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Et Chapter 7
Et Chapter 7
Et Chapter 7
Piston cylinder arrangement is weightless and does not produce friction during motion.
The walls of the cylinder and piston are considered perfectly insulated.
The transfer of heat does not change the temperature of sources or sink.
Fig.7.3 – Schematic, p-V and T-s diagram of Carnot gas power cycle
The Carnot cycle has the highest possible efficiency and it consists of four simple operations as below:
Isothermal expansion (1 – 2):
The source of heat (H) is applied to the end of the cylinder and isothermal reversible expansion occurs at
a temperature 𝑇1 = 𝑇2 = 𝑇𝐻 . During this process 𝑞𝑠 amount of heat is supplied to the system.
Adiabatic expansion (2 – 3):
Non conducting (insulating) cover (C) is applied to the end of the cylinder and the cylinder becomes
perfectly insulated. The adiabatic cover is brought in contact with the cylinder head. Hence no heat transfer
takes place. The fluid expands adiabatically and reversibly. The temperature falls from 𝑇𝐻 to 𝑇𝐿 .
Since process (2 – 3) and (4 – 1) are isentropic, the heat transfer from or to the system is zero
and 𝑠2 = 𝑠3 and 𝑠4 = 𝑠1 .
Net Work Done,
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑞𝑠 − 𝑞𝑟 Eq. (7.3)
Thermal Efficiency,
This thermodynamic cycle is operated with isochoric (constant volume) heat addition and consists of two
reversible adiabatic (Isentropic) processes and two constant volume processes. Fig.7.4 shows the Otto
cycle plotted on p–V and T–s diagram.
Isentropic Compression Process (1 – 2):
At point 1 cylinder is full of air with a volume 𝑉1, pressure 𝑝1 and temperature 𝑇1 .
Piston moves from BDC to TDC and an ideal gas (air) is compressed isentropically to state point 2 through
compression ratio,
𝑉1
𝑟=
𝑉2
Constant Volume Heat Addition Process (2 – 3):
Heat is added at constant volume from an external heat source. The pressure rises at constant volume
𝑃3
and the ratio 𝑟𝑝 𝑜𝑟 𝛼 = is called pressure ratio.
𝑃2
𝑞𝑠 = 𝐶𝑉 (𝑇3 − 𝑇2 )
Heat rejected during process 4 – 1,
𝑞𝑟 = 𝐶𝑉 (𝑇4 − 𝑇1 )
Net Work Done,
∴ 𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑞𝑠 − 𝑞𝑟
∴ 𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐶𝑉 (𝑇3 − 𝑇2 ) − 𝐶𝑉 (𝑇4 − 𝑇1 )
Thermal Efficiency,
𝑇2 𝑉1 𝛾−1
= ( ) = 𝑟 𝛾−1
𝑇1 𝑉2
∴ 𝑻𝟐 = 𝑻𝟏 𝒓𝜸−𝟏 Eq. (7.6)
Swept volume,
𝑣2 𝑅𝑇1 1
𝑣𝑠 = 𝑣1 − 𝑣2 = 𝑣1 (1 − )= (1 − )
𝑣1 𝑝1 𝑟
𝑅𝑇1
∴ 𝑣𝑠 = (𝑟 − 1) Eq. (7.11)
𝑝1 𝑟
Prof. Bhavin J. Vegada, Department of Mechanical Engineering
7.8
Engineering Thermodynamics (3131905) | Unit-7 Gas Power Cycles
Mean effective pressure,
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 𝑟 𝛾−1
𝑇3 = 𝑇1 𝛼 𝑟 𝛾−1
𝑇4 = 𝑇1 ∙ 𝛼
Substituting all these temperature values in Eq. (7.12), We get,
𝒑𝟏 𝒓
∴ 𝒎𝒆𝒑 = [(𝒓𝜸−𝟏 − 𝟏)(𝜶 − 𝟏)] Eq. (7.13)
(𝒓 − 𝟏)(𝜸 − 𝟏)
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑞𝑠 − 𝑞𝑟
∴ 𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐶𝑉 (𝑇3 − 𝑇2 ) − 𝐶𝑉 (𝑇4 − 𝑇1 )
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡
∴ = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2 − 𝑇4 + 𝑇1 Eq. (7.14)
𝐶𝑉
We know that,
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 𝑟 𝛾−1
1 𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑇4 = 𝑇3 = 𝑇3 (∵ = 𝑟 𝛾−1 )
𝑟 𝛾−1 𝑇2 𝑇1
So
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑇3 𝑇1
= 𝑇3 − 𝑇2 − + 𝑇1 Eq. (7.15)
𝐶𝑉 𝑇2
The intermediate temperature 𝑇2 for maximum work output can be obtained by differentiating the above
equation with respect to 𝑇2 & setting the derivatives equal to zero.
