrance to the flow of electricity by reducing the voltage, and it is dissipated as
heat. In today's world of electronic circuits, the heat dissipation is typically a fraction of a
watt.Ohm's law states that if I is the current flowing through the resistor in amperes, and R is
the resistance in ohms, then V is the voltage drop that is imposed by the resistor (it is the
electrical potential difference between the two contacts that are attached.).V=IRV=IRV = \
frac{I}{R}Another way of saying this is that the 1Ω resistor will allow a current of 1 amp
when there is a capacity difference between the ends of the resistor of 1 volt. If P is the power
in watts dissipated by the resistor, in a DC circuit:P = V ××\times IBy substitution of Ohm's
law, we can express power (watts) in terms of current and resistance:P=I2RP=I2RP = \
frac{I^{2}}{R} We can also express power (watts) in terms of voltage and
resistance:P=V2×RP=V2×RP = V^2 \times RThese alternative equations can be used when
you do not know the value of the voltage drop or the current, respectively.Approximately
similar relationships exist when using alternating current, although the power will be a more
complex function of the resistor

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3. Transistor

A transistor can act as a switch or gate for electronic signals, opening and closing an electronic
gate many times per second. It ensures the circuit is on if the current is flowing and switched
off if it isn't.
Transistors are used in complex switching circuits that comprise all modern
telecommunications systems.

Figure2.3

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how transistors act as electronic switches:

Inside the Transistor:

 Imagine a transistor as a tiny semiconductor sandwich with three layers: Emitter, Base, and Collector.
 Each layer is doped differently, affecting how electricity flows through them.
 Doping adds impurities to the semiconductor, making one side (Emitter and Collector) have more
negative charges (N-type) and the other (Base) have more positive charges (P-type).

Controlling the Current:

 A small voltage applied between the Base and Emitter acts like a control lever.
 When this voltage is low, the Base acts like a roadblock, preventing current from flowing heavily
between the Emitter and Collector (transistor is OFF).
 However, increasing the Base voltage allows more current to flow through the Base, which in turn acts
like an open gate, permitting a much larger current to flow between Emitter and Collector (transistor is
ON).

Analogy: Water Valve

 Think of the transistor as a water valve. The Base voltage is like the pressure on the valve handle.
 Low pressure (low Base voltage) keeps the valve mostly closed (transistor OFF), restricting water flow
(current).
 High pressure (high Base voltage) opens the valve wider (transistor ON), allowing a larger flow of
water (current).

Fast Switching:

 The beauty of transistors lies in their ability to switch very quickly. By rapidly changing the Base
voltage, we can turn the transistor ON and OFF many times per second. This allows for efficient
control of electronic signals.

Transistors in Complex Circuits:

 Modern telecommunication systems rely on complex circuits built from countless transistors.
 These circuits can route, amplify, and manipulate electronic signals representing voice, data, or video.
 By strategically switching transistors on and off, the circuits can perform various functions such as
signal filtering, data processing, and error correction, all crucial for reliable communication.

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 4. Diode

used as rectifiers, signal limiters, voltage regulators, switches, signal modulators, signal
mixers, signal demodulators, and oscillators. The fundamental property of a diode is its
tendency to conduct electric current in only one direction.

Figure2.4

Diodes are semiconductor devices extensively utilized in electronics for a wide range of
applications. Their unique property of allowing electric current to flow in only one direction
makes them indispensable components in various circuits.

In electronic circuits, diodes serve multiple functions such as rectification, signal limiting, voltage
regulation, switching, modulation, mixing, demodulation, and even oscillation. Let's delve into
each of these roles:

1. **Rectifiers**: Diodes are commonly used as rectifiers to convert alternating current (AC) into
direct current (DC) by allowing current flow in only one direction.

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 2. **Signal Limiters**: Diodes can be employed to limit the amplitude of signals by conducting
only when the signal voltage exceeds a certain threshold.

3. **Voltage Regulators**: Diodes are integral parts of voltage regulator circuits, ensuring a
stable output voltage by controlling the flow of current.

4. **Switches**: In digital circuits, diodes can act as switches, allowing current to pass when
forward-biased and blocking it when reverse-biased.

5. **Signal Modulators**: Diodes play a role in signal modulation by varying their conductivity
based on the input signal, thereby influencing the output signal.

6. **Signal Mixers**: By using diodes in mixer circuits, different frequencies or signals can be
combined or modulated together.

7. **Signal Demodulators**: Diodes are used in demodulation circuits to extract the original
signal from a modulated carrier wave.

8. **Oscillators**: Diodes are also employed in oscillator circuits, where they can generate
periodic waveforms or frequencies.

The versatility of diodes in electronic applications stems from their ability to control the direction
of current flow with precision, making them indispensable for signal processing, power
conversion, and circuit control in modern electronics. Whether in power supplies, communication
devices, or digital circuits, diodes play a fundamental role in enabling efficient and reliable
operation of electronic systems.

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5.Relay

Relays are electrically operated switches that open and close the circuits by receiving
electrical signals from outside sources. The principle of electromagnetic induction. When the
electro magnet is applied with some current, it induces a magnetic field around it.

Figure2.

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Relays are crucial components in electrical systems, serving as electrically operated switches that can
open or close circuits based on external electrical signals. They operate on the principle of
electromagnetic induction, where the flow of current through a coil of wire (forming an electromagnet)
generates a magnetic field around it.

Here's a deeper look into how relays function and their significance:

1. **Electromagnetic Induction**: When an electrical current is passed through the coil (or winding) of a
relay, it creates a magnetic field around the coil according to Ampere's Law. This magnetic field induces
a corresponding magnetic flux within the relay's core.

2. **Core and Armature**: The relay typically consists of a ferromagnetic core and an armature
(movable contact). When the coil is energized, the magnetic flux attracts the armature towards the core,
closing the contacts and completing the circuit.

3. **Opening and Closing Circuits**: Relays can either be normally open (NO) or normally closed
(NC). In a normally open relay, the contacts remain open when the coil is de-energized, but close when
the coil is energized. Conversely, in a normally closed relay, the contacts are normally closed and open
when the coil is energized.

4. **Control and Isolation**: Relays provide control and isolation between the low-power control circuit
(input side) and the high-power load circuit (output side). This allows small control signals, such as from
a microcontroller or a switch, to safely control larger currents or voltages.

5. **Types of Relays**: There are various types of relays designed for specific applications, including:
- **Electromechanical Relays**: Traditional relays with moving parts controlled by electromagnetic
force.
- **Solid-State Relays (SSRs)**: Relays without moving parts, using semiconductor devices like
transistors or thyristors to perform switching.
- **Reed Relays**: Relays that use magnetic fields to control reed switches, which are thin, flexible
metal strips sealed in a glass envelope.

6. **Applications**: Relays are widely used in automation, control systems, telecommunications,

automotive electronics, and many other industries where remote control and electrical isolation are
necessary. They play a critical role in safety-critical systems by providing reliable switching and
isolation.

In summary, relays leverage electromagnetic induction to control the flow of electricity in circuits,
offering a versatile and reliable method for remote switching and isolation of electrical signals. Their
ability to handle high voltages and currents while providing electrical isolation makes them
indispensable components across various electronic and industrial applications.

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5. Pcb board

printed circuit board ,or PCb board, or PCB, is a non- conductive material with conductive
lines printed or etched. Electronic components are mounted on the board and the traces
connectthe components together to form a working circuit or assembly.

Figurer2.6
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A printed circuit board (PCB), also known simply as a circuit board or PCB board, is a
fundamental component in modern electronics. It consists of a non-conductive substrate
material, typically made of fiberglass-reinforced epoxy, with conductive pathways or traces
printed or etched onto its surface. These traces serve as the interconnecting channels between
electronic components mounted on the board.

Here's a breakdown of the key components and processes involved in PCB fabrication and
assembly:

1. **Substrate Material**: The base material of a PCB is usually a rigid or flexible laminate
composed of an insulating substrate (e.g., fiberglass-reinforced epoxy resin, known as FR-4) that
provides mechanical support and electrical insulation.

2. **Conductive Traces**: Conductive pathways, or traces, are typically made of copper and are
patterned onto the substrate using a process called etching. The traces establish the electrical
connections between different components on the board.

3. **Component Mounting**: Electronic components such as resistors, capacitors, integrated

circuits (ICs), diodes, and transistors are mounted onto the PCB using soldering techniques.
Surface Mount Technology (SMT) and Through-Hole Technology (THT) are the two primary
methods used for component mounting.

4. **Interconnections**: The traces on the PCB form a network of interconnections that link the
various components together according to the desired circuit design. These connections enable
the flow of electrical signals and power throughout the circuit.

5. **Design Considerations**: PCB layout and design play a critical role in ensuring optimal
circuit performance, reliability, and manufacturability. Design considerations include trace
width, spacing, layer stack-up, via placement, and component placement to minimize
interference and ensure signal integrity.

6. **Manufacturing Process**: The manufacturing of PCBs involves several key steps:

- **Design**: Creation of the circuit schematic and layout using Electronic Design
Automation (EDA) software.
- **Fabrication**: Production of the PCB by printing or etching the conductive traces onto the
substrate material.
- **Component Assembly**: Mounting of electronic components onto the PCB using
automated pick-and-place machines or manual soldering techniques.
- **Testing**: Verification of the assembled PCB to ensure proper functionality and adherence
to design specifications.

7. **Types of PCBs**: PCBs can vary in complexity and design based on the specific
application requirements. Common types include single-sided PCBs (with traces on one side),
double-sided PCBs (with traces on both sides), and multi-layer PCBs (with multiple layers of
conductive traces separated by insulating layers).

PCBs are essential in nearly all electronic devices, ranging from consumer electronics like
smartphones and computers to industrial equipment, automotive systems, and medical devices.
Their compact design, reliable performance, and scalability make PCBs a cornerstone of modern
electronic engineering and manufacturing.

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6. Battery

It is usually used in small portable appliances.

Figure2.7

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 Cracking Open the 9V Battery: A Look Inside

The seemingly simple 9V battery packs a surprising punch! Here's a breakdown of its workings:

Inside the Wrapper:

 Unlike its name might suggest, a 9V battery doesn't contain a single large cell. Instead, it's a clever
bundle of six smaller cells, typically 1.5V each, connected in series.
 Each cell relies on a chemical reaction to generate electricity. Common types use zinc and carbon or
alkaline materials.

Series Connection:

 Connecting cells in series adds their voltages. Imagine six steps on a staircase – climbing them takes
you six times higher than climbing just one. Similarly, the six 1.5V cells in series add up to a total of
around 9V (actual voltage can vary based on chemistry).

Chemical Powerhouse:

 Within each cell, a controlled chemical reaction between the electrodes releases electrons, creating an
electric current. This flow of electrons is what powers your devices.
 As the chemical reaction progresses, the battery's capacity (stored energy) gradually depletes,
eventually leading to a drop in voltage and the need for a replacement.

Powering Your Gadgets: 9V Battery Applications

The compact and versatile 9V battery finds its way into various electronic devices:

 Smoke Detectors: These life-saving devices use 9V batteries to power the alarm circuit, alerting you to
potential fire hazards.
 Guitar Effects Pedals: Many guitar effects pedals rely on 9V batteries to create the desired sonic
modifications.
 Remote Controls: The signal transmission in some remote controls is fueled by 9V batteries.
 Portable Radios: Classic transistor radios often use 9V batteries for their operation.
 Toys: Certain electronic toys draw their power from 9V batteries.

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 CHAPTER3

AEIOUS Summary

3.1 Activities
3.2 Environment
3.3 Interactions
3.4 Objects
3.5 Users
3.6 Aeiou Summary

3.1 Activities:-

Activities states as a different-different activity done by users in domain area during

observation. It’s mentioned here in canvas.

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3.2 ENVIRONMENT:-
An environment state as the conditions feels by our senses. This is mentio ned here in canvas.

3.3 INTREACTION:-

Interaction states as the relation between one things to another it’s living or non- living
thing. It’s mentioned here in canvas.

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3.4 OBJECTS:-
Objects states as the equipment/device used by users for performing activities. It’s mentioned here in
canvas.

3.5 USERS:-

Users states as the activity performer or who performing any acti vities. It’s
mentioned here in canvas.

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3.6 AEIOU Summary:-

Page | 31
 CHAPTER 4

4.1 MINDMAP:-

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 CHAPTER 5
Empathy Canvas

5.1 User
5.2 Stakeholders
5.3 Activities
5.4 Story Boarding
5.5 Empathy Mapping

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 Empathy canvas consist of four parts:-

5.1 User

5.2 Stakeholders

Stakeholders related to all that who performing any activity related to area.

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5.3 Activities

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 5.4 Story Boarding
Story Boarding consists of two parts: Happy Story, Sad Story

Happy Story

Sad Story

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5.5 Empathy mapping

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 CHAPTER 6

Ideation canvas:-

6.1 People

6.2 Activities

6.3 Situation/Context/Location

6.4 Props/Tools/Objects/Equipment

6.5 Ideation Canvas

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Ideation canvas/framework:-

Ideation Canvas are the second step of project. From the AEIOU Summary Canvas, you have
an idea what are the people? In Ideationcanvas, you have to Carry out this type of activities is
related to your project and people? What is the situation and locationregarding to activities?
then after you find the possible Solution.

Ideation canvas consists of four parts:

6.1 People
6.2 Activities
6.3 Situation/Context/Location
6.4 Props/Tools/Objects/Equipment

6.1 People:-

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6.2 Activities:-

6.3 Situation/Context/Location:-

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6.4 Props/Tools/objects/Equipment:-

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6.5 Ideation canvas/framework:-

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 CHAPTER 7:-
Product developing canvas

7.1 Purpose
7.2 People
7.3 Product Experience
7.4 Product Functions

7.5 Product Features

7.6 Components
7.7 Customer Revalidation

7.8 Reject/Redesign/Retain

7.1 Purpose:-

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 7.2 People:-

7.3 Product Experience:-

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7.4 Product Functions:-

7.5 Product Features:-

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7.6 Components:-

7.7 Customer Revalidation:-

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7.8 Reject/Redesign/Retain:-

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7.9 Product Developing Canvas:-

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7.10 LEARING METRIX Canvas:-

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 CHAPTER 8:-
In summary, the implementation of the sensor-based human detector for lighting control offers a
straightforward yet highly effective solution for energy conservation within any indoor space. The use of a
Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor in conjunction with a relay as the core components has demonstrated
significant potential in automatically optimizing energy usage.

Through practical testing over a three-hour period, the module exhibited a commendable 15% reduction in
energy consumption. This calculation takes into account the assumption that manual control switches are
operated with approximately 50% accuracy. Such outcomes underscore the practical impact and feasibility
of integrating this technology into various settings.

The choice of employing low-power, cost-effective PIR sensors that seamlessly interface with other
electronic components further enhances the system's accessibility and adaptability. Beyond its initial
application in staircase lighting control, this technology holds promise for broader deployment in areas
such as car parking facilities and street lighting systems.

In essence, the sensor-based human detection system not only contributes to energy savings but also
underscores the potential for innovative solutions to address broader sustainability challenges in diverse
environments. As advancements continue to drive efficiency and affordability, the adoption of such
technologies represents a significant step towards realizing smarter, more resource-efficient infrastructures .

References:-

o https://circuitdigest.com/electroniccircuits/automatic-room-lights-using- pirsensor-and-relay
o https://circuitdigest.com/electroniccircuits/automatic-room-lights-using- pirsensor-and-relay
o Make: Magazine: https://makezine.com/
o All About Circuits: https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/
o Electronics Tutorials: https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/
o Instructables: https://www.instructables.com/

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