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Hundred Years of
the Russian Revolution
Its Legacies
in Perspective
Edited by
Anuradha M. Chenoy · Archana Upadhyay
Hundred Years of the Russian Revolution
Anuradha M. Chenoy
Archana Upadhyay
Editors
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer
Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
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The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
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In memory of Prof. Tulsi Ram,
friend, mentor and teacher.
Acknowledgments
Anuradha M. Chenoy
Archana Upadhyay
vii
Contents
ix
x CONTENTS
Index295
Notes on Contributors
xiii
xiv NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
the Skies of South Asia: Territory and Belonging, 2016). Her most recent
publications focus on religion and caste controversies in the Indian Punjab.
Anuradha M. Chenoy retired as a professor from the Centre for Russian
and Central Asian Studies, School of International Studies, Jawaharlal
Nehru University, New Delhi. She was also the Dean of the School of
International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University. She has authored sev-
eral research papers and book chapters on international politics, Soviet/
Russian foreign and security policy, political system and political processes
in Russia, Indian foreign policy, human security and gender in interna-
tional relations. Her books include Re-Emerging Russia: Structures,
Institutions and Processes (co-authored, 2017), The BRICS in International
Development (edited, 2016); Maoists and Other Armed Conflicts (co-
authored, 2010), Human Security: Concept and Implications (co-authored,
2006), Militarism and Women in South Asia (2002) and The Making of
New Russia (2001).
Kamal Mitra Chenoy retired as a professor and Chair of Group of
Comparative Politics and Political Theory in the School of International
Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. He has held several
positions, including member, Indian Council of Social Science Research;
vice president, All India Peace and Solidarity Organization; president of
Federation of Central Universities Teachers’ Associations, India. He
writes extensively in Indian and foreign journals on contemporary
issues of politics and international relations and is a regular political
commentator in print and electronic media and has authored several
human rights reports. His research interests include political theory,
international politics and foreign policy, conflict in international sys-
tem and international security.
Larisa Chereshneva is a professor and Head of Oriental Studies
Laboratory, Lipetsk State Pedagogical University P.P. Semenov-Tyan-
Shansky University. She is the scientific director of the master’s and post-
graduate programs and the deputy chairman of Dissertation Council. She
is also the honorary member of Higher Professional Education of Russia.
Her research interests include: political history of modern India, foreign
policy, nationalism in the modern world and history of India-Russia rela-
tions. She has written five monographs besides several research papers in
research journals in India, Great Britain, Germany and Turkey.
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xv
security and gender issues with particular focus on the interface between
labor, health and gender. She has contributed several articles in national
and international journals and chapters in edited volumes. She has
also authored a book on Gender, Ideology and State. Textual
Strategies (2009).
Pradeep Nayak is a civil servant attached to the Odisha government. He
holds a PhD in Law and Governance Studies from Jawaharlal Nehru
University, New Delhi. He is a former fellow of IIAS, Shimla. He has
authored three books: Land Reforms to Land Tiling: Emerging Paradigms
of Land Governance in India (2021), The State and Land Records
Modernisation (2015), and Party Politics and Communalism : A Study of
Ram Janmabhoomi and Babri Masjid Dispute (1993). He has coedited
two books: Land and Livelihood in Neoliberal India (2020) and
Communalisation and Tenth Lok Sabha Elections (1993). His current
research focuses on party politics, public policy, and governance issues
in India.
Sanjay Kumar Pandey has been the director of Russian and Central
Asian Area Studies Programme at the School of International Studies,
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. He teaches foreign policy of
Russia and the Central Asian States. His other areas of interest include
political system and processes in Russia and India with special focus on
ethnicity, nationalism and comparative federalism. He was L. M. Singhvi
Visiting Fellow at the Centre of South Asian Studies, University of
Cambridge; Charles Wallace Trust Visiting Fellow, University of
Cambridge, and Visiting Fellow at Cambridge Central Asia Forum,
Cambridge. As an International Observer for the Parliamentary
Election in Uzbekistan in December 2014 and for the presidential
election in Uzbekistan in December 2008 and 2016, he has closely
followed the politics in that country. He is the editor of the jour-
nal Contemporary Central Asia published by the Centre for Russian
and Central Asian Studies, JNU, and the book review editor of
the journal International Studies published by Sage India.
Ajay Patnaik is a professor at the Centre for Russian & Central Asian
Studies and was the Dean of the School of International Studies, Jawaharlal
Nehru University, New Delhi. His research interests include: nation-
ality, ethnicity, urbanization and migration, gender roles, stability
and security in the Central Asia/Eurasia region He has authored four
xviii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
and 2004), Urban Crafts and Craftsmen in India, 13th to 18th Century
(2004), Medieval Indian Mindscapes: Place, Time, Society, Man (2012).
Her edited/co-edited volumes include Indian History; A Russian
Viewpoint (2003) and Mind over Matter. Essays on Mentalities in Medieval
India (2009), apart from a few volumes in Russian. She has contrib-
uted several research papers and book chapters in research journals
and edited volumes.
Acronyms and Terms
xxi
xxii Acronyms and Terms
As one of the seminal events of the twentieth century, the significance and
political relevance of the Russian Revolution of 1917 is enduring. No
other event of the past century can match the far-reaching impact of the
Russian Revolution in transforming lives across continents, far beyond the
geographical confines of the actual theater of the revolution. The estab-
lishment of the Soviet Union, subsequent to the victory of the socialist
revolution in Russia under the leadership of V. I. Lenin, had ramifications
that went far beyond the events of the period. Not only did it politically
radicalize the working class throughout the world, it also offered the pos-
sibility of an alternative model of development—an alternative to capital-
ism and imperialism. Unlike other political revolutions in the past that
were confined to a single country and resulted in the replacement of one
regime with another or at best could strike a chord with a single commu-
nity and its diaspora, the Russian Revolution was an international revolu-
tion in the sense that its impact and reach was truly global. Not only did it
resonate internationally, it also set into motion political and social process
that impacted every aspect of human life. It marked the advent of a new
historical era with new political possibilities and thus profoundly changed
the way historical processes came to be understood.
However, much like all other tectonic events in history, the Russian
Revolution and its far-reaching implications have been understood and
viewed through varying prisms both historically and ideologically.
Undoubtedly, the events of 1917 changed the course of Russian history
and politics forever. The Revolution happened in two distinct stages—one
in February and one in October—and it was only after the end of the Civil
War in 1922 that the new Soviet State led by Lenin could consolidate its
power. The Civil War (November 1917–October 1922) thus was an inte-
gral part of the revolution. The series of events prior to 1917 and after
October 1917 brought an end to more than a thousand years of dynastic
rule in Russia and proved to be one of the most radical turning points in
the history of the nation. It affected economics, social structure, culture,
international relations and every other benchmark on which a revolution
could possibly be evaluated. With the new rulers in the Soviet State being
largely drawn from the intellectual and working class, Russia underwent a
complete change in direction and character.