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SCHAUM'S®
outlines
Statics
Statics
Seventh Edition
ISBN: 978-1-26-046289-0
MHID: 1-26-046289-7
The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-1-26-046288-3,
MHID: 1-26-046288-9.
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Preface
This book is designed to supplement standard texts, primarily to assist students of engineering and science in
acquiring a more thorough knowledge and proficiency in Statics. It is based on the authors’ convictions that
numerous solved problems constitute one of the best means for clarifying the basic principles. While this book
will not mesh precisely with any one text, the authors feel that it can be a very valuable adjunct to all.
The previous editions of this book have been very favorably received. This edition incorporates SI units only.
The authors attempt to use the appropriate mathematics available to students at the sophomore level. Thus the
vector approach is applied in those chapters where its techniques provide a simplicity in theory and problems.
On the other hand, we have not hesitated to use scalar methods elsewhere, since they provide entirely adequate
solutions to most of the problems. Chapter 1 is a complete review of the minimum number of vector definitions
and operations necessary for the entire book, and applications of this introductory chapter are made throughout
the book.
Chapter topics correspond to material usually covered in a standard Statics course. Most chapters contain the
appropriate derivations along with examples that illustrate the basic principles. The text material is followed by
sets of solved and supplementary problems. The solved problems present methods of analysis, provide practical
examples, and bring into sharp focus those fine points that, along with examples, enable the student to apply the
basic principles correctly and confidently. The many supplementary problems serve as a review of the material
covered in each chapter.
This book was originally the first part of Engineering Mechanics Statics and Dynamics, a Schaum’s Outline.
The decision was made to separate “Statics” and “Dynamics” into two books since it is most common to have
separate courses in engineering curricula. The material on first and second moments in the last two chapters
is most often included in “Statics” but also is used when studying “Strength of Materials” and “Dynamics.” It
saves time in those two courses if included in “Statics.” It may or may not be included in the Statics course at
a particular college.
In the first edition, the authors gratefully acknowledged their indebtedness to Paul B. Eaton and J. Warren
Gillon. In the second edition, the authors received helpful suggestions and criticism from Charles L. Best and
John W. McNabb. Also in that edition, Larry Freed and Paul Gary checked the solutions to the problems. For this
seventh edition, the authors thank William Best for checking the solutions to the new problems and reviewing
the added new material. For typing the manuscripts of the third and fourth editions, we are indebted to Elizabeth
Bullock.
E. W. Nelson
C. L. Best
W. G. McLean
M. C. Potter
E. W. NELSON graduated from New York University with a B.S.M.E. and an M.Adm.E. He taught mechani-
cal engineering at Lafayette College and later joined the engineering organization of the Western Electric
Company (now Lucent Technologies). Retired from Western Electric, he is currently a Fellow of the American
Society of Mechanical Engineers. He is a registered Professional Engineer and a member of Tau Beta Pi and
Pi Tau Sigma.
CHARLES L. BEST is Emeritus Professor of Engineering at Lafayette College. He holds a B.S. in M.E. from
Princeton, an M.S. in Mathematics from Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, and a Ph.D. in Applied Mechanics from
Virginia Polytechnic Institute. He is coauthor of two books on engineering mechanics and coauthor of another
book on FORTRAN programming for engineering students. He is a member of Tau Beta Pi.
W. G. McLEAN is Emeritus Director of Engineering at Lafayette College. He holds a B.S.E.E. from Lafayette
College, an Sc.M. from Brown University, and an honorary Eng.D. from Lafayette College. Professor McLean is
the coauthor of two books on engineering mechanics, is past president of the Pennsylvania Society of Professional
Engineers, and is active in the codes and standards committees of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
He is a registered Professional Engineer and a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Tau Beta Pi.
vi
Chapter 1 Vectors 1
1.1 Definitions 1
1.2 Addition of Two Vectors 1
1.3 Subtraction of a Vector 3
1.4 Zero Vector 4
1.5 Composition of Vectors 4
1.6 Multiplication of Vectors by Scalars 4
1.7 Orthogonal Triad of Unit Vectors 4
1.8 Position Vector 5
1.9 Dot or Scalar Product 6
1.10 The Cross or Vector Product 8
1.11 Vector Calculus 9
1.12 Dimensions and Units 10
The International System (SI) 10
Solved Problems 11
Supplementary Problems 15
vii
Index 303
*
The video icon next to an exercise indicates that the exercise is also available as a video with step-by-step instructions.
These videos are available on the Schaums.com website by following the instructions on the inside front cover.
Statics
Vectors
1.1 DEFINITIONS
Scalar quantities possess only magnitude; examples are time, volume, energy, mass, density, work. Scalars are
added by ordinary algebraic methods, e.g., 2 s + 7 s = 9 s; 14 kg - 5 kg = 9 kg.
Vector quantities possess both magnitude and direction; Examples are force, displacement, and velocity.
A vector is represented by an arrow at the given angle. The head of the arrow indicates the sense, and the
length usually represents the magnitude of the vector. The symbol for a vector is shown in print in boldface
type, such as P. The magnitude is represented by |P| or P. Often, when writing by hand, we would use P, rather
than P.
A free vector may be moved anywhere in space provided it maintains the same direction and magnitude.
A sliding vector may be applied at any point along its line of action. By the principle of transmissibility,
the external effects of a sliding vector remain the same.
A bound or fixed vector must remain at the same point of application.
A unit vector is a vector one unit in length. It is represented by i, n, or in written form by iˆ, n.
ˆ
The negative of a vector P is the vector - P that has the same magnitude and angle but is of the opposite
sense; that is, it acts in the opposite direction.
The resultant of a system of vectors is the least number of vectors that will replace the given system.
P R
O Q x
Q
(a) (b)
(b) If the sides of the parallelogram in Fig. 1-1(a) are perpendicular, the vectors P and Q are said to be rectan-
gular components of the vector R. The rectangular components are illustrated in Fig. 1-1(b). The magni-
tudes of the rectangular components are given by
Q = R cos θ
(1.1)
P = R cos (90° − θ ) = R sin θ
(c) Triangle law. Place the tail end of either vector at the head end of the other. The resultant is drawn from the
tail end of the first vector to the head end of the other. The triangle law follows from the parallelogram law
because opposite sides of the parallelogram are free vectors as shown in Fig. 1-2.
Q
P R
P
R
R 2 = P 2 + Q 2 − 2 PQ cos γ (1.2)
b
R
P
g
a
Q
P Q R (1.3)
= =
sin α sin β sin γ
EXAMPLE 1.1 In a plane, find the resultant of a 1300-N force at 30° and a -250-N force at 90° using the parallelogram
method. Refer to Fig. l-4(a). Also, find the angle a between the resultant and the y axis. (Angles are always measured
counterclockwise from the positive x axis.)
y
0
30
30°
x
R=
250 N 278
.3
300 N
250
90° 60°
30° 300
x
(a) (b)
Fig. 1-4
SOLUTION: Draw a sketch of the problem, not necessarily to scale. The negative sign indicates that the 250-N force
acts along the 90° line downward toward the origin. This is equivalent to a positive 250-N force along the 270° line,
according to the principle of transmissibility.
As in Fig. 1-4(b), place the tail ends of the two vectors at a common point. Complete the parallelogram. Consider the
triangle, one side of which is the y axis, in Fig. 1-4(b). The sides of this triangle are R, 250, and 300. The angle between
the 250 and 300 sides is 60°. Applying the law of cosines,
2 2 2
R = 300 + 250 - 2(300)(250) cos 60°. \ R = 278.3 N
EXAMPLE 1.2 In a plane, subtract 130 N at 60° from 280 N at 320°. See Fig. 1-5.
y
130
60°
x
40°
130 280
Fig. 1-5
SOLUTION: To the 280-N, 320° force add the negative of the 130-N, 60° force. The resultant is found by applying the
law of cosines:
R
P
S
Q
x
Fig. 1-6 Composition of vectors. (When a vector passes through the xy plane or the xz plane, it becomes dashed.)
y y
j Py j Px i
O x
x P
i
k
Pz k
z z
A vector P is written as
where Pxi, Py j, and Pzk are the vector components of P along the x, y, and z axes, respectively, as shown in
Fig. 1-8. Note that
EXAMPLE 1.3 Using the triad of unit vectors, write the vector P that has magnitude of 100 which makes an angle 50°
with the negative x axis, 80° with the y axis, and angle a with the z axis.
r = x i + y j + zk (1.9)
(x, y, z)
xi
x
yj
zk
z
EXAMPLE 1.4 A position vector r has a magnitude of 40 cm. Its known components are rx = 20 cm and rz = -30 cm.
Write r using the triad of unit vectors.
he included angle q
Fig. 1-10 T
between two vectors.
P•Q = Q•P
P • ( Q + S) = P • Q + P • S (1.11)
( P + Q) • ( S + T ) = P • ( S + T ) + Q • ( S + T ) = P • S + P • T + Q • S + Q • T
m ( P • Q) = ( m P ) • Q = P • ( m Q)
i • j = i • k = j • k = (1)(1) cos90° = 0
(1.12)
i • i = j • j = k • k = (1)(1) cos 0° = 1
P • Q = Px Qx + PyQy + Pz Qz
(1.13)
P • P = P 2 = Px2 + Py2 + Pz2
The magnitudes of the vector components of P along the rectangular axes can be written
Px = P • i Py = P • j Pz = P • k (1.14)
since, for example,
P • i = ( Px i + Py j + Pz k) • i = Px + 0 + 0 = Px
Similarly, the magnitude of the vector component of P along any line L can be written P ∙ eL, where eL is
the unit vector along the line L. (Some authors use u as the unit vector.) Figure 1-11 shows a plane through the
tail end A of vector P and a plane through the head B, both planes being perpendicular to line L. The planes
intersect line L at points C and D. The vector CD is the component of P along L, and its magnitude equals P ∙ eL =
PeL cos q = Pcos q.
eL
P B
A
D
EXAMPLE 1.5 Two vectors are given as P = 20i + 40j - 30k and Q = 20i - 40j + 30k. Determine the angle between
the two vectors.
P ∙ Q = PQ cos q
P ∙ Q = (20i + 40j - 30k) · (20i - 40j + 30k) = 400 - 1600 - 900 = -2100
EXAMPLE 1.6 Determine the unit vector eL for a line L that originates at point (2, 3, 0) and passes through point
(-2, 4, 6). Next determine the projection of the vector P = 2i + 3j - k along the line L.
SOLUTION: The line L changes from +2 to -2 in the x-direction, or a change of -4. The change in the y-direction is
4 - 3 = 1. The change in the z-direction is 6 - 0 = 6. The unit vector is
−4 i + j + 6k
eL = = −0.549 i + 0.137 j + 0.823k
(−4)2 + 12 + 62