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2019v1.0
CONTENTS
SECTION 3 P
roblems Related to Homeostasis SECTION 7 Problems of Oxygenation: Transport
and Protection
33 Assessment: Hematologic System, 693
12 Inflammation and Healing, 179 34 Hematologic Problems, 715
13 Genetics, 199
14 Immune Responses and Transplantation, 213
SECTION 8 Problems of Oxygenation: Perfusion
15 Infection, 237
16 Cancer, 265 35 Assessment: Cardiovascular System, 767
17 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances, 302 36 Hypertension, 797
37 Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary
Syndrome, 819
SECTION 4 Perioperative and Emergency Care
38 Heart Failure, 859
18 Preoperative Care, 335 39 Dysrhythmias, 884
19 Intraoperative Care, 350 40 Inflammatory and Structural Heart Disorders, 909
20 Postoperative Care, 365 41 Vascular Disorders, 932
21 Emergency and Disaster Nursing, 385 42 Shock, Sepsis, and Multiple Organ Dysfunction
Syndrome, 961
SECTION 9 P
roblems of Ingestion, Digestion, 58 Female Reproductive Problems, 1412
Absorption, and Elimination 59 Male Reproductive Problems, 1434
12 TH EDITION
Lewis’s Medical-Surgical
Nursing ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT
OF CLINICAL PROBLEMS
SECTION EDITORS
Jeffrey Kwong, RN, DNP, MPH, ANP-BC, FAANP, FAAN
Professor, Division of Advanced Nursing Practice, School of Nursing, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
Debra Hagler, PhD, RN, ACNS-BC, CNE, CHSE, ANEF, FAAN
Clinical Professor, Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
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Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
(other than as may be noted herein).
Notice
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating
and using any information, methods, compounds or experiments described herein. Because of rapid
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should be made. To the fullest extent of the law, no responsibility is assumed by Elsevier, authors, editors
or contributors for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability,
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contained in the material herein.
Previous editions copyrighted 2020, 2017, 2014, 2011, 2007, 2004, 2000, 1996, 1992, 1987, and 1983.
Printed in Canada
MARIANN M. HARDING, PhD, RN, CNE, FAADN DEBRA HAGLER, PhD, RN, ACNS-BC, CNE, CHSE,
Mariann Harding is a Professor of Nursing and Nursing ANEF, FAAN
Program Director at Kent State University Tuscarawas, New Debbie Hagler is a Clinical Professor in the Edson College of
Philadelphia, Ohio, where she has been faculty since 2005. Nursing and Health Innovation at Arizona State University in
She received her diploma in nursing from Mt. Carmel School Phoenix. Dr. Hagler earned a Practical Certificate in Nursing,
of Nursing, her Bachelor of Science in nursing from Ohio Associate Degree in Nursing and Bachelor of Science in Nurs-
University, her Master of Science in Nursing as an adult ing from New Mexico State University. She earned the Master of
nurse practitioner from the Catholic University of America, Science with concentrations in Adult Health and Nursing Edu-
and her doctorate in nursing from West Virginia University. cation from the University of Arizona and a doctorate in Learn-
Her nursing experience has primarily been in critical care ing and Instructional Technology from Arizona State University.
nursing and teaching in licensed practical, associate, and Dr. Hagler is a Clinical Nurse Specialist with experience in adult
baccalaureate nursing programs. Her research has focused health and critical care nursing. Currently, she serves as Lead Fac-
on promoting student success and health promotion among ulty Honors Advisor for Edson College and teaches students in
persons with gout and facing cancer. Dr. Harding is co- the undergraduate, master’s, and doctoral programs. For many
author of Clinical Reasoning Cases in Nursing and Conceptual years, she has led writing groups to support nursing and health
Nursing Care Planning. She is a Fellow in the Academy of professions faculty members in becoming published authors. Dr.
Associate Degree Nursing. Hagler is the Associate Editor for Credentialing at The Journal of
Continuing Education in Nursing and co-author of Conceptual
JEFFREY KWONG, RN, DNP, MPH, ANP-BC, FAAN, Nursing Care Planning. Her research focuses on clinical decision
making and supporting professional competency in nursing. She
FAANP is a Fellow in the American Academy of Nursing.
Jeffrey Kwong is a Professor in the Division of Advanced Nurs-
ing Practice in the School of Nursing at Rutgers, the State Uni-
versity of New Jersey. He has worked in adult primary care with COURTNEY REINISCH, RN, DNP, FNP-BC
a special focus on HIV for over 25 years. He received his under- Courtney Reinisch is an Associate Professor for the School of
graduate degree from the University of California–Berkeley, Nursing at Montclair State University. She earned her Bachelor of
received his nurse practitioner degree from the University of Arts in biology and psychology from Immaculata University. She
California–San Francisco, and completed his doctoral training received her Bachelor of Science in nursing and Master of Science
at the University of Colorado–Denver. He also has a Master of in family practice nurse practitioner degree from the University of
Public Health Degree from the University of California–Los Delaware. She completed her Doctor of Nursing Practice degree
Angeles. In addition to teaching, Dr. Kwong maintains a clin- at Columbia University School of Nursing. Dr. Reinisch’s nursing
ical practice in New York City where he provides care for the career has focused on providing care for underserved populations
LGBTQ+ community. He is a Fellow in the American Asso- in primary care and emergency settings. She has taught in under-
ciation of Nurse Practitioners and the American Academy of graduate and graduate nursing programs in New York and New
Nursing. Jersey. She is an active advocate for the needs of students with
learning differences and the LGBTQ+ community.
v
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CONTRIBUTORS
Cynthia Amerson, MS, MSN, RN, CNE Christine M. Cervini, DNP, APRN, Jane K. Dickinson, PhD, RN, CDCES
Professor ANP-BC Program Director and Senior Lecturer
Division of Nursing Associate Professor Health and Behavior Studies
Collin College Barbara H. Hagan School of Nursing and Teachers College
McKinney, Texas Health Sciences Columbia University
Molloy University New York, New York
Vera Barton-Maxwell, PhD, APRN, Rockville Centre, New York;
FNP-BC Nurse Practitioner Susan Doyle-Lindrud, DNP, ANP
Assistant Professor Gastroenterology Assistant Dean of Academic Affairs
Advanced Nursing Practice Mount Sinai Beth Israel School of Nursing
Family Nurse Practitioner Program New York, New York Columbia University
Georgetown University New York, New York
Washington, DC; Kristen J. Costello, DNP, ACNP-BC,
Nurse Practitioner PMHNP-BC, RNFA Nathan J. Dreesmann, PhD, RN
Wheeling Health Right Nurse Practitioner Clinical Operations Specialist
Wheeling, West Virginia Trauma and Acute Care Surgery Operations
Banner Thunderbird Medical Center Virtual Therapeutics
Cecilia Bidigare, DNP Glendale, Arizona Kirkland, Washington
Professor
Nursing Ann H. Crawford, PhD, RN, CNS, CEN, Marybeth Duffy, DNP, FNP, ACNP,
Sinclair Community College CPEN ANCC
Dayton, Ohio Professor Associate Professor
Scott & White School of Nursing School of Nursing
Samantha J. Bonaduce, DNP University of Mary Hardin-Baylor Montclair State University
Associate Lecturer Belton, Texas; Montclair, New Jersey
Nursing Technology Relief Charge/Staff Nurse
Kent State University Tuscarawas Emergency Department Rebekah Filson, DNP, ACNS-BC,
New Philadelphia, Ohio Baylor Scott & White McLane Children’s ANP-BC
Medical Center Clinical Outcomes Manager
Diana Taibi Buchanan, PhD, RN Temple, Texas Orthopedics and Neurosciences
Associate Professor and Mary S. Tschudin Northside Hospital
Endowed Professor of Nursing Education Kimberly Day, DNP, CHSE Cumming, Georgia
Biobehavioral Nursing and Health Clinical Associate Professor
Informatics Edson College of Nursing and Health Jessica I. Goldberg, PhD, NP, ACHPN
University of Washington Innovation Nurse Practitioner
Seattle, Washington Arizona State University Supportive Care Service
Phoenix, Arizona Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Michelle Bussard, PhD, MSN, ACNS- New York, New York
BC, CNE Deena D. Dell, MSN, APRN, AOCN,
Director LNC Sherry A. Greenberg, PhD, GNP-BC,
School of Nursing Nurse in Professional Development Specialist FGSA, FNAP, FAANP, FAAN
Associate Professor Oncology Associate Professor
College of Health and Human Services Sarasota Memorial Hospital Brian D. Jellison College of Nursing
