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The Chambers of the Heart Cardiac Conduction System

Location of the Heart within the Chest The Electrocardiogram (EKG)

Review of the Electrical Conduction System of the Heart

TABLE 4–1 Review of the electrical conduction system of the heart

AV Junction, AV
SA Node Internodal Pathways Node, and Bundle Bundle Branches Purkinje’s Network
Firing rate Transfer impulse from the SA Slows impulse intrinsic Two main branches (left and Spreads impulse throughout the
60–100 BPM node throughout the atria to the firing rate of 40–60 BPM right) transmit impulse to ventricles; intrinsic firing rate
AV junction ventricles 20–40 BPM

Summary of EKG Waveforms and Correlating Cardiac Events

TABLE 5–3 Summary of EKG waveforms and correlating cardiac events

P wave represents Atrial depolarization
QRS complex represents Ventricular depolarization; atrial repolarization
T wave represents Ventricular repolarization
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 Understanding EKGs
A Practical Approach

FOURTH EDITION

BRENDA M. BEASLEY
MS, RN, EMT-Paramedic

Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
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Publisher: Julie Levin Alexander
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Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on
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Notice: The author and the publisher of this book have taken care to make certain that the information given is correct
and compatible with the standards generally accepted at the time of publication. Nevertheless, as new information
becomes available, changes in treatment and in the use of equipment and procedures become necessary. The reader is
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Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Beasley, Brenda M.
Understanding EKGs : a practical approach / Brenda M. Beasley, MS, RN,
EMT-Paramedic.—Fourth edition.
  pages cm
Includes index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-314772-8
ISBN-10: 0-13-314772-X
1. Electrocardiography. I. Title.
RC683.5.E5B378 2014
616.1'207547—dc23 2013011016

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

ISBN 13: 978-0-13-314772-8

ISBN 10:   0-13-314772-X
Dedication
This book is dedicated to my precious children, David & Kathy Beasley and Paul
& Melanie Skvarek, and my grandchildren, Lauren, Jonathan, Mariah, Emilio,
Jessica, Will, Malachi, Nehemiah, Casey and Nicole. “You may not be from my
body, but you will always be a part of my heart. I love you all very much.”
and

to Michael C. West, MS, RN, EMT-P

Your assistance, support, encouragement, and constancy were invaluable to me

throughout this revision process, and I am very grateful for, and blessed by, your
friendship,
and
to the memory of my parents, Mr. and Mrs. Jack Messer—my role models for
life.

iii
This page intentionally left blank
 CHAPTER 1 The Anatomy of the Heart: Structure v

Brief Contents
1 9
The Anatomy of the Heart: Structure 1 Introducing the Junctional Rhythms 86

2 10
Cardiovascular Physiology: Function 13 Introducing the Ventricular Rhythms 98

3 11
Basic Electrophysiology 21 Introducing the Heart Block Rhythms 120

4 12
The Electrical Conduction System 28 Introducing the Pacemaker Rhythms 134

5 13
The Electrocardiogram 34 Assessment and Treatment of the Patient
with Cardiac Emergencies 145
6
Interpretation of an EKG Strip 46 14
More Review Questions 160

7
Introducing the Sinus Rhythms 55 15
Review EKG Strips 171

8
Introducing the Atrial Rhythms 68

v
This page intentionally left blank
Detailed Contents
Foreword xi Primary Cardiac Cell Characteristics 22
Preface xiii Major Electrolytes That Affect Cardiac Function 22
Acknowledgments xv
Movement of Ions 23
About the Author xvii
Cardiac Depolarization 23
Cardiac Repolarization 24

1 Refractory Periods 24
The Anatomy of the Heart: Structure 1
Objectives 1
Introduction 1
Anatomy of the Heart 1
Location, Size, and Shape of the Heart 2
Layers of the Heart 3
Valves of the Heart 4
Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries 6
Pulmonary Circulation 9
Systemic Circulation 10
Summary 10
Key Points to Remember 11
Review Questions 11
Summary 25
Key Points to Remember 25
Review Questions 26
4
The Electrical Conduction System 28
Objectives 28
Introduction 28
Sinoatrial Node 28
Internodal Pathways 29
Bachmann’s Bundle, Wenckebach’s Bundle,
and Thorel’s Pathway 29
Atrioventricular Node 30
Atrioventricular Junction 30

2 Bundle of His 30
Bundle Branches 30
Cardiovascular Physiology: Function 13
Purkinje’s Network 31
Objectives 13
Summary 32
Introduction 13
Key Points to Remember 32
Blood Flow Through the Heart 13 Review Questions 32
Cardiac Cycle 14
Stroke Volume 15
Cardiac Output 15
Autonomic Nervous System 16
Receptors and Neurotransmitters 17
5
The Electrocardiogram 34
Summary 18
Objectives 34
Key Points to Remember 19
Introduction 34
Review Questions 19
The Electrocardiogram 34
Electrical Basis of the EKG 34

3 EKG Leads 35
EKG Graph Paper 37
Basic Electrophysiology 21 EKG Waveforms 39
Objectives 21 Summary 43
Introduction 21 Key Points to Remember 43
Basic Cell Groups 21 Review Questions 44
vii
viii www.bradybooks.com

6
Atrial Flutter Rhythm 74
Atrial Fibrillation Rhythm 75

Interpretation of an EKG Strip 46 Supraventricular Tachycardia Rhythms 77

Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome 79
Objectives 46
Clinical Significance of Atrial Rhythms 79
Introduction 46
Summary 81
General Rules 46
Key Points to Remember 81
The Five-Step Approach 47
Review Questions 81
ST Segment 51
Review Strips 82
The T Wave 52
The U Wave 52
Artifact 52
Summary 53 9
Key Points to Remember 53 Introducing the Junctional Rhythms 86
Review Questions 54 Objectives 86
Introduction 86
Origin of Junctional Rhythms 86

7 Review of the Electrical Conduction System 86

P Waves 86
Introducing the Sinus Rhythms 55
Premature Junctional Contractions 87
Objectives 55
Junctional Escape Rhythms 88
Introduction 55
Accelerated Junctional Rhythms 89
Origin of the Sinus Rhythms 55 Junctional Tachycardia Rhythms 91
Components of the Electrical Conduction Clinical Significance of Junctional Rhythms 92
System of the Heart 55
Summary 93
Normal Sinus Rhythm 56
Key Points to Remember 93
Sinus Bradycardia Rhythm 57
Review Questions 93
Sinus Tachycardia Rhythm 58
Review Strips 94
Sinus Dysrhythmia 59
Sinus Arrest Rhythm 60
Clinical Significance of Sinus Rhythms 61
Summary 63 10
Key Points to Remember 63 Introducing the Ventricular Rhythms 98
Review Questions 63 Objectives 98
Review Strips 64 Introduction 98
Review of the Heart’s Electrical Conduction
System 98

8 Origin of Ventricular Rhythms 98

Introducing the Atrial Rhythms 68
Objectives 68
Introduction 68
Origin of the Atrial Rhythms 68
Review: Components of the Electrical Conduction
System of the Heart 68
Wandering Atrial Pacemaker Rhythm 69
Premature Atrial Contractions (Complexes) 71
Reentry Dysrhythmias 73
Premature Ventricular Complexes
(Contractions) 99
Idioventricular Rhythm 103
Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm 104
Ventricular Tachycardia 105
Torsades de Pointes 106
Ventricular Fibrillation 107
Asystole or Ventricular Asystole 109
Pulseless Electrical Activity 111
Clinical Significance of Ventricular Dysrhythmias 111
 Detailed Contents ix

Summary 113 Acute Myocardial Infarction 148

Key Points to Remember 113 Heart Failure 151
Review Questions 113 Cardiac Tamponade 154
Review Strips 114 Cardiogenic Shock 155
Summary 156
Key Points to Remember 157
11 Review Questions 157

Introducing the Heart Block Rhythms 120

14
Objectives 120
Introduction 120
First-Degree Atrioventricular Block 120 More Review Questions 160
Second-Degree Heart Blocks 121
Third-Degree Atrioventricular Block (Complete) 126
Clinical Significance of the Heart Block Rhythms 128
Summary 129
Key Points to Remember 129
15
Review EKG Strips 171
Review Questions 129
Introduction 171
Review Strips 130

12 Appendix 1
Answers to Review Questions:
Introducing the Pacemaker Rhythms 134
Objectives 134
Chapters 1–14 205
Introduction 134 Chapter 1 205
Temporary Pacing 134 Chapter 2 205
Permanent Pacing 135 Chapter 3 205
Indications for Pacing 137 Chapter 4 205
Rules for Interpretation of Pacemaker Rhythms 138 Chapter 5 205
Common Problems Associated with Pacemakers 139 Chapter 6 205
Clinical Significance of Pacemaker Rhythms 140 Chapter 7 205

Summary 140 Chapter 8 206

Key Points to Remember 140 Chapter 9 207

Review Questions 141 Chapter 10 207

Review Strips 142 Chapter 11 208

Chapter 12 209
Chapter 13 210

13 Chapter 14 210

Assessment and Treatment of the Patient

with Cardiac Emergencies 145
Objectives 145
Appendix 2
Introduction 145 Answers to Review Strips: Chapter 15 211
Chest Pain 145 Glossary 224
Angina Pectoris 147 Index 229
This page intentionally left blank
Foreword
Title Xxxxxx xxx xxxxxxx
Dr. Willis D. Israel, who was my mentor and dear friend, has now departed this earth for a

Xxxxxx xxxxXxxxxxx
better place. His invaluable advice and wisdom were indispensable to me throughout my
life, both personally and professionally. As a tribute to him, for always being there for me
and for expecting and demanding the very best of me, the Foreword that was written by
him for the original manuscript of this book is included in this edition.

When advanced life-support training for paramedical personnel was still considered ques-
tionable by most of my physician colleagues, I became involved in teaching advanced cardiac
life support (ACLS). It soon became apparent that emergency medical technicians—in those
days very frequently volunteer and/or part-time workers in the field—were frequently the
most enthusiastic and responsive students of ACLS. Their eagerness to learn and to provide
the whole range of prehospital care has proved to be a huge factor in patient survival.
I loved every moment I taught ACLS (as well as BCLS, emergency medical technician
training, and advanced trauma life support)—whether to physicians, nurses, or paramedical
personnel. Indeed, the teachers of these basic and extremely important concepts have
impacted all areas of current medical care. Many of those with whom I taught ACLS became
my close and greatly cherished friends. One of these is Brenda Messer Beasley, MS, RN,
EMT-P, with whom I shared in teaching the first EMT course ever offered in rural Randolph
County, Alabama. From the initial class session, I saw that Ms. Beasley had an extraordinary
ability to render a complicated concept in its most basic form of expression. Though she had
this gift for rendering the complex in simple terms, she never allowed the importance of
what she was teaching to be lost, and she always stressed the awareness of and evaluation of
the patient.
Ms. Beasley brings to this text on EKG interpretation the same ability to simplify the
complex for the health care professional. Real meaning is surely more valuable than the easy
“information overload” encountered when we deal with real patients in a medical
emergency.
After I had taught with Ms. Beasley, she made a career change from nursing to full-time
EMT training, still in our same basic geographical area. It became fun and rewarding as a
practicing small-town family physician to be aware of prehospital care that had been ren-
dered by students of this teacher. Their expertise was (is) impressive, as was their attention
to the care of and the state of the patient. Certainly, any physician’s ability to treat, and any
patient’s ultimate well-being, depends greatly on that initial prehospital care.
An appropriate text on EKG interpretation can only deepen the perception and under-
standing of the health care professional; at the same time, this text seems to teach and reteach
the basic concept from every situation: “First, look at your patient, and continue to look at
your patient.”
I am honored to welcome this book to the plentiful material available on the heart, its
functions, the circulatory system and its signals of dysfunction and illness.
Willis D. Israel, MD
Wedowee, AL

xi
This page intentionally left blank
Preface
This informative and simple approach to EKG analysis continues in this, the fourth edi-
tion of this textbook. Based on the fact that cardiology and basic EKG interpretation are
integral parts of most primary and allied health-related curricula, I originally wrote this
book to assist the novice student in his or her understanding of basic EKG interpretation,
and that purpose remains undaunted. This book is intended for the health care provider at
the initial level(s) of understanding of cardiovascular anatomy, physiology, and rhythm
strip interpretation. The categories of students who will benefit from this text include pre-
hospital care providers, medical students, cardiac care monitor techs, ACLS candidates,
nursing professionals, physician assistants, respiratory therapy students, and cardiac tech-
nology students.
This EKG book consists of 15 chapters designed to provide the user with a basic
practical, yet comprehensive, approach to the skill of EKG interpretation. The strategy of
this manuscript has centered on producing a useful guide to the understanding of abnor-
mal heart rhythms, that is, dysrhythmias, for the health care provider in his or her provi-
sion of optimum patient care. In order to afford the instructor and the student the
opportunity to work in a reasonable order through the technical information, the material
has been presented in such a manner as to achieve understanding of each chapter prior to
proceeding to the next chapter. The content is presented in short, succinct chapters in
order to facilitate comprehension of each concept in a building-block format. Although
the terms dysrhythmia and arrhythmia are synonymous, the term dysrhythmia is used
throughout this book because I consider it to be the more correct and accurate description
of the material presented.
In this revised fourth edition of the book, each chapter still contains a section of multi-
ple-choice items to be used for self-assessment and review. The book includes expanded
graphics, as well as rhythm strip examples with answers based on the five-step approach,
review strips, key points to remember, chapter summary, and end-of-chapter questions to
afford the student a comprehensive mastery of the material. Answers to review questions
and review strips are provided in the appendices at the back of the book. Also included in
this fourth edition of the book is a chapter dedicated to the assessment and management of
the patient with cardiovascular emergencies.
An overview of major updates and additions to this revision may be helpful to you.
These changes are summarized in the “What’s New” list below.

WHAT’S NEW IN THE FOURTH EDITION

◾ Information has been updated to reflect current standards of care.
◾ Added and enhanced Chapter objectives and marginal glossary terms.
◾ Numerous review strip answers based on the five-step approach have been added.
◾ The feature Key Points to Remember has been enhanced and revised at the end of
each chapter.
◾ End-of-Chapter Review Questions have been updated and revised.
◾ Instructor and student resources are available online at Brady’s Resource Central
Web site.

xiii
xiv www.bradybooks.com

INSTRUCTOR RESOURCES
This Web site contains an array of instructor resources in one location. To access the
Instructor Resource Center, visit www.pearsonhighered.com and follow registration/log-in
instructions for Instructors. Your Brady sales representative can offer further assistance.
Once you are logged onto the site, you’ll find the following teaching resources.
◾ PowerPoint Slides-updated and revised
◾ Lesson Plans
◾ Test Bank with more than 280 questions

It is my hope that you will find this book to be beneficial to your knowledge and compre-
hension of basic EKG interpretation. Your suggestions and comments are always welcome.
Brenda M. Beasley, RN, MS, EMT-Paramedic
Department Chair, Allied Health/EMS Program Director (Retired)
Calhoun Community College
E-mail address: bjm18@aol.com
Acknowledgments
Just as the first three editions of this textbook were created from the challenges that I have
experienced and the lessons I have learned throughout the past 35 years as a nurse, para-
medic and an EMS educator, this revision was written to enhance the chapter content and,
where appropriate, replace some of the content.
I have learned that the publication of textbooks involves many key people. I would like
to acknowledge all the individuals who were instrumental, each in their own special way, in
making the textbook revision possible. I also offer my sincere appreciation to the talented
team members at Brady/Pearson Health Science who have led me through the revision pro-
cess with expert advice, encouragement, and support. Thanks especially to Julie Alexander,
Marlene Pratt, Sladjana Repic, Lois Berlowitz, Jonathan Cheung, Patrick Walsh, Patty Guti-
errez, Debbie Ryan, and Brian Hoehl. My first editor at Brady, Judy Streger, has continued
her support and encouragement throughout the years. Her belief in me has never waivered,
and for that I am truly grateful.
My former EMS program faculty, both at Southern Union Community College and at
Calhoun Community College (too many names to mention here, but they know who they
are!), have all been my strength and inspiration to strive for excellence in EMS education.
The reviewers of this book, whose names follow, offered important perspective. Their com-
ments and suggestions have been very valuable.
Mike West has continued to be my champion and has worked closely with me through-
out this revision process. His encouragement and constancy were very critical to me, and I
wish to thank him for the long hours he spent working with me on this revision, as well as
for his valuable assistance in gathering and incorporating the new changes and additions to
the review questions and EKG strips.
The memory of my mother and my father, who taught my sisters and me to believe first
in God, then in our family, and ultimately in ourselves; they always provided me with uncon-
ditional love, acceptance, and a solid foundation upon which to build a life.
It is my belief that every novice author is, at some point, inspired by other authors, and
colleagues who transition to mentors, role models, and precious friends. In my particular
case, there were many. I especially appreciate the support and friendship of the following
EMS colleagues: Walt Stoy, Joe Mistovich, Greg Margolis, Jeff Lindsey, Dwayne Clayden,
Bryan Bledsoe, Baxter Larmon, and Dan Limmer.
And last, but not least, I gratefully acknowledge my family, friends, and colleagues, for
they are the true “contributors” to this product. Their contributions include love, patience,
support, encouragement, and acceptance of my erratic schedule during the text revision.

REVIEWERS
I wish to thank the following reviewers for providing invaluable feedback and suggestions
during the revision of this text:
James “Bud” Adams, AAS, NREMT-P Deborah K. Drummonds, RN, MN, CCRN,
Instructor of Emergency Medicine College of CEN
Southern Nevada Las Vegas, NV Assistant Professor School of Nursing and Health
John L Beckman, AA, BS, FF/EMT-P Sciences Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College
EMS Instructor Addison Fire Protection District Tifton, GA
Addison, IL