1 𝑑𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑇1 𝑇3
∴ = −1 + 2 = 0 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘)
𝐶𝑉 𝑑𝑇2 𝑇2
i.e. the intermediate temperature 𝑇2 & 𝑇4 must be equal for maximum work.
Maximum work,
𝑤𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶𝑉 (𝑇3 − 𝑇2 − 𝑇4 + 𝑇1 )
𝑞𝑠 = 𝐶𝑃 (𝑇3 − 𝑇2 )
Heat rejected during process 4 – 1,
𝑞𝑟 = 𝐶𝑉 (𝑇4 − 𝑇1 )
Net Work Done,
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑞𝑠 − 𝑞𝑟
∴ 𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐶𝑃 (𝑇3 − 𝑇2 ) − 𝐶𝑉 (𝑇4 − 𝑇1 )
Thermal Efficiency,
𝑇2 𝑉1 𝛾−1
= ( ) = 𝑟 𝛾−1
𝑇1 𝑉2
∴ 𝑻𝟐 = 𝑻𝟏 𝒓𝜸−𝟏 Eq. (7.21)
𝑇4 𝑉3 𝛾−1
= ( )
𝑇3 𝑉4
𝑉3 𝑉2 𝛾−1
∴ 𝑇4 = 𝑇3 ( × )
𝑉4 𝑉2
𝜌 𝛾−1 𝑉1 𝑉3
∴ 𝑇4 = 𝑇3 ( ) (∵𝑟 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜌 = )
𝑟 𝑉2 𝑉2
𝛾−1
𝜌𝛾−1
∴ 𝑇4 = 𝑇1 𝑟 𝜌 × 𝛾−1
𝑟
∴ 𝑻𝟒 = 𝑻𝟏 𝝆𝜸 Eq. (7.23)
Swept volume,
𝑣2 𝑅𝑇1 1
𝑣𝑠 = 𝑣1 − 𝑣2 = 𝑣1 (1 − )= (1 − )
𝑣1 𝑝1 𝑟
𝑅𝑇1
∴ 𝑣𝑠 = (𝑟 − 1) Eq. (7.26)
𝑝1 𝑟
Mean effective pressure,
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 𝑟 𝛾−1
𝑇3 = 𝑇1 𝑟 𝛾−1 𝜌
𝑇4 = 𝑇1 𝜌𝛾
By putting the values of 𝑇2 , 𝑇3 and 𝑇4 in Eq. (7.27), we get,
𝐶𝑉 𝑝1 𝑟 𝛾(𝑇1 𝑟 𝛾−1 𝜌 − 𝑇1 𝑟 𝛾−1 ) − (𝑇1 𝜌𝛾 − 𝑇1 )
∴ 𝑚𝑒𝑝 = [ ]
𝑅 (𝑟 − 1) 𝑇1
𝒑𝟏 𝒓
∴ 𝒎𝒆𝒑 = [𝜸𝒓𝜸−𝟏 ( 𝝆 − 𝟏) − (𝝆𝜸 − 𝟏)] Eq. (7.28)
(𝜸 − 𝟏)(𝒓 − 𝟏)
𝐶𝑉 1
(∵ = )
𝑅 𝛾−1
𝑞𝑠 = 𝑞2−3 + 𝑞3−4
∴ 𝑞𝑠 = 𝐶𝑉 (𝑇3 − 𝑇2 ) + 𝐶𝑃 (𝑇4 − 𝑇3 )
Heat rejected during process (5 – 1),
𝑞𝑟 = 𝐶𝑉 (𝑇5 − 𝑇1 )
Net work done,
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑞𝑠 − 𝑞𝑟
Prof. Bhavin J. Vegada, Department of Mechanical Engineering
7.14
Engineering Thermodynamics (3131905) | Unit-7 Gas Power Cycles
∴ 𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐶𝑉 (𝑇3 − 𝑇2 ) + 𝐶𝑃 (𝑇4 − 𝑇3 ) − 𝐶𝑉 (𝑇5 − 𝑇1 )
Thermal efficiency,
𝑇2 𝑉1 𝛾−1
= ( ) = 𝑟 𝛾−1
𝑇1 𝑉2
∴ 𝑻𝟐 = 𝑻𝟏 𝒓𝜸−𝟏 Eq. (7.30)
𝑇5 𝑉4 𝛾−1
= ( )
𝑇4 𝑉5
𝑉4 𝑉2 𝛾−1
∴ 𝑇5 = 𝑇4 ( × )
𝑉5 𝑉2
𝑉4 𝑉2 𝛾−1
∴ 𝑇5 = 𝑇4 ( × ) (∵ 𝑉5 = 𝑉1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 = 𝑉3 )
𝑉1 𝑉3
𝜌 𝛾−1 𝑉1 𝑉3
∴ 𝑇5 = 𝑇4 ( ) (∵𝑟 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜌 = )
𝑟 𝑉2 𝑉2
𝜌𝛾−1
∴ 𝑇5 = 𝑇1 𝑟 𝛾−1 𝛼𝜌 ×
