Momentum and impulse

Momentum
▪ has the same direction as the velocity
▪ can only be changed by a net external force
 Collision and Impulse

Collision of bat and ball at one instant

impulse = change in momentum

If net force is constant

𝐽Ԧ = 𝐹Ԧnet Δt
Impulse and Average Force
𝐽Ԧ = 𝐹Ԧave Δt
 Impulse
A 4.0-kg block slides along a frictionless surface with a
constant speed of 5.0 m/s. Two seconds after it begins
sliding, a horizontal, time-dependent force is applied to
the block. The force is removed eight seconds later. The
graph shows how the force on the block varies with time.

(a) What is the magnitude of the total impulse of the

force acting on the block?

(b) What is the speed of the block at 𝑡 = 11 s?

𝐽 = 42 kg m/s

𝑣 = 5.0 m/s
 Final momentum
N N
Starting at 𝑡 = 0, a horizontal net force of 𝑭 = 0.280 s𝑡 𝒊Ƹ + −0.450 s2 𝑡 2𝒋Ƹ is
m m
applied to a box that has an initial momentum of 𝒑 = −3.00 kg s 𝒊Ƹ + 4.00 kg s 𝒋.Ƹ
What is the momentum of the box at 𝑡 = 2.00 s?

m m
𝒑𝒇 = −2.44 kg 𝒊Ƹ + 2.8 kg 𝒋Ƹ
s s
 Impulse and average net force
A soccer ball has a mass of 0.40 kg. Initially it is moving to the left at 20 m/s but then
it is kicked. After the kick, it moves at 45° upward and to the right with speed 30 m/s.
Find the impulse and the average net force, assuming a collision time 0.010 s.

𝐽 = 16.49 kg m/s + 8.49 kg m/s

F = 1649 N + 849 N
 Buckle up
Suppose a car is involved in a collision with a pre-collision speed of
31 m/s. Fortunately, the seat belt worn by the 65-kg driver brought the
driver to rest in 350 ms. How much force is exerted by the seat belt on
the driver? Calculate the acceleration experienced by the driver during
collision and how this compares to the acceleration due to gravity.

𝐹 = 5757 N, opposite the pre-collision velocity

𝑎 = 88.57 m/s 2 , almost 10 times g

 If net external force is zero

Conservation of Momentum

𝑃1 = 𝑃2
 Recoil
A marksman holds a 3.00-kg rifle loosely, so it can recoil freely.
He fires a 5.00-g bullet horizontally with a speed of 300 m/s.
(a) What is the recoil velocity of the rifle?
(b) What are the final momenta of the bullet and the rifle?

(a) Recoil velocity of rifle is 0.5 m/s, opposite the bullet’s velocity

(b) Bullet 𝑝𝑓 = 1.5 kg ⋅ m/s

Rifle 𝑝𝑓 = −1.5 kg ⋅ m/s
Collision invokes conservation of momentum.

The collision force is much larger compared to other

external forces hence we can safely approximate that
the net external force is zero.
 Types of Collisions
 Elastic: total kinetic energy is conserved

 Inelastic: total kinetic energy is not conserved

 Completely inelastic: objects stick together after collision
Inelastic Collision (1D)

𝑚1 𝑣Ԧ1𝑖 + 𝑚2 𝑣Ԧ2𝑖 = 𝑚1 𝑣Ԧ1𝑓 +𝑚2 𝑣Ԧ2𝑓

Vectors must be added by components.

Completely Inelastic Collision (1D)
 The objects stick together after colliding.

𝑣1𝑓 = 𝑣2𝑓 = 𝑢
Elastic Collision (1D)
 The total kinetic energy of the system is conserved.
 Accident
At the intersection of Taft Avenue and EDSA, a yellow
subcompact car with mass 950 kg traveling east on
Taft Avenue collides with a red pickup truck with mass
1900 kg that is traveling north on EDSA and has run a
red light . The two vehicles stick together as a result of the
collision, and the wreckage slides at 16.0 m/s in the direction
24.0° east of north. The collision occurs during a heavy
rainstorm; you can ignore friction between the vehicles and
the wet road.

Calculate the speed of each vehicle before the collision.

 Glider
A 0.150-kg glider is moving to the right on a frictionless, horizontal air
track with a speed of 0.80 m/s. It has a head-on collision with a 0.300-kg
glider that is moving to the left with a speed of 2.20 m/s. Find the final
velocity (magnitude and direction) of each glider if the collision is elastic.

The 0.150 kg glider (A) is moving to the left at 3.20 m/s and
the 0.300 kg glider (B) is moving to the left at 0.20 m/s.
 Maximum Force
A 150-g baseball is thrown with a speed of 20 m/s.
It is hit straight back toward the pitcher at a speed
of 40 m/s. The interaction force between the ball
and the bat is shown in the figure. What maximum
force 𝐹max does the bat exert on the ball?
 Head-on
A 3.0-kg cart moving to the right with a speed of 1.0 m/s has a head-on
collision with a 5.0-kg cart that is initially moving to the left with a speed
of 2.0 m/s. After the collision, the 3.0-kg cart is moving to the left with a
speed of 1.0 m/s. What is the final velocity of the 5.0-kg cart?
 Elastic
A steel ball of mass 0.500 kg is fastened to a cord that is 70.0 cm long and fixed
at the far end. The ball is then released when the cord is horizontal. At the
bottom of its path, the ball strikes a 2.50 kg steel block initially at rest on a
frictionless surface. The collision is elastic. Find
(a) the speed of the ball and
(b) the speed of the block, both just after the collision.
 Ballistic Pendulum
A bullet of mass 10 g strikes a ballistic pendulum of mass 2.0 kg.
The pendulum rises a vertical distance of 12 cm. Assuming that the bullet
remains embedded in the pendulum, calculate the bullet’s initial speed.