xv
xvi www.bradybooks.com
Fidel O. Garcia, EMT-P
President/Owner Professional EMS Education,
LLC Grand Junction, CO
Stephanie Morrison, RN, BSN
ACLS Instructor Thomas Hospital Fairhope, AL
David Pierce, BA, NREMT-P
EMS Faculty Century College White Bear Lake, MN
I also wish to thank the following professionals who reviewed earlier editions of Under-
standing EKGs: A Practical Approach:
John L. Beckman, AA, BS, FF/EMT-P Instructor
Affiliated with Addison Fire Protection District
Fire Science Instructor, Technology Center of
DuPage Addison, IL
Mark Branon, BS, NREMT-P
EMS Program Director Calhoun Community
College Decatur, AL
Art Breault, RN, EMT-Paramedic
Niskayuna Fire District No. 1 Albany Medical
Center Hospital—Department of Emergency
Medicine Albany, NY
Benjamin J. Camp, MD, FACEP
Chief of Staff Tanner Health System Emergency
Services Carrollton, GA
Greg Charma, AAS, NREMT-P
Paramedic/Assistant EMS Training Director
Tucson Fire Department Pima Community
College Tucson, AZ
Marilyn Ermish, NREMT-P
American Medical Response Cheyenne, WY
Jason Ferguson, BPA, NREMT-P
EMS Programs Head Central Virginia Community
College Lynchburg, VA
Scott Garrett
Director of Education Upstate EMS Council
Greenville, SC
Craig H. Jacobus, D.C.; NREMT-P; EMSI
Links 4 Life Metro Community College ALS
Affiliates Lincoln Medical Education Partnership
(LMEP) Schuyler, NE
Scott Jones
Director—Paramedic Academy Victor Valley
College Victorville, CA
Maryla Kathryn Lee, RN, BSN, MSN
Calhoun Community College Decatur, AL
Shari Turner, M.Ed., EMT-P
Palm Beach Gardens, FL
Randy Williams, NREMT-P
EMS Programs Coordinator Bainbridge College
Bainbridge, GA
Jeff McDonald
Coordinator, Emergency Medical Services
Program Tarrant Count College—Northeast
Campus Hurst, TX
Mike McEvoy, PhD, EMT-P, RN, CCRN
Saratoga County EMS Coordinator Clinical
Associate Professor in Critical Care Medicine
Albany Medical College Waterford, NY
Steve McGraw
Assistant Professor The George Washington
University School of Medicine and Health
Sciences Washington, DC
Regina Pearson, EMT-P
Clinical Coordinator/Instructor, Emergency
Medical Technology Jackson State Community
College Jackson, TN
Jonathan Smith, NREMT-P
Lead Paramedic Instructor Chattahoochee
Technical College Acworth, GA
Thomas Y. Smith, Sr.
Fire Science/EMS Program Director West Georgia
Technical College LaGrange, GA
Scott R. Snyder, BS, NREMT-P.
Primary EMT Instructor San Francisco Paramedic
Association San Francisco, CA
Andrew E. Spain
Assistant Manager, Emergency Services
University of Missouri Health Care EMS
Education Columbia, MO
Carl Voskamp, LP
Coordinator of EMS and Firefighting Programs
The Victoria College Victoria, TX
Jim Williams, CCEMT-P, NREMT-P
Training Officer, Medical Center EMS Bowling
Green, KY
About the Author
Brenda Messer Beasley is a paramedic and a regis-
tered nurse. She earned her bachelor’s and master’s
degree, as well as additional postgraduate studies,
from the University of Alabama and from Lorenz
University, respectively. Following graduation from
nursing school at the University of Alabama, Ms.
Beasley was employed as a nurse in the Emergency
Department of University Hospital in Birmingham.
She remained in emergency nursing for the next 10
years, with a 2-year hiatus when she became certi-
fied as a critical care neurosurgical nurse and worked
in an NICU at Carraway Medical Center.
Ms. Beasley was working as an ER nurse in
1978 when she was asked to teach a basic EMT
course. With a great deal of reticence yet strong
encouragement from the chief of staff at the local
hospital, she concurred. She immediately developed a passion for quality EMS education,
and the rest, as they say, is history. For the next 30 years, she served as an EMS educator in
the state of Alabama, and in 2001 was named Department Chair of Allied Health at Calhoun
Community College in Decatur, Alabama. She held that position until her retirement in 2007.
Ms. Beasley was an affiliate faculty member of the American Heart Association’s Emer-
gency Cardiac Care Program for 25 years. Other professional activities include BTLS affiliate
faculty and board of directors of the National Association of EMS Educators, and she serves on
the medical advisory boards of Action Training Systems and Southern Ambulance Transport.
In 1999, Ms. Beasley published her first book on EKG interpretation and has subse-
quently authored other texts for Brady/Pearson Health Science. She resides in Wedowee,
Alabama, (with her beloved pet, Kitty Boo) where she serves as vice chair of the local hos-
pital board. Ms. Beasley is actively involved in the First United Methodist Church of
Wedowee and currently serves as the Governance Committee Chair for the National Asso-
ciation of EMS Educators.