Bowling Green State University Cancer Institute Seton Hall University
Bowling Green, Ohio Sarasota, Florida South Orange, New Jersey
vii
viii CONTRIBUTORS
Diana Rabbani Hagler, MSN-Ed, Helen Miley, PhD, AG-ACNP Margaret R. Rateau, PhD, RN, CNE
RN, CCRN Critical Care Associate Professor
Staff RN Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital Nursing
Intensive Care Unit New Brunswick, New Jersey; Robert Morris University
Banner Health Adjunct Faculty Moon Township, Pennsylvania
Gilbert, Arizona; School of Nursing
Adjunct Faculty Montclair State University Catherine R. Ratliff, PhD, GNP-BC,
Nursing Montclair, New Jersey CWOCN, CFCN, FAAN
Grand Canyon University Clinical Associate Professor and Nurse
Phoenix, Arizona; Eugene Mondor, RN, MN, BScN, CNS, Practitioner
Adjunct Faculty CNCC(C) Department of Surgery/Vascular Surgery
Nursing Clinical Nurse Specialist School of Nursing
Gateway Community College and Adult Critical Care University of Virginia Health
Maricopa Community College Royal Alexandra Hospital Charlottesville, Virginia
Phoenix, Arizona Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Dottie Roberts, EdD, MSN, MACI, RN,
Julia A. Hitch, MS, FNP, CDCES Brenda C. Morris, EdD, RN, CNE CMSRN, OCNS-C, CNE
Nurse Practitioner Clinical Professor Contributing Faculty
Diabetes Edson College of Nursing and Health College of Nursing
Level2 Innovation Walden University
Minnetonka, Minnesota Arizona State University Minneapolis, Minnesota;
Phoenix, Arizona Editor
Haley Hoy, PhD, NP MEDSURG Nursing
Associate Professor Janice A. Neil, PhD, RN, CNE Jannetti Publications, Inc.
Nursing Associate Professor Emeritus Pitman, New Jersey;
University of Alabama in Huntsville College of Nursing Nursing Online Faculty
Huntsville, Alabama; East Carolina University College of Online and Continuing Education
Nurse Practitioner Greenville, North Carolina Southern New Hampshire University
Vanderbilt Lung Transplantation Manchester, New Hampshire
Vanderbilt Medical Center Yeow Chye Ng, PhD, CRNP, CPC,
Nashville, Tennessee AAHIVE, FAANP Sandra Irene Rome, MN, AOCN
Associate Professor Clinical Nurse Specialist
Patricia Keegan, DNP, NP-C, FACC College of Nursing Blood and Marrow Transplant Program
Director of Strategic and Programmatic University of Alabama in Huntsville Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
Initiatives Huntsville, Alabama Los Angeles, California;
Heart and Vascular Center Volunteer Assistant Clinical Professor
Emory University Mary Olson, DNP, APRN, ANP-BC UCLA School of Nursing
Atlanta, Georgia; Nurse Practitioner Los Angeles, California
Operations and Clinical Lead Gastroenterology
Emory Structural Heart and Valve Center School of Medicine William E. Rosa, PhD, MBE, ACHPN,
Emory Healthcare New York University FAANP, FAAN
Atlanta, Georgia New York, New York Chief Research Fellow
Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral
Anthony Lutz, MSN, NP-C, CUNP Shila Pandey, DNP, AGPCNP-BC, Sciences
Nurse Practitioner and Clinical Director of ACHPN Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Outpatient Urology Nurse Practitioner New York, New York
Department of Urology Supportive Care Service
Columbia University Irving Medical Center Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Diane M. Rudolphi, MSN, RN
New York, New York New York, New York Senior Instructor
Nursing
Thuy Lynch, PhD, RN Amisha Parekh de Campos, PhD, MPH, University of Delaware
Assistant Professor RN, CHPN Newark, Delaware
College of Nursing Quality and Education Coordinator
University of Alabama in Huntsville Hospice Care at Home Diane Ryzner, MSN, APRN, CNS-BC,
Huntsville, Alabama Middlesex Health OCNS-C
Middletown, Connecticut; Clinical Practice Specialist
Assistant Clinical Professor Professional Practice
School of Nursing Northwest Community Healthcare
University of Connecticut Arlington Heights, Illinois
Storrs, Connecticut
CONTRIBUTORS ix
Janice A. Sarasnick, PhD, MSN, RN Janice Smolowitz, PhD, DNP, EdD Colleen Walsh, DNP, ONC, ONP-C,
Associate Professor Dean and Professor CNS, ACNP-BC
Nursing School of Nursing Contract Assistant Professor of Nursing
Robert Morris University Montclair State University Emeritus
Coraopolis, Pennsylvania Montclair, New Jersey Graduate Nursing
University of Southern Indiana
Andrew Scanlon, DNP, MNS, BN Ashton T. Strachan, DNP, FNP-c, Evansville, Indiana
Senior Lecturer WHNP-BC
Nursing Nurse Practitioner Rita Wermers, DNP, ANP-BC
University of Melbourne Women’s Health Nurse Practitioner and Clinic Manager
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Georgia Institute of Technology Health Services
Nurse Practitioner Atlanta, Georgia; Arizona State University
Neurosurgery Adjunct Professor Phoenix, Arizona
Austin Health School of Nursing
Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia University of Alabama at Birmingham Daniel P. Worrall, MSN, ANP-BC
Birmingham, Alabama Nurse Practitioner
Robyn Schafer, PhD, CNM, FACNM Sexual Health Clinic
RBHS Lecturer Teresa Turnbull, DNP, MN Massachusetts General Hospital
Division of Advanced Nursing Practice Clinical Assistant Professor Boston, Massachusetts;
Rutgers School of Nursing School of Nursing Nurse Practitioner
Newark, New Jersey; Oregon Health & Science University General and Gastrointestinal Surgery
Certified Nurse Midwife Portland, Oregon Massachusetts General Hospital
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Boston, Massachusetts;
Reproductive Sciences Kara Ann Ventura, DNP, PNP, FNP Clinical Operations Manager
Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Director Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard
New Brunswick, New Jersey Liver Transplant Program Cambridge, Massachusetts
Yale New Haven Hospital
Rose B. Shaffer, MSN, ACNP-BC, New Haven, Connecticut
CCRN, FAHA
Nurse Practitioner
Cardiology
Thomas Jefferson University Hospital
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
AU T H O R S O F T E AC H I N G A N D
LEARNING RESOURCES
xi
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REVIEWERS
Katherine H. Lawson, BSN, DNP Susan Patton, PhD, MHSA, CNS-BC, CNE
Associate Director and Clinical Coordinator Assistant Professor
School of Nursing Nursing
Southside Regional Medical Center University of Arkansas
Southside College of Health Sciences Fayetteville, Arkansas
Colonial Heights, Virginia
Julie S. Snyder, MSN, RN-BC
Michele Terney Miller, DNP Visiting Professor
Associate Professor of Nursing College of Nursing
Muskingum University Chamberlain University
New Concord, Ohio Downers Grove, Illinois
xiii
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P R E FA C E
The twelfth edition of Lewis’s Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assess- Judgment With Multiple Patients, featuring traditional and
ment and Management of Clinical Problems incorporates the Next-Generation NCLEX® (NGN)–style questions. Discussion
most current medical-surgical nursing information in an questions in the management chapters’ Case Studies focus on
easy-to-use format. This textbook is a comprehensive resource the 6 cognitive skills identified in the CJMM: Recognize Cues,
describing standards of nursing clinical practice for providing Analyze Cues, Prioritize Hypotheses, Generate Solutions, Take
safe and comprehensive patient care. The text and accompany- Actions, and Evaluate Outcomes.
ing resources include many features to help students learn key Great effort has been put into continuing to improve read-
medical-surgical nursing content, including patient and care- ability and lower the reading level. Readers will find clearer and
giver teaching, gerontology, interprofessional care, diversity, easier-to-read language, with an engaging conversational style.
patient safety, nutrition and drug therapy, evidence-based prac- The narrative addresses the reader, helping make the text more
tice, and much more. personal and an active learning tool.
This edition features several important changes. Chapter 2,
Social Determinants of Health, focuses on nursing awareness
of patient circumstances on health outcomes. The discussion
ORGANIZATION
includes health status differences among groups of people Content is organized into 2 major divisions. The first division,
related to access to care, economic aspects of health care, gen- Sections 1 through 3 (Chapters 1 through 17), discusses general
der and cultural issues, and the nurse’s role in promoting health concepts related to the care of adult patients. The second divi-
equity. sion, Sections 4 through 13 (Chapters 18 through 68), presents
New to this edition, