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CARBON CAPTURE
TECHNOLOGIES FOR
GAS-TURBINE-BASED
POWER PLANTS
This page intentionally left blank
CARBON CAPTURE
TECHNOLOGIES FOR
GAS-TURBINE-BASED
POWER PLANTS

HAMIDREZA GOHARI DARABKHANI

Low Carbon and Renewable Energy Systems, Staffordshire University,
Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom

HIRBOD VARASTEH
Civil Engineering, University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom

BAHAMIN BAZOOYAR
Low-Carbon Energy Systems, Cranfield University, Bedford, United Kingdom
Elsevier
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Notices
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Dedication

Dedicated to the loving memory of my father, Mr YAHYA Gohari Darabkhani (1946
2021),

who showed me how to live a simple life with passion and morality.

Hamidreza Gohari Darabkhani

Dedicated to my wife Mrs Hamraz Sahebirashti, my daughter Tida, my mother

Shanaz Mirjafari, and my father Mr Mohammadsaeid Varasteh.

Hirbod Varasteh

Dedicated to my mother, Tahereh Salmanian (1956
2009).

Bahamin Bazooyar
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
Preface ........................................................................................................xiii
Acknowledgment ........................................................................................ xv

1 An introduction to gas turbine systems .........................................................1

1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 1
1.2 Introduction to the gas turbine technology ....................................... 3
1.3 Categories of gas turbines................................................................... 5
1.4 Type of gas turbine .............................................................................. 7
1.4.1 Single-shaft gas turbine..............................................................8
1.4.2 Dual-shaft gas turbine with a power turbine ............................9
1.4.3 Triple-shaft gas turbine with a power turbine ..........................9
1.4.4 Open and closed thermodynamic cycles of gas turbine ........10
1.5 Environmental impact........................................................................ 13
1.6 Summary ............................................................................................ 16
References ................................................................................................. 16

2 Main technologies in CO2 capture.................................................................19

2.1 Post-combustion capture................................................................... 19
2.1.1 Physical absorption...................................................................20
2.1.2 Selective exhaust gas recirculation (S-EGR) method .............20
2.2 Pre-combustion capture..................................................................... 23
2.2.1 Chemical process ......................................................................24
2.2.2 Membrane..................................................................................24
2.2.3 Hydrogen production technologies .........................................25
2.3 Oxy-fuel combustion capture ............................................................ 29
2.3.1 Oxy-combustion classification .................................................30
2.4 CO2 Capture technologies comparison ............................................ 33
2.5 Summary ............................................................................................ 34
Reference................................................................................................... 36

3 Oxyturbine power cycles and gas-CCS technologies ..............................39

3.1 Semiclosed oxycombustion combined cycle................................. 39
3.1.1 Semiclosed oxycombustion combined cycle technologies...41
3.2 The COOPERATE cycle .................................................................... 42
3.2.1 The COOPERATE cycle technologies..................................... 43

vii
viii Contents

3.3 The MATIANT cycle ......................................................................... 44

3.4 The E-MATIANT cycle ...................................................................... 45
3.5 CC-MATIANT cycle ........................................................................... 46
3.5.1 CC-METIANT technologies ..................................................... 49
3.6 The Graz cycle .................................................................................. 50
3.6.1 Graz cycle technologies .......................................................... 52
3.7 The S-Graz cycle............................................................................... 52
3.7.1 The S-Graz cycle technologies ............................................... 54
3.8 The AZEP 100% cycle....................................................................... 54
3.8.1 The AZEP 100% cycle technologies ....................................... 55
3.9 The AZEP 85% cycle......................................................................... 56
3.10 The ZEITMOP cycle .......................................................................... 56
3.10.1 ZEITMOP technologies ......................................................... 58
3.11 The COOLCEP-S cycle...................................................................... 59
3.11.1 COOLCEP technologies......................................................... 61
3.12 The COOLCEP-C cycle...................................................................... 61
3.12.1 COOLCEP-C technologies ..................................................... 62
3.13 Novel O2/CO2 cycle........................................................................... 62
3.13.1 The novel O2/CO2 technologies............................................ 64
3.14 NetPower cycle................................................................................. 64
3.15 Clean energy system cycle .............................................................. 66
3.15.1 The clean energy system technologies ............................... 67
3.16 Natural gas combined cycle ............................................................ 68
3.17 The natural gas combined cycle power plant with
postcombustion capture .................................................................. 68
3.18 Summary .......................................................................................... 70
References ................................................................................................. 71

4 Process modelling and performance analysis of the leading

oxyturbine cycles ...............................................................................................75
4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 75
4.2 Oxycombustion power cycle theories and calculations.................. 76
4.2.1 Thermodynamic concept and equations ................................. 76
4.2.2 Exergy equations for the oxyfuel combustion cycle ..............77
4.2.3 Exergy destruction equations................................................... 80
4.2.4 Equation of state for gas turbine and steam turbine..............82
4.3 Modelling and simulation.................................................................. 85
4.3.1 Plant simulation with a numerical approach .......................... 85
 Contents ix

4.3.2 Aspen Plus pros and cons ........................................................85

4.3.3 Modelling equipment in Aspen Plus ....................................... 86
4.3.4 MATLAB code link with Aspen Plus ........................................87
4.4 Oxy combustion cycles modelling and simulation ......................... 88
4.4.1 The semiclosed oxycombustion combined cycle
cycle modelling and analysis .................................................88
4.4.2 The COOPERATE cycle modelling and analysis ...................89
4.4.3 The E-MATIANT cycle modelling and analysis.....................89
4.4.4 The CC_MATIANT cycle modelling and
analysis ....................................................................................94
4.4.5 The Graz cycle modelling and analysis .................................94
4.4.6 The S-Graz cycle modelling and analysis..............................97
4.4.7 The AZEP 100% cycle modelling and analysis......................97
4.4.8 The ZEITMOP cycle modelling and analysis ....................... 100
4.4.9 The cool clean efficient power-s cycle modelling and
analysis .................................................................................. 100
4.4.10 The cool clean efficient power-c cycle modelling and
analysis .................................................................................. 104
4.4.11 The Novel O2/CO2 modelling and analysis.......................... 104
4.4.12 The NetPower cycle modelling and analysis ...................... 106
4.4.13 The S-CES cycle modelling and analysis ............................ 106
4.5 Exergy analysis of leading oxycombustion cycles ........................ 109
4.5.1 The semiclosed oxycombustion combined cycle
modelling and analysis......................................................... 109
4.5.2 The COOPERATE cycle modelling and analysis .................112
4.5.3 The E-MATIANT cycle modelling and analysis................... 115
4.5.4 The CC_MATIANT cycle modelling and analysis................ 119
4.5.5 The Graz cycle modelling and analysis ............................... 137
4.5.6 The S-Graz cycle modelling and analysis............................ 138
4.5.7 The AZEP 100% cycle modelling and analysis....................138
4.5.8 The ZEITMOP cycle modelling and analysis ....................... 139
4.5.9 The cool clean efficient power-S (COOLCEP-S)
cycle modelling and analysis ............................................... 141
4.5.10 The cool clean efficient power-C (COOLCEP-C)
cycle modelling and analysis ............................................... 143
4.5.11 The Novel O2/CO2 modelling and analysis.......................... 145
4.5.12 The NetPower cycle modelling and analysis ...................... 148
4.5.13 The S-CES cycle modelling and analysis ............................ 149
x Contents

4.6 Summary .......................................................................................... 151

References ............................................................................................... 153

5 Design characteristics of oxyfuel combustor, heat exchanger

network and turbomachinery ........................................................................157
5.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 157
5.2 Conventional combustors................................................................ 158
5.3 Oxyfuel combustor design .............................................................. 161
5.3.1 Oxyfuel combustor consideration........................................ 162
5.3.2 Oxyfuel combustor operating points................................... 165
5.3.3 Oxyfuel combustor type selection and full schematic ....... 165
5.3.4 Oxyfuel combustor air distribution...................................... 166
5.3.5 Oxyfuel combustor diffuser.................................................. 167
5.3.6 Oxyfuel swirler ...................................................................... 167
5.3.7 Oxyfuel combustor recirculation zone.................................168
5.3.8 Oxyfuel holes......................................................................... 169
5.3.9 Oxyfuel injector ..................................................................... 169
5.3.10 Oxyfuel combustor schematic.............................................. 169
5.4 Oxyfuel combustor modelling ........................................................ 171
5.4.1 Oxyfuel combustor profile design ......................................... 171
5.4.2 Oxyfuel combustor comparison with air-fired
combustor................................................................................ 172
5.5 Oxyfuel combustor influence on turbomachinery......................... 173
5.5.1 The turbine fluid composition influence on the
feed inlet volume rate and on the turbine enthalpy drop ....174
5.5.2 The compressor
turbine matching ....................................... 175
5.5.3 Blade cooling ........................................................................... 177
5.6 Oxyfuel heat exchanger network .................................................... 179
5.7 Summary .......................................................................................... 180
References ............................................................................................... 181

6 Oxygen production and air separation units.............................................183

6.1 Cryogenic air separation unit .......................................................... 183
6.1.1 Pilot scale ................................................................................. 185
6.1.2 Air separation unit development ........................................... 185
6.2 Noncryogenic air separation unit.................................................... 185
6.2.1 Adsorption ............................................................................... 185
 Contents xi

6.2.2 Pressure swing adsorption ..................................................... 186

6.2.3 Vacuum pressure swing adsorption ...................................... 187
6.2.4 Chemical processes.................................................................188
6.2.5 Polymeric membranes ............................................................ 188
6.2.6 Ion transport membrane......................................................... 189
6.2.7 Chemical looping combustion ............................................... 189
6.3 CO2 compression and purification unit .......................................... 190
6.3.1 Flue gas compression and drying.......................................... 190
6.3.2 Partial condensation ............................................................... 190
6.3.3 Distillation ................................................................................ 191
6.3.4 CO2 final product compressor................................................ 191
6.4 Summary .......................................................................................... 192
References ............................................................................................... 192

7 Technoeconomic, risk analysis and technology readiness

level in oxyturbine power cycles ................................................................195
7.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 195
7.2 Turbine inlet temperature comparison of oxycombustion
cycles............................................................................................... 195
7.3 Turbine outlet temperature comparison of oxycombustion
cycles............................................................................................... 196
7.4 Combustion outlet pressure comparison of oxycombustion
cycles............................................................................................... 199
7.5 Exergy and thermal efficiency comparison of oxycombustion
cycles............................................................................................... 201
7.6 CO2/kWh for storage comparison of oxycombustion cycles ...... 203
7.7 Technology readiness level ........................................................... 203
7.7.1 Combustion technology readiness level ............................. 204
7.7.2 CO2 compression and purification unit technology
readiness level ....................................................................... 204
7.7.3 SCOCC-CC technology readiness level................................ 206
7.7.4 Graze cycle technology readiness level............................... 206
7.7.5 CES technology readiness level ........................................... 206
7.7.6 NetPower technology readiness level ................................. 206
7.8 Performance analysis..................................................................... 207
7.9 Technoeconomic analysis of oxycombustion cycles .................. 207
7.9.1 Cost rate ................................................................................. 209
7.9.2 Exergoeconomics .................................................................. 216
xii Contents

7.9.3 Levellised cost of electricity.................................................. 219

7.10 Radar chart for comparison of the oxycombustion cycles ......... 220
7.11 Summary ........................................................................................ 226
Reference................................................................................................. 226

8 Conclusions and future works ......................................................................231

8.1 Conclusions ...................................................................................... 231
8.2 Future work and critical appraisal................................................... 236

Index........................................................................................................... 239
Preface

Clean and sustainable energy supply is one of the strategic

needs of countries worldwide. One of the most important parts
of energy is electricity, which has a great impact on the energy
basket of every country. A large amount of the electricity is pro-
vided through conversion of fossil fuels in power plants. It is
however vital to limit the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs)
from burning fossil fuels and this can be done by a combination
of technologies including carbon capture, improving the effi-
ciencies of power plants, and adapting the renewable energy
sources to the power generation systems.
The United Kingdom hosted the 26th UN Climate Change
Conference of the Parties (COP26) from 31st October to 13th
November 2021 in Glasgow. The summit of COP26 brought par-
ties together to accelerate action towards the goals of the UN
Framework Convention and the Paris Agreement on Climate
Change. One of the key objectives of the COP26 was the plan-
ning on how to achieve the global targets of net zero emissions
by 2050. To reach this target, carbon capture and storage (CCS)
technologies will be having a big share in removing carbon
emissions from the energy sectors and industrial process. From
the three main carbon capture technologies (i.e., precombus-
tion, postcombustion, and oxyfuel combustion capture), oxyfuel
combustion capture has a high potential to be implemented in
both newly designed and retrofitted power plants. Oxyfuel com-
bustion capture involves burning of the fuel with nearly pure
oxygen instead of air and recycling some part of the flue gases
back into the furnace/boiler to control the flame temperature.
The majority of the capture technologies are designed for the
atmospheric combustion of the solid fuels (e.g., coal, biomass).
When burning natural gas, particularly at elevated pressures,
e.g., in gas turbine systems, oxyfuel combustion capture will
become a superior option (oxyturbine CCS). The cycle engages
recirculation of the flue gases to generate a high concentration
of CO2 in the exhaust ready for simple capture and storage. This
normally results in full CO2 capture and almost no NOx emis-
sion from these power plants. The membrane capture for gas-
fired systems is another attractive option for gas turbine power
plants. Selective recirculation of the flue gases through the CO2
selective polymeric membranes increases the concentration of

xiii
xiv Preface

CO2 in the flue gases to bring it close to the level of CO2 con-
centration in the exhaust of the solid fuel combustion to feed a
solvent-based postcombustion capture unit.
This book presents Carbon Capture Technologies for Gas-
Turbine-Based Power Plants and explores current progress in
oxyfuel combustion capture as one of the most capable tech-
nologies for carbon capture in power plants. The three major
carbon capture technologies (precombustion, postcombustion,
and oxyfuel combustion) and the membrane technology are
explained in this book, and the pros and cons of each technol-
ogy are compared with the oxyfuel combustion capture. This
book investigates over 20 different oxycombustion turbine (oxy-
turbine) power cycles, identifying the main parameters with
regard to their operation, process, and performance simula-
tions, and energy and exergy analysis. The natural gas com-
bined cycle (NGCC) power plant with postcombustion capture
is used as the base-case scenario. One of the challenges of the
oxyfuel combustion technology is the need to generate pure
oxygen on site. Therefore, the oxygen production and air sepa-
ration units (ASU) and CO2 compression and purification units
(CPU) are explained in this book. The procedure for the design
and the operational characteristics of a radial NOx-less oxyfuel
gas turbine combustor are presented and the combustor CFD
simulation and performance analysis of the heat exchanger net-
work and turbomachinery are conducted. The book provides
technoeconomic analysis, technology readiness level (TRL),
sensitivity and risk analysis, levellised cost of energy (LCOE),
and the stages of development for oxycombustion turbine
power plants. This book can be used to generate a road map for
the development of future gas turbine-based power plants with
full carbon capture capabilities using the experiences of the
recently demonstrated cycles. The content of this book can sup-
port students, researchers, engineers, policymakers, and energy
industry managers to plan the development and deployment of
the future zero carbon and NOx free gas-fired power plants to
help achieve the net zero targets in the energy industry.
Acknowledgment

This book was prepared through the research conducted at

three eminent UK universities between 2018 and 2021. Prof.
Hamidreza Gohari Darabkhani, Professor of low carbon and
renewable energy systems from Staffordshire University, has
been the projects’ academic lead and supervisor for the oxytur-
bine CCS research project and the Innovative UK funded
microturbine renewable energy combustor (MiTREC) project.
Dr. Hirbod Varasteh, lecturer in civil engineering at University
of Derby, conducted the oxyturbine CCS research and the pro-
cess simulation works. Dr. Bahamin Bazooyar, research associ-
ate at Cranfield University, conducted the oxyfuel combustion
research, design, and CFD modeling. The authors would like to
profess their sincere gratitude to all people, universities, and
research projects that provided tools and support for the prepa-
ration and publication of this book. Staffordshire University is
specially thanked for hosting the main research and providing
Aspen Plus V12.2 and GasTurb 13 licenses for the oxyturbine
process and performance simulations. University of Derby is
acknowledged for the wise counsel and vision of the thermody-
namic cycles. Cranfield University provided the license of Ansys
2021 R2 software. The computer simulations were mainly done
using a supercomputer at Staffordshire University purchased
from the budget of the MiTREC project. The MiTREC project
resulted in the successful development of a micro gas turbine
combustor for renewable biogas fuel in collaboration with an
industry partner, Bladon Micro Turbines Ltd. The authors would
also like to thank Mrs. Hamraz Sahebirashti for the proofreading
of the book’s chapters.
All authors would like to thank their families who have indi-
rectly supported them throughout their research journeys,
resulting in the significant publications including this book,
that will ultimately help society by introducing cleaner energy
options.

xv
This page intentionally left blank
An introduction to gas turbine
1
systems
1.1 Introduction
Greenhouse gases (GHG) are the main reason for the increase
in the global mean temperature and climate change. Carbon
dioxide (CO2) from the combustion of fossil fuels is the principal
GHG, and power plants and the energy sector are the main
sources of CO2 emissions. With 73.2% of carbon emission from
the energy sector, including industry, transport, building and
agriculture, this sector is considered as the main contributor to
the global warming (Ourworldindata, 2020). The carbon budget
is the cumulative amount of carbon dioxide emissions permitted
over a period of time to keep the temperature rise within a cer-
tain temperature threshold. The carbon budget for the 2 C global
temperature increase scenario has an upper limit on the cumula-
tive CO2 that is in the range of 800
1400 GTCO2, and the carbon
budget for 1.5 C scenario is in the range of 200
800 GtCO2
(IEAGHG, 2019).
The avoidance and reduction of carbon dioxide emission from
the energy sector is the main strategy to mitigate climate change.
Gas turbine systems are widely used to generate electrical power
and to balance the power demand and response to grid fluctua-
tions. Fig. 1.1 shows the electricity generation in the UK for 28 days
from 18 August 2021 to 14 September 2021. In one year period
(from September 2020 to the end of August 2021) in the UK, over
40% of electricity was generated from gas combustion, mainly in
gas turbine power plants and there was an overall combined emis-
sion of 236 gCO2/kWh in this 12 months in the UK (Fig. 1.2).
The increasing concern for climate change has led to global
efforts to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. It
appears that by far the most significant contribution to the green-
house effect stems from emissions of carbon dioxide. A large part
of the CO2 emission is produced by combusting fossil fuels in
conventional power plants and industrial processes (United State
Environmental Protection Agency, 2018). Nonetheless, Global

Carbon Capture Technologies for Gas-Turbine-Based Power Plants. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818868-2.00001-1

© 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1
2 An introduction to gas turbine systems

Figure 1.1 Power generation in the UK for 28 days from 18 August 2021 to 14 September 2021 (MyGridGB, 2021).
Please see the online version to view the colour image of the figure.

Figure 1.2 Sources of electricity generation in the UK from September 2020 to the end of August 2021 (MyGridGB, 2021).

demand for fossil fuels are increasing. For instant natural gas (NG)
demand is forecasted to increase by 2.5% a year for the next 10
years (IEAGHG, 2020).
The gas turbine power generation is more flexible in respond-
ing to electrical demand (Bazooyar and Darabkhani, 2020).
However, conventional gas turbines burn fossil fuels and release a
 An introduction to gas turbine systems 3

massive amount of CO2 equivalent emissions to the environment.

The power generation from fossil fuels is likely to continue in the
future to respond the energy demand, and conventional power
plants will produce 74% of energy in 2040 even under new policy
scenario: oil, gas and coal will provide 27%, 24% and 23%, respec-
tively, of energy demand in 2040 (Gonzalez-Salazar et al., 2018).
In order to meet the electricity demand as well as the CO2
mitigation targets, it is essential to increase the efficiency of fossil-
fuel-based energy conversion systems along with the implementa-
tion of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies. There are
three carbon capture technologies: pre-combustion, post-
combustion and oxy-fuel combustion capture. Oxy-fuel combus-
tion is one of the promising carbon capture technologies that aim
to provide zero NOx emission and pure CO2 streams ready for
sequestration. The development of oxy-fuel combustion technolo-
gies can lead to high-efficiency clean energy power plants. The
market opportunity for this technology is quite attractive, and
the project’s dissemination in the energy industry is extensive.
Despite post-combustion capture technology, oxy-fuel combustion
capture systems don’t need a complicated carbon capture cycle at
the back of power plant, but do need an air separation unit (ASU)
in front of the cycle.

1.2 Introduction to the gas turbine technology

The idea of the gas turbine goes back a long time. John
Wilkins (1614
72) used the motion of air that ascends a chim-
ney to turn a rod (EAVES PSK, 1971), but the basic concept of
power generation by gas turbine goes back to Barber in 1791
(Horlock and Bathie, 2004).
The gas turbine has been used extensively since 40 years ago in
power generation and different industries including in transportation
and in oil & gas industries. There are various types of gas turbine
with different fuels such as natural gas, diesel fuel, and biofuels.
The first generation gas turbine has major problems with the
efficiency penalty of the compressor. The, compressor was driven
independently in the early designs of the gas turbine. Also, the tur-
bine must be highly efficient to produce enough power to drive
the compressor and generate the required power network. One of
the first gas turbines was developed by two French engineers,
Armengaud and Lemae, in 1904; the power network was about
10 kW, and overall efficiency was approximately 3%. The first
industrial gas turbine was invented by Brown Boveri in 1939; the
network output was 4 MW. Frank Whittle (1907
1996) developed
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 “I am much better this morning. I was wondering if we had done
enough for our purpose. They tell me that more of the men are sick.
Wouldn’t it be as well to steam away from this pestilential coast?”
Gaunt asked wearily.
“Are you going to weaken—now?” Drake asked reproachfully.
“I was not thinking of myself but of the men. If Europe is going to
intervene, she will already have done so. I don’t see what good we
shall do by remaining.”
“We must see it through. You are ill or I don’t think that you would
suggest that we should play the coward.”
“Perhaps you are right,” Gaunt answered with a sigh.
There is nothing more demoralizing than convalescence after
malaria, and at such moments a man is not really responsible for
himself.
The next day Gaunt was much better and there was a look of
shame on his face when Drake entered.
“I must have been mad,” he said apologetically.
“Not mad—only ill,” Drake answered gently.
Captain Armstrong’s head appeared at the door.
“There’s a large yacht about five miles off. She’s evidently coming
to pay us a visit,” he announced.
“Describe her to me,” Gaunt cried quickly, and the captain obeyed.
“She’s mine. It’s evidently the Heron,” the millionaire cried and he
looked at Drake, but neither of them spoke.
 CHAPTER XLI

T HE Heron steamed at full speed from Southampton to Las

Palmas, but she did not travel fast enough for Lady Mildred, who
made Captain Samson’s life miserable by the way she worried him.
“Won’t she go any faster, captain?”
“No, my lady. She is doing over twenty-four knots,” he answered
reproachfully.
As soon as they arrived at Las Palmas, Lord Lynton hastened
ashore and it was not very long before he ascertained that a number
of men had left the island to join a cruiser. He returned with this
information and there could be no doubt that Gaunt had gone to the
Congo.
Lady Mildred sent for the captain and announced their destination.
“It isn’t a fit place for your ladyship to visit. You will be sure to get
fever,” he protested nervously.
“We start at once, captain. Mr. Gaunt is there, and it is important
that we arrive at the earliest possible moment,” Lady Mildred
answered, and then proceeded to tell the story of Gaunt’s expedition.
The captain listened in open-eyed amazement, but he no longer
hesitated, and orders were given that the yacht should sail at once.
To Lady Mildred these few days seemed interminable, and as they
drew near her suspense increased. At last the mouth of the Congo
came in sight and with the aid of glasses they could see the many
disabled steamers. It was Captain Samson who first made out the
Esmeralda and he came from the bridge to tell them.
Lady Mildred was putting on a pith helmet and her face had grown
very pale.
“I wonder what has happened?” she muttered to herself. “Captain,
will you get a launch ready? I want to go on board at once,” she said
aloud.
 “There is a pinnace putting off from the cruiser, my lady, and she is
traveling towards us at a good speed,” the captain answered.
Lady Mildred put the glasses to her eyes and gave a cry at what
she saw.
“There is only one man astern. It is not John. I think it is Mr.
Drake.”
“Let me see,” Lady Ethel cried eagerly, and she almost snatched
the glasses from her sister.
Lady Mildred turned away for she wished to hide her distress. It
was evident that they had recognized the Heron, and why had not
her husband come to meet her? Was it that he could not forgive her?
Sailors were busy lowering the companion way, and the launch
drew alongside. Edward Drake jumped lightly onto the platform and
hastened up to greet them.
“Where is Mr. Gaunt?” Lady Mildred cried, before he could utter a
word.
“He is ill, and the doctor says that he is not fit to stand any
excitement. That is why I have hastened to meet you,” he answered
quickly.
“What has happened? Is he dangerously ill?” she asked, and her
voice shook with fear.
“No. He is out of danger. Shall we go to your cabin? I have a lot to
tell you,” he asked; and Lady Mildred led the way.
Edward Drake stood and faced them, and they could see the deep
lines brought to his face by grief and pain. But his voice was steady
when he began to tell them all that had happened. It was only when
he spoke of his brother’s death that he faltered, and dared not look
at Lady Ethel.
“Mr. Gaunt is in no danger, but you must be very careful. Before
you go to the Heron I should like to speak to you alone, Lady
Mildred.”
 Lord Lynton and Lady Ethel moved away, and for the first time
Drake glanced at the woman he loved. She was crying quietly, and
tears were streaming down her cheeks.
When they had gone, he turned to Lady Mildred, and his face was
very grave.
“I think I am justified in breaking a confidence. I have thought
deeply, and am sure it is my duty to tell you the reason why your
husband has acted as he has done. I am aware that you have felt
bitter towards him, but it was because you did not know.”
“Mr. Drake, you need not tell me. I am ashamed of my conduct,
and I have come to my husband to ask his forgiveness,” she
answered in a low voice.
“Still, I think you should know. Gaunt is a man in a thousand, and I
want you to understand his character. He has always loved you
passionately from the first time you met, but he was determined to
conceal his love until he had won you. He thought he was
succeeding until that terrible day when it seemed that in all human
probability you would die. Gaunt was in utter despair, and in his
agony he turned to God. You must remember that the specialist had
told him that there was no hope of your living. He prayed to God, and
made a bargain with Him. Gaunt told me the very words he used,
and they are imprinted on my memory. ‘Give me the life of my wife,
and I swear that every action of my life shall be deliberately thought
out, and shall be in accordance with the teaching of Christ.’”
Drake paused, and he could see that Lady Mildred was listening
with breathless attention.
“And since that night, when God gave him your life, he has
struggled nobly to keep that vow. That is the reason why——”
“Stop!” she cried harshly.
Her face worked painfully as everything became clear to her mind.
She knew her husband’s pride that he always kept his word, and she
could understand how fiercely he must have been tempted to
abandon the fulfilment of his vow, and it was she herself who had
made his task a thousand times more difficult.
 “What a man!” she muttered feverishly.
And pride and love overwhelmed her so that she grew afraid.
“You are sure that his life is not in danger?” she said tremulously.
“Quite. So long as you do not excite him.”
“You may trust me, Mr. Drake. His life is too precious to me.”
Suddenly she seized his hand and pressed it to her lips.
“And I am proud of your friendship for my husband. But I have
been selfish. I have forgotten your terrible loss. What can I say to
comfort you?”
“And your sister, for I believe she loved Lindsay.”
She gave him a quick look, but remained silent.
“May I go to John at once? I promise that I will be quite calm,” she
said at last.
In a few minutes the launch was rapidly taking them to the cruiser.
Drake refused to allow either Lord Lynton or Lady Ethel to
accompany them, and he would give no reason for his refusal.
As soon as they reached the deck of the cruiser, Drake hastened
to the sick bay.
“Gaunt, your wife is here,” he said quietly.
“Bring her to me, and you will leave us alone.”
And Lady Mildred stood in the doorway, hesitated for a moment,
then ran to the bunk where her husband lay.
“John.”
She knelt by his side and pressed her lips to his.
“Forgive me, dear. I was cruel, but I did not understand,” she
whispered.
Their eyes met and there was no need for words. Understanding
came to them and the past seemed as though it had not been. And
she sat by his side, her hand resting on his, but she did not speak.
 “You should not have come,” he said reproachfully.
But she leant over and kissed him on the lips.
“I care for nothing so long as I am with you,” she whispered
tenderly.
The doctor came in, glanced keenly at his patient, and relief came
to his face when he had felt Gaunt’s pulse.
“May I stay? I will be very quiet,” Lady Mildred said appealingly.
“Yes, I think that he is already better, but don’t talk too much,” the
doctor said warningly.
Soon Lady Mildred began to think of the future. In her anxiety for
her husband’s health, she had forgotten that they were in a war-ship,
that had been guilty of acts that might be regarded as piratical.
What would happen? Would John be punished for what he had
done? She dared not question him, but she felt that she must know.
His eyes were closed and she tried to remove her hand from his, but
he stirred restlessly. At last his grip relaxed, and she went on deck
where she found Edward Drake who was talking to Captain
Armstrong.
“What is going to be the end of this?” she asked, and waved her
hands towards the disabled steamers.
“We shall know in an hour’s time,” the captain answered.
“What do you mean?”
“There are war-ships on the horizon and they are coming here.”
“Then why don’t you escape while there is time?” she cried
excitedly.
“Ask Mr. Drake,” the captain said drily.
Lady Mildred looked inquiringly at him.
“We have acted as our consciences directed, and we are prepared
to face the responsibility for what we have done,” Drake said quietly.
 “But you may be severely punished. You, and my husband. Mr.
Gaunt is ill. Escape while there is time,” she cried excitedly.
Drake shook his head decidedly, and she appealed to Captain
Armstrong.
“Don’t you think it would be better to go?”
“It is not a matter of opinion. Before we came here we laid down a
line of action which we shall faithfully carry out. It might be worse, for
we are not responsible for any loss of life, save on our own side.”
“Poor Captain Drake,” she said sadly, and tears came to her eyes.
There was a cry from the bridge.
“The first flies the White Ensign.”
“I am glad it is our own people, and no beastly foreigners,” the
captain said grimly.
 CHAPTER XLII

T HE flag-ship of the admiral of the Atlantic cruiser squadron was

the Invincible and she led as the fleet swept towards the mouth
of the river.
Admiral Stretton was on the quarter-deck, and there was a grim
smile on his face as he looked at the disabled steamers.
“They certainly haven’t been idle,” he muttered to himself.
His flag-lieutenant approached and saluted.
“The barge is ready, sir,” he announced.
The cruiser’s twelve inch guns were pointed full on the Esmeralda
and the crew stood at their quarters. The fleet had ceased moving
and the semaphore on the flag-ship was busily signaling orders.
The admiral entered the barge, accompanied by his flag-
lieutenant, and they started off at once. Captain Armstrong stood at
the gangway of the cruiser. He was dressed in a suit of drill and wore
the white pith helmet of the civilian, but his hand was brought sharply
to the salute.
“I have seen you before, sir,” the admiral said grimly.
“Yes, sir.”
“You were in the service?”
“Yes, sir.”
“Perhaps it would be as well if I do not ask you your name. Who is
the lady?” the admiral demanded abruptly.
“I am Lady Mildred Gaunt,” she answered coldly.
“Take me to your cabin,” the admiral said gruffly to the captain,
and did not speak again till they were alone.
“This is a pretty business, sir. Do you realize that you have forced
my squadron to come to this diabolical spot? You deserve hanging,”
the admiral said angrily.
Captain Armstrong did not answer, but there was a twinkle in his
eye.
“You can tell me your story. You may as well start at the
beginning.”
Now and then Armstrong was stopped to answer a question, but
very quickly the admiral knew everything there was to be known.
“A mad adventure from the start, sir.”
“Has it succeeded, sir? We have had no news at all,” Armstrong
asked eagerly.
“The Powers have taken over the Congo, if that’s what you want to
know.”
“Hurrah! Pardon me, sir. I will be back in a minute,” Armstrong
cried and hastened to Drake with the news.
“We’ve beaten the beggars,” he cried triumphantly.
Drake’s face flushed, and then became ashen.
“Tell me,” he whispered hoarsely, and Armstrong repeated the
admiral’s words.
“I must go and let Gaunt know,” Drake said excitedly, and
Armstrong returned to his cabin.
“Well, sir, what punishment do you think you and that man Gaunt
deserve? What am I to do with you?” the admiral asked grimly.
“That depends upon your instructions, sir,” Armstrong answered
with a smile.
The admiral smiled, and took a cigarette from a silver box on the
table.
“Yes, I have received my instructions, as you suggest. Armstrong, I
will drop the official, and will speak to you as man to man.”
“You know my name.”
 “Yes—unofficially. Now I am going to give you a hint. The fleet will
be off the mouth of the river to-night, but I cannot guarantee that a
careful watch will be kept. In fact, I think that a man who has had
experience in handling a destroyer might creep out without being
seen,” the admiral remarked slowly and significantly.
“I understand, sir.”
“I must see Gaunt. I have a message for him.”
“He is very ill.”
“Still, I must see him,” the admiral said, and the words amounted
to an order.
Lady Mildred, who had been seated by her husband, rose when
they entered and looked questioningly at the admiral.
“My husband must not be disturbed,” she said quietly.
“I am afraid that I must deliver a message to him, my lady.
Armstrong, you can go.”
The captain saluted and disappeared.
“Mr. Gaunt, I won’t trouble you with a long discourse. To-night
Captain Armstrong will sail this cruiser for San Salvador. Sir Keith
Hamilton thinks that that will be the best solution, for it would be
impossible to procure a conviction should you be tried in England. I
would suggest that, when it is dark, you, your wife and the parson,
go to the yacht. It would be as well if you also have disappeared by
daybreak. I myself shall have to stay here while my engineers make
good some of the damage you have done.”
“Am I to understand that I am to be allowed to go free?” Gaunt
asked quietly.
“It amounts to that,” the admiral answered.
“Thank God!” Lady Mildred cried fervently, and her face was aglow
with joy.
“In my last wireless from the Admiralty, there was a message for
you from Sir Keith Hamilton. ‘Tell Gaunt that he may consider himself
a lucky man, and suggest that he take a twelvemonth voyage round
the world, for the benefit of his health.’ In my opinion the advice is
good.”
There was a knock at the door and Captain Armstrong entered.
“The Governor-General’s launch is making for the flag-ship, sir,
and I think his Excellency is on board.”
“Then I am afraid he will have to wait a while. I don’t know that I
am particularly anxious to see him till you are safely out of the way.
Perhaps Lady Mildred would give me some tea?” the admiral said
with a deferential bow.
Like the majority of sailors, the admiral had an eye for a pretty
woman, and Lady Mildred smiled graciously, for she was very
grateful for the mercy that was being shown to her husband.
She looked at Gaunt and read consent in his eyes.
“Perhaps Captain Armstrong will join us,” she said demurely.
It was dusk when the admiral left and an hour later a launch left
the Esmeralda for the Heron. Gaunt was carefully covered with
blankets, and stood the journey well.
Captain Armstrong had accompanied them and shook hands with
his companions in adventure.
“Good-bye, Gaunt. I hope that you will be quite fit when we meet
again. Good-bye, Padre,” and he gripped their hands tightly.
And when morning came the Esmeralda and the Heron had
vanished from the mouth of the Congo.
 CHAPTER XLIII

I N the distance could be seen the Peak of Teneriffe, gleaming white

among the clouds, and the Heron was steaming steadily towards
the island.
Aft of the yacht John Gaunt lay on a deck chair with his wife sitting
close to him. Her hand rested in his, and there was peace and
contentment on her face. Already the millionaire was better, and
there was a little color on his cheeks, but there was a moody
expression in his eyes.
“I am very happy, dearest,” Lady Mildred whispered.
But he did not answer, and she looked at him in wonder.
“Something is troubling you—what is it?”
“It is only that I have decided to go back to England when all the
time I am longing to continue this voyage forever.”
“Why do you wish to return to England? Remember Sir Keith’s
advice.”
“I must go, Mildred. There is a warrant out for my arrest, and the
more manly course is to go and face the music.”
“But they may imprison you,” she cried vehemently.
“I must risk that, dear one. You wouldn’t have me play the coward.”
“No. I can only wish you to do what you believe to be your duty,
John.”
“I thought you would say that. Call the captain to me.”
Gaunt’s eyes followed his wife with simple adoration.
“Captain, we sail straight for Southampton at full speed.”
Edward Drake had drawn near, and he uttered a cry.
“I had been hoping that you would decide to do that,” he said
joyfully.
 These last few days he had been struggling for the courage to give
to Lady Ethel his brother’s last message, but he had dreaded to see
her suffer. Now he could no longer postpone the unpleasant duty,
and so he went to the saloon where he found her reading, and she
looked up with a smile when he entered.
“Lady Ethel, there is something that I have been trying to tell you,”
he began in a low voice.
The color came to her cheeks, and she could not look at him.
“Lindsay sent you a message. You know that he loved you as man
rarely loves woman. He asked me to tell you that he would have died
happy if he could only have known that you cared for him.”
Tears dimmed her eyes, but still she did not look at him.
“He was a man worthy of any woman’s love, and I believe that you
would have been happy with him. I often watched you together, and
it seemed to me that you did love him. It is something that we can
share one another’s grief for his loss. If his life had been spared, we
might have been brother and sister.”
She turned her eyes to him and he gave a cry of amazement.
“Ethel,” he cried hoarsely.
“Yes, I loved your brother as you love him—as a sister would love
him, and, Edward, I have sorrowed for your sorrow. I have seen you
suffering, and I could not speak.”
“Ethel, is it true?”
“Yes,” she whispered tremulously.
But the revulsion of feeling was too great and he stood before her,
wonder, incredulity, and love in his eyes. In a moment his arms were
around her, and he kissed her passionately, her hair—her eyes—her
lips.
“My darling, do you love me?”
“Yes, Edward, for a very long time, but I did not always know it. I
am glad you have told me, for now I can help to comfort you. I can
share in your sorrow, for we have both lost a brother.”
And they told one another those things that are music to lovers’
ears. Suddenly Drake drew himself away.
“Do you realize that I am a poor man, and can offer you nothing?”
“Except love—and that is everything,” she interrupted him gently.
Gaunt and his wife were unfeignedly glad to hear the news, and
after dinner the two men had a long talk.
“Drake, I have been thinking about my future. Whatever happens
in England, I have determined upon my course of action. I believe
that the attempt to fulfil my vow has made me a better man. I seem
to see things differently and I am going to try to live the rest of my
days—— It is difficult to explain, and I want your help. We will use
my wealth together. You shall carry on your work in the East End of
London, and you shall have all the money you require. I intend to
make a settlement on your marriage to Ethel. No, don’t protest. I’m
not thinking of you, but there may be others——”
“You are very generous,” Drake said with deep emotion.
He himself cared nothing for wealth, but it was pleasant to know
that his wife would not be deprived of the luxuries to which she had
been accustomed.
The voyage was an uneventful one and when Southampton was
reached they proceeded straight to London.
It was not till late the next morning that the news of Gaunt’s arrival
became known, and when he drove to Bow Street Police Court, the
streets were thronged with an enthusiastic crowd who gave him the
reception that is generally accorded to a popular hero.
He surrendered himself to the police, and later in the day was
brought before the magistrate.
The proceedings were over in a few minutes. Mr. Ruggles, K. C.,
rose and spoke a few sentences.
“My clients have instructed me to withdraw the case, and I do so
without comment.”
 Sir Richard Tester then rose.
“I should like my client to have an opportunity of stating on oath
what really occurred, and how Marillier was killed.”
The magistrate agreed, and Gaunt went into the witness box. The
story was soon told and when he was formally discharged, a cheer
was raised in the court, and it was with the utmost difficulty that he
made his way back to the car. During the afternoon he found out that
the case brought by the Amanti Company against Davis had
collapsed from lack of evidence, and so that worry disappeared.
A week later Lady Ethel was quietly married to Edward Drake, and
they started for the south of France, where Gaunt and his wife were
to meet them in the yacht.
Sir Keith Hamilton was present at the wedding and dined that night
at Gaunt House.
“You are a lucky man, Gaunt. You bring about an international
revolution and escape without punishment. More than that, you
become the idol of the great British public.”
“I owe a great deal to you, and am very grateful,” Gaunt answered
earnestly.
“Then tell me one thing—what was your motive in taking up the
cause of the natives of the Congo?” Sir Keith asked slowly.
Gaunt did not answer, but his eyes met his wife’s and they
exchanged a look of perfect understanding.
And Sir Keith wondered and still wonders.

THE END
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 Transcriber’s Notes
pg 85 Changed: Gaunt once more lasped into silence
to: Gaunt once more lapsed into silence
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