xvii
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and the American twist he had managed to acquire to his tongue.
However, that is not especially important. Go on, sergeant.”
“I, Pepernik, Louis Minowsky,” read Cato, “and Maurice Matschka.”
“Maurice Matschka!” The officer sprang to his feet. “That is a link
worth looking into,” he muttered. “Come on!” He caught up his hat,
and gave a quick nod of the head toward Cato. “I am going to the
city hall.”
Arriving at the municipal building, and proceeding to police
headquarters, he was directed, on inquiry, to a certain Detective
Krause, as having the case of the murdered Japanese in charge.
“What makes all you people out at the fort so interested in this
affair, anyhow?” the detective asked, with a curious glance at Grail.
“Major Appleby and Lieutenant Hemingway was over here before
supper, and I told them all there was to know. The best I can do for
you, captain, is just to go over the same ground.”
“Of course,” Grail assented, with a smile. “Still you know how it is,
Mr. Krause; every one wants to hear a story at firsthand; and, as I
was, perhaps, better acquainted with poor Sasaku than any of the
other officers at the mess, there is just a possibility that I may be
able to throw some light on the tragedy.”
As a matter of fact, the detective required very little urging. He had
come to such an absolute halt in the investigation that he was only
too willing to repeat the story to any one who offered even the
faintest show of providing a solution.
His recital, though, if somewhat more diffuse, was practically the
same as that which Grail had already read in the newspaper. He
presented nothing new in the way of any material details.
“H’m!” The adjutant thoughtfully stroked his chin at the completion
of the narrative. “There would be no objection, I suppose, to letting
me examine the notebook which you say was found on Sasaku?”
“Certainly not, sir.” He stepped away to get it, adding, as he
returned and handed it over: “You won’t find anything there to help
you, captain. We’ve been over it already with a fine-tooth comb, and
it seems nothing but a list of names and people he’d met; some of
them in the city directory, and some not.”
Grail, however, evidently preferred to decide this point for himself;
for slowly and painstakingly he ran over the pages, scrutinizing each
entry carefully before he passed on to the next.
The detective, fidgeting at what he manifestly regarded as wasted
time, presently excused himself, on the plea of wanting to do some
telephoning, and sauntered off, and, with his going, Grail turned back
a couple of pages to point out significantly to Cato the name of
Dabney, with a little, almost indistinguishable mark set opposite it.
No further discovery was elicited until they reached the last page;
then Grail gave a sudden start, as he read, with the same cabalistic
mark against it, the name of Rezonoff.
“Rezonoff!” he muttered, with a frown of grave foreboding. “That
can only be Count Boris Rezonoff, captain in the imperial engineers!”
Cato, gathering from his tone that something was seriously wrong,
edged up closer.
“Is it bad, sir?” he whispered.
Grail vouchsafed no answer, but stood silent a moment, the look of
apprehension growing on his face; then snapped open his watch and
glanced at the time.
“Too early, by far,” he commented, under his breath. “I shall have
to wait at least two hours yet.”
Meanwhile, Cato, glancing over his shoulder, had been reading
down the page of the notebook, and now he gave a quick
exclamation.
“There’s another name with that same mark against it,” he
breathed excitedly. “Don’t you see it! Down there at the bottom,
underneath your thumb!”
But Grail, as though recalled to himself, sharply closed the book.
“Oh, that one is of no consequence,” he insisted; yet he knew that
it was, for he had already noted the name with the telltale check
opposite.
In Sasaku’s stiff, angular handwriting was set down: “Mrs. Otto
Schilder!”
TO BE CONTINUED.
 THE NEGRO AND THE HORSE.
There is a time for everything, and the secret of success in life lies
in doing things at just the right minute.
A veterinary surgeon had occasion to instruct a colored stableman
how to administer medicine to an ailing horse. He was to get a
common tin tube—a bean blower—put a dose of the medicine in it,
insert one end of the tube into the horse’s mouth, and blow
vigorously into the other end, and so force the medicine down the
horse’s throat.
Half an hour afterward, the colored man appeared at the surgeon’s
office, looking very much out of sorts.
“What is the matter?” inquired the doctor, with some concern.
“Why, boss, dat hoss, he—he blew fust!”
 THE NEWS OF ALL NATIONS.
Story of “Scotty” Hero of Zinc Fields.
Picture a man who has been badly bent at times—aye, even broke
unto the last jitney—one who has tasted the bitter things of life along
with the sweet, one who has seen a fortune swept away in a
twinkling, only to be regained after a long, persistent struggle.
Picture a good loser, who has lost more than most men will ever
earn, and who pins his faith in the mining industry to such an extent
that he laughs at failure and hangs on like a bulldog until he
succeeds, and you have a mind’s-eye view of J. M. Short, the best
known operator in the mining district near Joplin, Mo.—the “Scotty”
of the zinc fields.
Thirty-two years ago Short was working for $1.25 a per day at
Galena, Kan., and a few years later moved to Joplin, landing here
with the price of one ham sandwich. He worked for low wages until
he had saved enough to buy a prospect drill, and decided to look for
ore on his own responsibility.
His first few holes were blanks; the cost of sinking them was
heavy, considering Short’s limited finances. For a time it looked as
though he was destined to go back to wages. However, he hung on
until almost his last penny was gone; then luck smiled on him, and
he made his first strike. He had been watching the drill clippings for
so long and finding only barren pieces of rock that he could hardly
believe the truth when at last the sand bucket brought up a quantity
of yellow-looking dirt, rich in zinc ore.
Short sold this “prospect” for $5,000 cash, and immediately
invested the whole amount in what was known as the Bunker Hill
Mine, which netted him $65,000 in eighteen months, part of which—
$3,000—he reinvested in the Sacagawea Zinc Company, from which
he profited, inside of three months, to the tune of $17,000 more. A
year later Short again became “dead broke” on another mining
venture, and again went to work for wages.
Depriving himself of all luxuries and many necessities, he
continued to work for wages until he had saved up $1,800, when he
determined to again “try his hand.” One day, during an extremely dry
summer, he was driving by a piece of land where the Sitting Bull
Mine was later developed. He noticed a man sinking a hole to get
water at a point where a spring had once been. The land was low
and boggy and the digger was taking out shale and soapstone. The
formation looked good to Short, and he at once procured a forty-acre
lease from the owner. With $1,800, his sole capital, Short drilled the
ground, discovered a rich run of ore, and put down a shaft to the
185-foot level. The owner of the land put up the capital for building a
$15,000 mill. Ninety days later Short had paid for the mill, had
$10,000 in the bank to his credit, and had a vast body of ore blocked
out which netted him more than $100,000 in profits in the next few
months.
Almost immediately he secured another lease and opened up
what is known as the Pocahontas Mine, from which he cleared
another $100,000. Then followed in quick succession the Geronimo
and the Waneta-Pearl. Short is now interested in, if not the entire
owner of, more than a dozen valuable properties, so that, with the
sudden jump in price of zinc concentrates from thirty-five to seventy-
five dollars per ton, this Scotty of the zinc mines has but faint idea of
what he is really worth.

Talk is Cheap.
A retired United States army officer says the European war is “a
horrible slaughter, which should be halted by some neutral power.”
The neutral power that attempted to halt it forcibly would simply
increase the slaughter and add its own blood to the crimson tide.

Canada Spends Millions on Ports.

 Canada is making extensive improvements in her seaports. At
Halifax work is under way which will cost $10,000,000, while at St.
John, New Brunswick, $8,000,000 is being spent. Levis, opposite
Quebec, is building the largest dry dock in America. Much work is
also being done at the Pacific coast ports.

Finds Petrified Snake in Rock.

While blasting some limestone rocks in the side of Stone
Mountain, near Big Laurel, Va., the workmen found a petrified snake
imbedded in the rocks. The snake was coiled as if making ready to
spring at something, and is believed to have been a copperhead.

Failures.
Commercial failures in the United States last year were 8,344.

Cossacks Rescue Little Girl.

A little incident, told in Danish newspapers which have arrived in
Chicago, shows that the Cossacks are not as cruel as they are
sometimes depicted. Recently while advancing against a
detachment of Turks, a company of Cossacks found a little girl, two
years old, who had been deserted by her parents in their precipitate
flight. They brought the little one to the headquarters of the regiment,
where she received food and was made comfortable in every way.
In the Greek Catholic Church in the village of Bardus the little
foundling was baptized according to the orthodox ritual. The
commander of the regiment and Princess Gelovana, wife of a
member of the Duma, served as godparents of the child. The little
girl received the name of Alexandre Donshaga, after the regiment
known as Don Cossacks. The officers promised to contribute
monthly toward the maintenance and education of this little
“daughter of the regiment.”
 Girl in Soldier’s Uniform.
People in the vicinity of Cooke’s Church, on Queen Street, in
Toronto, at two-thirty in the afternoon were left wondering whether
the Germans had landed in the city in such large numbers that the
military authorities had found it necessary to mobilize a regiment of
the fair sex to aid the soldiers in driving them back.
The cause of the sensation was a pretty young lady named Clara
Philip, who, by the terms of a wager she had made with a lady friend,
had to walk down Mutual Street from Shuter to Queen Street
dressed in full soldier’s uniform, for a box of chocolates.
The young lady with curly hair peeping out under the service cap,
looked bewitching in the uniform, although it was somewhat too large
for her, and despite the fact that the heavy army boots were
dispensed with for her own dainty pair of “threes.”
“It certainly did feel funny walking down the street with some of the
people turning up their noses at me and others convulsed in
laughter, but I was determined to win the bet, and did,” said Miss
Philip, after her sensational parade.
“Oh, it was funny. On the way along I had the pleasure of saluting
a ‘brother’ soldier, who with much grace returned the salute, and a
little farther along a ‘guardian of the law’ discreetly turned and
walked in the opposite direction. That is the way I became richer by
a large box of chocolates.”

Sings as Surgeons Operate.

Zouave Besson, a French trooper, while undergoing an operation
at the Grand Palais, in Paris, a hospital for the last three months,
lustily sang the “Marseillaise” from the beginning to the end,
weakening slightly toward the close of the last stanza.
This patriotic demonstration is a contradiction of the proverb that a
good man will swear while he is under the influence of chloroform.
After the operation Besson’s nurse told him of his patriotism in
singing the national anthem.
He replied: “When I was just going on I realized that I was singing
the ‘Marseillaise,’ and brought all my will power to bear to sing it to
the end.” He recovered nicely.

Death of a Spy.
Death to all spies is the military rule. One of the most dramatic of
the many minor tragedies of the war was seen at Lassigny recently,
when a captive in a black gown, to all appearances a nun, was
suddenly led before a firing squad and shot down at the officer’s
command. The startled onlookers learned that the squad’s victim
was a daring young lieutenant in the German army who had got
inside the French lines by donning a nun’s attire. So good was his
disguise that he had gone for a considerable distance and probably
had obtained much information that would have proved valuable had
he escaped.
Had the spy been a woman, the penalty would have been the
same. Such is the law of war. Many women spies have been caught
and executed.

Oldest Veteran in Southwest Section.

Probably the oldest, and surely the most noted Confederate
veteran now living in the Southwest is Doctor Thomas E. Berry, of
Oklahoma City, Okla., a typical “Kentucky colonel,” who is now
eighty-three years old. He walks as straight as a young Indian, has
never used intoxicating beverages or tobacco and has never
suffered from fever or other sickness, and during his long and
eventful career he has been soldier, globe trotter, author, duelist,
physician, and surgeon.
In the Civil War he served with the Confederate generals, Morgan
and Forest, was captured twelve times by the Yankees, and escaped
that many times from their prisons. He received twenty-two bullet
wounds and several saber cuts during the four years of fighting, and
since the close of the war has fought six duels in foreign lands.
Doctor Berry served under Joe Shelby in Mexico and helped to
organize the French army in Algeria. He rendered valuable service to
King Menelik in Abyssinia and sojourned for a while in
Constantinople, where, like many others, he swam across the
Bosporus. He received several decorations from foreign rulers, but
never wears them in this “land of the free.”
In a recent chat with a friend Doctor Berry said:
“My father and grandfather admonished me to never forgive or
forget an insult; never offer the left cheek after having been slapped
on my right cheek. They also requested me to always keep the Berry
escutcheon untarnished; never be a craven nor a coward.”
The doctor comes from a wealthy family that owned large areas of
land near Perryville, Ky., but the Civil War made them comparatively
poor. The doctor wrote a book entitled “Four Years With Generals
Forest and Morgan.” He is now writing a book about his foreign
military service.
He has also made several valuable discoveries in materia medica
and surgery while practicing medicine forty years. Some of them are
very original and should not be allowed to perish with the doctor’s
death.
Doctor Berry, though one of the best physicians and surgeons, quit
practicing four years ago. He is an inveterate reader and has read
2,000 books. He also enjoys newspapers and magazines. It is
needless to say that the doctor’s personal appearance and
courteous manners denote him to be a gentleman and scholar. He
belongs to no religious sect, but is what he terms a “practical
Christian.” He will no doubt be as brave when Death calls him as he
always has been during his long life. The doctor is optimistic,
however, and says he will probably live to be a centenarian.

Some Facts You May Not Know.

 The highest speed ever attained by man on the face of the earth is
one mile in 25.2 seconds, equivalent to 142.85 miles an hour,
according to the Railway Age Gazette. It was in an automobile run
by Teddy Tetzlaff on the level salt beds at Salduro, Utah, 112 miles
west of Salt Lake City. The best speed ever made on rails was with
an electric car between Berlin and Zossen, Germany, 130.5 miles an
hour.
Birds, in the construction of their nests, almost without exception
avoid bright-colored materials, which might possibly lead to the
discovery of their place of abode by an enemy.
Apple wood, used almost exclusively for saw handles, also
furnishes the material for many so-called brierwood pipes.
On a peace footing the Portuguese army consists of 32,000 men.
When fully mobilized, the army should have 105,000 first-line troops
and 145,000 of the second to put into the field.
In Germany, one man in 213 goes to college; in Scotland, one in
520; in the United States, one in 2,000, and in England, one in
5,000.
Damage to American crops by insects yearly amounts to
$580,000,000.
There are fewer suicides among miners than among any other
class of workmen.
A booby is not merely a human dunce, but is a Bahama bird,
which is so spiritless that when attacked by other birds it fails to fight
and gives up the fish it has caught without resistance.
Drawings of human beings and animals in ancient caves in France
are regarded as proof that man was right-handed as far back as in
the stone age.

Taking Precautions.
A rosy-cheeked youngster, dressed in his best clothes, entered the
village post office and carefully laid a huge slice of iced cake on the
counter.
“With my sister’s, the bride’s, compliments, and will you please eat
as much as you can,” he said.
The postmistress smiled delightedly.
“How very kind of the bride to remember me!” she cried. “Did she
know of my weakness for wedding cake?”
“She did,” answered the youngster coldly, “and she thought she’d
send over a bite of it this afternoon just to take the edge off your
appetite before she posted any boxes off to her friends.”

Kitchner’s Caustic Comment.

A story is going the rounds about what Lord Kitchener, the British
war secretary, said the other day after he had inspected some
defense works on the east coast of England. It is short and sweet.
The war minister motored from point to point, walked over the
ground, but never said a word all afternoon until the moment he was
leaving for London. Then he opened his grim mouth.
“Those trenches of yours,” he said, “wouldn’t keep out the
Salvation Army.”

Many Wolves in Texas.

The people of Texas destroyed 98,600 wolves and wild cats—
including fifty-three panthers and twenty-two leopards—between
September 1, 1912, and March, 1914, according to the State
comptroller. But there are many thousands more of these wild beasts
still alive, a serious menace to the rapidly growing industry of sheep
and Angora-goat raising.

Bandit Starr is Second Robin Hood.

 Is Henry Starr, of Lawton, Okla., the bandit chief, another Robin
Hood? Does he, while engaged in robbing banks, keep in mind the
hardships of the poor, as did the picturesque highwayman and
poacher of early England? If only a part of the stories told of Starr
are true, he might be called the “Robin Hood of Oklahoma,” although
just now he is in Lincoln County Jail at Chandler, suffering from a
broken leg, and with a long prison term pretty thoroughly mapped out
for him. But here is what some of his admirers say he did:
“These things are of no value to me, but I’d hate it if the farmers
had them to pay,” and with that remark Henry Starr, the bandit leader
who, with his band of desperadoes, robbed two banks at Stroud and
was shot down and captured by eighteen-year-old Paul Curry, once
threw a heavy bundle of mortgages and notes, with a stone tied to
them, into California Creek in Northern Oklahoma, and they were
never recovered. Starr and his men had taken the bank’s papers
when they rifled the bank at Caney, Kan., several years ago, and he
said he took them just so the farmers would not have them to pay.
This incident in Starr’s bandit career was told by a long-time
resident of the Cherokee country. He has known Starr for a number
of years, has played poker with him frequently, and he insists that
Starr is really one of the kindliest of men. After the Kansas robbery
the Starr gang rode into northern Oklahoma and hid for some time,
and it was at this time that the mortgages and notes were destroyed.
The total value of the papers was perhaps never known, but a man
who saw them declares the bundle was a foot thick.
It was following this same robbery, too, that Starr made one of his
most spectacular get-aways. He and two men rode into an isolated
community during the night and concealed themselves in a big stone
barn, which was on the edge of a small valley with hills not far distant
and almost surrounding it. Starr and his men slept until late in the
day and then played pitch and shot craps for the small change they
had obtained at the bank. They would shoot for a handful of the
small silver, dimes and quarters, without any attempt being made to
ascertain the amount.
 The whereabouts of Starr and his two companions became known
to the county sheriff, who, with a posse of twenty or thirty men, went
to the barn with the intention of capturing the trio. The members of
the posse were stationed on the hills surrounding the barn, and they
thought it would be impossible for the outlaws to escape. When Starr
was notified of the presence of the officers, he went into the
barnyard and motioned to the sheriff, whom he knew, to confer with
him. When the sheriff rode into the yard, Starr shook hands with him
as though he was glad to meet an old friend, and then said:
“I am going to leave here at five o’clock; there are three of us. If
you do not want your men hurt, you had better get them out of the
way, for when we start we are going through your lines. Tell your
men that for me.”
The sheriff returned to his men, called them together, and told
them what Starr had said; within five minutes there was not a man
other than the sheriff left within rifle distance of Henry Starr. That
evening at five, as he had announced, Starr and his men rode
quietly, and without being molested, away from the barn and toward
the Osage Hills.
That Starr’s wife was the original of a photograph, “The Cherokee
Milkmaid,” which was published worldwide several years ago, is the
statement of Representative Walter R. Eaton, of Muskogee and
Oilton. Eaton was engaged at that time in promoting the town site of
Porum, and was going through the country in that vicinity with a
photographer getting pictures to advertise that section.
Late one evening Eaton and the photographer drove by the home
of Mrs. Starr, Henry’s mother, at a time when a very pretty young
woman was milking a cow in the barnyard. The entire scene was one
that would make a beautiful picture, and the two men finally
persuaded the young woman to pose for several pictures.
“We got one fine picture,” said Eaton, “which we labeled ‘The
Cherokee Milkmaid.’ It attracted instant attention because of its
artistic merits and was published widely throughout the United States
in both newspapers and magazines. It was about a year afterward
that this young woman married Henry Starr.” Eaton says the young
woman was a school-teacher at the time and was boarding at the
Starr home.

Boy Hero Saves Five Lives.

The heroism of Aaron S. Ashbrook, twelve years old, saved the
lives of his mother, his grandmother, two sisters, and his uncle,
George Ashbrook, when they were trapped in the second story of
their burning home in Cynthiana, Ky.
Escape was cut off by means of the stairway, and the little fellow
leaped from the second-story window, and, running to a barn,
secured a ladder, which he placed to the window, and the inmates of
the house escaped without injury, with the exception of Mrs. Mary
Gray, the aged mother of Mrs. Ashbrook, who fell from the ladder
and was badly injured. The house was totally destroyed.

Town of 4,000; No Post Office.

Although boasting of a population of almost 4,000, and with mail
business sufficient, it is said, to justify free delivery, Oilton, Okla., the
recent metropolis of the Cushing oil field, has no post office.
Residents have chipped in and employed men to sort the mail, while
some concerns have employed their own carriers.
Two months ago Oilton was an alfalfa field. To-day it is one of the
fastest-growing towns in the country. It is the southern terminus of
the recently completed Oil Belt Terminal Railroad.
It is a great sight when the mail comes in. If it is not raining, the
mail is sorted out in piles on the ground. Usually the entire populace
stands around watching the assorting of the mail.
The post office department has been requested to designate a
post office at Oilton.

Builds Town Near His Farm.

 Because he raised 150,000 bushels of wheat in 1914 and needed
a place to market it without a haul of ten miles, Ben Foster, a large
land owner, of Colby, Kan., built a town of his own. He constructed
an elevator, a coal and lumber yard, and some houses to go with it.
The town was named Breton.

Boy Flags and Saves a Train.

An attempt to wreck an east-bound Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad
passenger train, near Eastbrook, W. Va., was frustrated by a boy,
who flagged the train in time to prevent it from running into an
obstruction placed on the track. A pile of ties had been placed on the
track at the end of a curve. Railroad police are investigating.

Boston Has Giant Lobster.

The great-great-grandfather of all lobsters—according to Mike
O’Donnell, who is an authority on such matters—has arrived in
Boston, Mass. It is on exhibition in a stall in the Quincy Market.
The lobster, which in its natural state weighed thirty-three pounds
and one ounce, measures forty-two inches from the tip of its tail to
the end of its giant claws, the body alone measuring twenty-three
and one-half inches. Since arriving here the lobster has been boiled,
the meat removed, and the shell painted so that it now looks much
the same as it did when it left the waters of Newfoundland.
This giant lobster, the biggest one ever seen here, according to
some authorities, and one of the biggest on record, was caught off
Grand Manan by a fisherman named John Moses.

Buy-a-Pig Movement, Latest.

Isn’t it about time to buy a pig? This is no joke. One of the causes
of the high cost of living is in the fact that society is growing faster
than the farmers. There is no more profitable animal than a pig. He
improves the dressing and gives the gardener a valuable asset to
begin the season with. He stands in the doorway to keep the wolf
away through the winter. And the social part of it is no small item.
The pig is the most social of animals, especially when he is hungry,
and a good pig has a continuous appetite. It is no disgrace for any
one to raise a pig—not even a school-teacher. Buy a pig and get
your name on the roll of honor.

Motor Saw for Felling Trees.

In attempting to develop an electrically operated device for
bucking and felling trees, a lumber company in Marshfield, Ore.,
constructed a portable motor-driven chain saw, which will cut through
a two-foot log in less than a minute, declares the Electrical World.
The cutting element consists of a motor-driven saw-toothed chain
traveling around the peripheries of two pulleys, one at each end of
the frame. The motor is connected direct to one of the pulleys and is
supplied with electricity through a flexible cord. The apparatus
weighs only eighty pounds complete.

Left Home on Freight; Back in Limousine.

To celebrate the anniversary of forty years ago, when he jumped a
freight at the old Delanco, N. J., station and beat his way in a side-
door palace car to a near-by metropolis in search of a chance to
make good, which he thought his home had denied him, a former
Delanco boy came back a day or two ago in a limousine to call on
old friends and renew the friendships of school-days.
The boy was John Cahill, who is now chief counsel of the
American Bell Telephone Company, with offices in New York,
London, and Paris.

Is Given Fullest Penalty.

 Judge Maxwell sentenced Merton C. Pierce, of Canton, Pa., to
three months in jail and a fine of $500 and costs of prosecution, for
furnishing liquor to a person of known intemperate habits. Pierce
pleaded guilty to supplying liquor to a man who could not buy for
himself.
“Oh, that the law was more severe in such cases,” said Judge
Maxwell. “I have the utmost contempt for a man who will buy liquor
for a man who is forbidden to buy it himself, and would like to send
you to jail for a longer period, but the law does not allow. However, I
will give you the fullest penalty, and that will keep you behind the
bars for at least six months,” said the judge, in passing sentence.
Another Canton man has been arrested on the same charge, but
will fight the case.

This Cow is Strong for Twins.

James Billingsley, a farmer residing near Axtell, Kan., has a Red
Polled cow that has made a record in raising calves. The animal,
though only eight years old, has given birth to eight calves, four of
which were born within a period of thirteen months. A year ago she
gave birth to twins, and recently she gave birth to a set of twins.
The cow is a fine milker, and all of her calves have brought prices
as high as fifty dollars a head.

Lone Hunter’s Tragic End.

“Have been torn up by a brown bear. No chance to get out. Good-
by.”
Mortally wounded, and with his right arm incapacitated, King
Thurman, a lone hunter and trapper on Chickaloon Flats, Alaska,
crawled to his cabin, printed the above note with his left hand, and
then shot himself with his rifle.
This was the story that was read by the hunters who found
Thurman’s body in his cabin two weeks ago and reported the
tragedy to the authorities at Seward, Alaska.

Twin Brothers Marry Sisters.

Ashland, Pa., had a novel wedding, when Lewis and James
Baglin, twin brothers, were married to Ruth and Ada Maurer, sisters,
by Reverend M. H. Jones.

Refuses to Quit on Pension.

Thomas Strong, of Pine Meadow, Conn., who has been a
trackman on the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad for more
than forty years, and is nearly eighty years old, has refused to be
retired on a pension, saying he wants to die in harness. He says he
wouldn’t know what to do with himself if he quit work.

Mustn’t “Cuss” by Wireless.

Radio operators in the United States can’t cuss each other out or
use profanity or indecent language of any kind “in the air.”
A few days ago an operator in the commercial station in
Massachusetts ended up a message with a word that shocked the
inspector in the government station at Boston, where it was picked
up. The department of commerce has sent the offending operator a
strong letter of reprimand, warning him to be careful of his language
in the air in the future or he would lose his license.

Cat’s Cradle Cost One Hundred Dollars.

Louis Newman, of Bayonne, N. J., owns a cat which is the
possessor of a litter of five kittens which Newman values at twenty
dollars a piece, despite their being decidedly common cats, of the
back-fence variety.