𝑟 𝛾−1
∴ 𝑻𝟓 = 𝑻𝟏 𝜶𝝆𝜸 Eq. (7.33)
If 𝝆 = 𝟏 (𝑽𝟑 = 𝑽𝟒 )
Hence, there is no addition of heat at constant pressure. Consequently, the entire heat is supplied
at constant volume and the cycle becomes the Otto cycle. By substituting 𝜌 = 1 in Eq. (7.34), we
get,
1
𝜂 =1− = 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑡𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑟 (𝛾−1)
Similarly if 𝜶 = 𝟏, the heat addition is only at constant pressure and cycle becomes Diesel cycle.
By substituting 𝛼 = 1 in Eq. (7.34), we get,
1 (𝜌𝛾 − 1)
𝜂 = 1− [ ] = 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑖𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑟 𝛾−1 𝛾(𝜌 − 1)
Swept volume,
𝑣2 𝑅𝑇1 1
𝑣𝑠 = 𝑣1 − 𝑣2 = 𝑣1 (1 − )= (1 − )
𝑣1 𝑝1 𝑟
𝑅𝑇1
∴ 𝑣𝑠 = (𝑟 − 1) Eq. (7.36)
𝑝1 𝑟
Mean effective pressure,
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 𝑟 𝛾−1
𝑇3 = 𝑇1 𝑟 𝛾−1 𝛼
𝑇4 = 𝑇1 𝑟 𝛾−1 𝛼𝜌
𝑇5 = 𝑇1 𝛼 𝜌𝛾
𝐶𝑉 𝑝1 𝑟 𝛾(𝑇1 𝑟 𝛾−1 𝛼 − 𝑇1 𝑟 𝛾−1 ) + 𝛾(𝑇1 𝑟 𝛾−1 𝛼𝜌 − 𝑇1 𝑟 𝛾−1 𝛼) − (𝑇1 𝛼𝜌𝛾 − 𝑇1 )
∴ 𝑝𝑚 = [ ]
𝑅 (𝑟 − 1) 𝑇1
𝒑𝟏 𝒓
∴ 𝒎𝒆𝒑 = [( 𝜶 – 𝟏)𝒓𝜸−𝟏 + 𝜸𝜶𝒓𝜸−𝟏 (𝝆 − 𝟏) − (𝜶𝝆𝜸 – 𝟏)] Eq. (7.37)
(𝜸 − 𝟏)(𝒓 − 𝟏)
7.7.1 For the Same Compression Ratio and the Same Heat Input
Fig.7.9 – p-V and T-s diagram for same compression ration and same heat input
We know that,
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑞𝑟
𝜂 =1− = 1− Eq. (7.38)
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑞𝑠
The quantity of heat rejected from each cycle is represented by the appropriate area under the line 4 – 1
on the T–s diagram.
From Eq. (7.38) and Fig.7.9; it is clear that the cycle which has the least heat rejected will have the highest
efficiency.
∴ 𝜼𝑶𝒕𝒕𝒐 > 𝜼𝑫𝒖𝒂𝒍 > 𝜼𝑫𝒊𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒍
Prof. Bhavin J. Vegada, Department of Mechanical Engineering
7.17
Engineering Thermodynamics (3131905) | Unit-7 Gas Power Cycles
7.7.2 Same Maximum Pressure and Temperature
When pressure is the limiting factor in engine design, it becomes necessary to compare the air standard
cycles on the basis of the same maximum pressure & temperature.
Fig.7.10 – p-V and T-s diagram for same maximum pressure and temperature
Here the Otto cycle must be limited to low compression ratio to fulfill the condition that point 3 (same
maximum pressure & temperature) is to be a common state for all the three cycles.
We know that,
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑞2
𝜂 =1− =1− Eq. (7.39)
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑞1
From Eq. (7.39) and Fig.7.10; it is clear that the heat rejected is same for all the three cycles. Hence with
the same heat rejected, the cycle with greater heat addition is more efficient.
Fig.7.11 – p-V and T-s diagram for constant maximum pressure and heat input
For the constant maximum pressure, points 3 and 3’ must lie on the constant pressure line.
𝑞𝑠 = 𝐶𝑃 (𝑇3 − 𝑇2 )
Heat rejected during process 4 – 1,
𝑞𝑟 = 𝐶𝑃 (𝑇4 − 𝑇1 )
Work done,
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑞𝑠 − 𝑞𝑟
∴ 𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐶𝑃 (𝑇3 − 𝑇2 ) − CP (T4 − T1 )
Thermal efficiency,
𝑇1
∴𝜂 =1−
𝑇2
𝛾−1
𝑃1 𝛾
∴𝜂 = 1− ( ) (∵ 𝐸𝑞. (7.43))
𝑃2
𝜸−𝟏
𝟏 𝜸
Eq. (7.46)
∴𝜼=𝟏− ( )
𝒓𝒑
In practice, it is not possible to achieve either isentropic compression or isentropic expansion because of
internal friction, turbulence and leakage.
If the pressure drop is neglected in the combustion chamber, the actual Brayton cycle on the T-s diagram
is shown by process 1-2’-3-4’ in Fig.7.15.
In the actual cycle, the temperatures at the end of compression and at the end of expansion are higher
than in an ideal case for the same pressure ratio.
Efficiency of Compressor,
𝑇3
∴ 𝑥 = √𝜂𝑡 𝜂𝑐
𝑇1
𝛾−1 1⁄
𝑇3 2
∴ (𝑟𝑝 ) 𝛾 = (𝜂𝑡 𝜂𝑐 )
𝑇1
𝛾
⁄2(𝛾−1)
𝑇3
∴ 𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑡 = (𝜂𝑡 𝜂𝑐 )
𝑇1
𝜸
⁄𝟐(𝜸−𝟏)
𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 Eq. (7.53)
∴ 𝒓𝒑𝒐𝒑𝒕 = (𝜼𝒕 𝜼𝒄 )
𝑻𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝐵. 𝑃.
𝜂𝑚 =
𝐼. 𝑃.
22
∴ 𝐼. 𝑃. = = 25.8824 𝑘𝑊
0.85
Indicated Thermal Efficiency:
𝐼. 𝑃.
𝜂𝑖𝑡ℎ =
𝑚̇𝑓 × 𝐶. 𝑉.
25.8824
∴ 𝜂𝑖𝑡ℎ =
6.5
(3600) × 30000
𝐵. 𝑃.
𝜂𝑏𝑡ℎ =
𝑚̇𝑓 × 𝐶. 𝑉.
22
∴ 𝜂𝑏𝑡ℎ =
6.5
(3600) × 30000
𝑚̇𝑓 (𝑘𝑔⁄ℎ𝑟)
𝐵𝑆𝐹𝐶 =
𝐵. 𝑃. (𝑘𝑊)
6.5
∴ 𝐵𝑆𝐹𝐶 =
22
∴ 𝑩𝑺𝑭𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝒈⁄𝒌𝑾𝒉
Swept Volume,
𝜋 2
𝑉𝑠 = 𝐷 𝐿
4
𝜋
∴ 𝑉𝑠 = 0.2502 × 0.375
4
7.10 References
1) Mahesh M. Rathore, “Thermal Engineering”, 4th Edition, 2010, Tata McGraw-Hill Publication.
2) Yunus Cengel & Michael A. Boles, “Thermodynamics – An Engineering Approach”, 9th Edition, 2019,
McGraw-Hill Education (India) Pvt. Ltd.
3) Michel J. Moran, Howard N. Shapiro, Daisie D. Boettner & Margaret B. Bailey, “Fundamentals of
Engineering Thermodynamics” 9th Edition, 2018, Wiley India (P) Ltd.
4) R. K. Rajput, “Engineering Thermodynamics”, 3rd Edition, 2007, Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd.