Changes on the Earth’s Surface as a Result of an Earthquake

 Earthquake – is the shaking of the earth due to sudden movement or vibration of the
crust. It is one of the different geologic activities that helps shape the planet. It is a
result from the sudden shift in position of rock masses. The earth is composed of
different plates. When these plates slide past into each other along faults, it could
result into occurrence of earthquakes.
 Fault – refers to the fractures of the earth’s crust.
 Epicenter – is the area directly above the focus (hypocenter).
Circum-Pacific Belt or the Pacific Ring of Fire is an area circling the Pacific Ocean. It has a
huge slab of rock called the pacific plate. This plate rubs and grinds against each other.
The movement of the plates causes earthquakes and triggers volcanic activities. The
subduction of the plate causes frequent earthquakes in the Philippines.
 Magnitude – is the energy released by an earthquake and can be measured
using the seismograph or Richter scale.
Seismograph – is an instrument used to detect and record earthquake.
Richter Scale – is a numerical value used to measure the power or magnitude of an
earthquake.
 Intensity – refers to the damages done by the earthquake and can be measured
using the Modified Mercalli scale.

For added information, read your Science Links 6, 2020 Edition on pages 283-287,
or watch the videos on this links,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJpIU1rSOFY or
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kX27blegRTk

Kinds of Earthquakes
 Tectonic – happens when plates move or interact with one another. Shaking of the
earth’s crust usually happen along faults.
 Volcanic – is a result from volcanic eruptions. As the fluid magma rises to the surface, its
pressure fractures rock masses and causes continuous tremors. It can be felt in a smaller
area compared to tectonic earthquakes.
Effects of Earthquakes
 Destruction of property and loss of lives- the structures above the ground where strong
earthquakes occur are usually destroyed when ground ruptures occur.
 Landslide and Avalanche- Earthquakes can cause landslides and avalanches in
mountainous areas.
 Tsunami- it is huge wave produced when an earthquake occurs under the sea.

For added information, read your Science Links 6, 2020 Edition on pages 284-285,
and page 287.
 Changes on Earth’s Surface as a Result of Volcanic Eruptions
Volcano – is an opening in the earth’s crust that ejects molten rocks (lava) and steam.

Kinds of Volcano
1. According to Shape and Composition of the Cone
 Shield- it has a wide base with gentle sloping sides. It is made up purely by lava that
has poured out during a mild or quite eruption.
 Cinder Cone - it is built almost entirely of loose fragments and is formed by explosive
eruptions.
 Composite or Stratovolcano – it is composed of alternating layers of lava and cinders.
2. According to Activity
> Active – if it is currently erupting or showing signs of activity like earthquake and
gas emissions.
 Dormant – if it has currently erupted and has long period of inactivity.
 Extinct – if it doesn’t show any signs of activity for a long period of time.
For additional information, you may read your textbook on page 293-294
(Science Links 6—2020 Edition),
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
 Volcanic Eruptions - an eruption begins when the pressure on the magma chamber
forces magma up through the conduit and out the volcano’s vents. It may be violent,
mild or quiet.
Types of Volcanic Eruption
 Explosive or Violent – this eruption occurs where cooler, more viscous magmas reach
the surface. The lava ejected is torn into shreds, forming pieces of pyroclastic materials
called tephra.
 Quiet or Non-explosive – it is less viscous and gases can escape readily from it. As a
result, the volcanic eruption is mild and gentle flow of lava flows.

Safety Precautions when there is an Earthquake

Before an Earthquake During an Earthquake After an Earthquake
1. Fasten cabinets, 1. Do not forget to 1. Check yourself, your
shelves, mirrors, and duck, cover and family members, and
heavy objects to the hold. other people near
walls. 2. Stay as calm as you for injuries.
2. Place heavy and possible. 2. Check your house or
breakable objects 3. If you are indoors, building for structural
away from the bed stay away from damage.
where they can fall window or any 3. Look for wall cracks
on sleeping people. objects that could floorboards, and
3. Secure fall on you. Stand doorframes that are
lightbulbs/lamps and against a wall near out of place.
frames found above the center of the 4. Check for water
 the bed so that they
will not fall in case of
an earthquake
4. Cabinet doors
should have locks to
prevent contents
from spilling out.
5. Always take note of
fire exits on the
structures that you
will visit.
For additional information, you may read your textbook on page 289.
Safety Precautions when there is Volcanic Eruption
Before
1. Learn about your
community’s warning
system and develop an
emergency
communication plan.
2. Prepare disaster supplies
or survival kit.
3. Follow your local
government’s
evaluation plans.
4. Evacuate before the
volcano erupts.
For additional information, you may read your textbook on page 296,
building. leaks, especially
4. If you are outdoors, near electrical
stay in an open area outlets or other
away from anything sources of electricity.
that could fall on 5. Stay away from
you. beaches and
5. If you are inside a coastlines.
car or any vehicle, 6. Be alert and observe
stop the car. Stay your surroundings
inside the car until since aftershock are
the earthquake expected.
stops. 7. When the damage
in the structure is
heavy, it is better not
to check it
immediately as it
may collapse.
(Science Links 6—2020 Edition)
During After
1. Avoid areas near the 1. Listen for the latest
slopes of the volcano. Information.
2. If you are caught 2. Stay away from volcanic
indoors, stay inside and ash fall.
close all your windows 3. Follow the advice of
and doors. your
3. If you are caught local health officials
outdoors, find a safe before going out
shelter and protect your especially if you have
head. respiratory ailment.
4. Avoid low-lying areas 4. Do not return
and mudflows. immediately to your
5. Evacuate immediately. affected home for
safety.
(Science Links 6—2020 Edition).
 Seasons in the Philippines
Dry Wet
1. It has dry, hot and cloudless days from 1. It has pronounced rainy days with
January to May. thunderstorms from June to December.
2. April is its peak season with less rain 2. July to September are its peaks when
showers. the air is hot and humid which can
3. It is influenced by Northeast Monsoon bring
(Hanging Amihan) heavy rains and typhoons.
3. Rainfall is relatively high
4. Precipitation is highest in areas where
Southwest Monsoon (Hanging
Habagat) strikes.

Activities Suited for the Seasons

1. Family can plan for outings, long trips,
and do recreational activities.
2. The best time for house cleaning,
washing, drying clothes and yard
improvement.
3. Farmers harvest and dry their crops,
while fishermen also dry their fish.
4. The best time to repair roads and
improve the drainage.
1. Farmers prefer this season to plant their
crops.
2. Fishermen can hardly go on fishing
because of unfavorable weather.
3. Indoor games and activities are
expected to do.

These are the following factors that may affect the seasons in the Philippines.
1. Philippines is located in the Northern tropical zone, near the equator, where it
always receives vertical rays of sunlight.

2. The prevailing winds that blow mostly

from a single direction.
> Southwest Monsoon (Habagat )

– brings heavy rains for several days to the

western part of the country.

> Northeast monsoon (Amihan )

– brings cold breeze to the east.

For additional information, you may read your textbook on page 296,
(Science Links 6—2020 Edition).
 Factors Affecting the Weather
Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a given time in a particular place. It is
constantly changing. The weather in the morning might be different in the afternoon. It is
affected by the movement of air and moisture in the atmosphere.
Philippines is located a little North of the equator. Being near the equator, it receives vertical
rays of sunlight. Part of the year, it experiences the dry season and part of it is the rainy or wet
season. Different parts of the country experience the dry and wet seasons at different times
of the year. Some parts experience a short dry season while other parts do not have a
marked dry season. Air in the equator is warmer than the air at the poles.

1. Movement of Air Masses

There are two air masses that pass over the Philippines. During April to early October, the
air mass is formed over warm Equatorial Ocean brings hot and humid air. When this passes
over the country, it brings heavy rains and typhoons. During November to February, cool and
dry air mass was formed over Siberia and Northern China passes over the Philippines. This
cold air mass brings cold and dry season in the country.
2. Fronts
These are the boundaries between two air masses with the occurrence of storms,
precipitations, and cloudiness.
Types of Fronts
 Warm Front – is the boundary along a warm air mass pushing out a cold air mass.
When a light warm air moves over cold air mass, warm front is formed, then high cirrus
clouds will appear, followed by stratus and nimbus clouds. These clouds bring steady
rains.
 Cold Front – is the boundary along a cold air mass pushing out a warm air mass.
When cold air mass moves, it pushes and lifts the warm air mass. When the warm air cools,
it condenses and form clouds. Cumulonimbus clouds will appear if there is a great
difference in temperature between the cold and warm air mass. Cumulonimbus clouds
could bring thunderstorm, rain showers, or even tornadoes.
 Occluded Front – is formed when two cold air masses move toward each other with
warm air between them, so places will experience steady rains.
 Stationary Front – occurs when a boundary between air masses stops advancing, or stops
moving for several days. Place with this kind will experience light wind and precipitation.
3. Air Pressure
It is a force of the air on a given surface which plays a vital role in all weather systems. In a
barometer, having a low pressure area means a storm is coming, while a high pressure
area usually indicates clear sky.

4. Temperature
It is a measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of the air. Temperature on Earth
averages 15 0C at sea level, but it varies depending on the elevation, location, and time
 of the day. Places near the tropics and equator have high temperatures compared to
the poles.

For additional information, you may watch the video on this link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5K_2DtQOC1M

Dangers of Severe Weather Condition

Unusual Weather Patterns
 El Niño happens when a change in the weather pattern makes the weather warmer than
it would normally be around. This phenomenon is resulted in drought, disease outbreak,
and food insecurity.
 La Niña happens when a change in the weather pattern makes the weather colder than
it would normally be around. This may lead to hazardous conditions produced by strong
typhoon, thunderstorm, storm surge, tornadoes, flood and strong wind.
Global Warming
It is a gradual increase in the earth's temperature generally due to the greenhouse
effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, CFCs, and other pollutants. “

Motions of the Earth

 Rotation – refers to the movement of the
earth on its axis from west to east direction
in a day (24 hours). The earth is tilted 23.5 0.
Effects of Earth’s Rotation
1. Rotation of the earth results to the
occurrence of day and night.
2. The daily rising and setting of the sun.
3. Flowing air and water are diverted in
directions (North-South to East-West), which
is also known as the Coriolis Effect

 Revolution – refers to the movement of

 the earth around the sun in an elliptical orbit
for a year (365 ¼ days).
 Perihelion – where earth is closest to the sun.
(147 million km away)
 Aphelion – where the earth is farthest from
the sun. (152 million km away)

Effect of Earth’s Revolution

1. The occurrence of four seasons on earth.

For additional information, read pages 330 – 332 of Science Links 6 book, 2020 Edition

The Four Seasons

Seasons – are short periods of climatic changes caused by the amount of solar
radiation an area receives because the earth is tilted while orbiting around the sun.

1. Winter – occurs when the North Pole / Northern Hemisphere receives least energy
from the sun, hence, the temperature is very low during the months of December,
January, and February. Winter Solstice happens on December 22, when days are
short and nights are long.

2. Spring - happens when both Northern and Southern Hemispheres receive equal
amounts of solar energy from March to May.

3. Summer – occurs when Northern Hemisphere is exposed to more direct sunlight

during the months of June to August. Summer Solstice is experienced when days
are long and nights are short on June 22.

4. Fall or Autumn – happens when both hemispheres receive not too much nor too little
energy from the sun from September to November. Autumnal Equinox happens
when nighttime and daytime are equal.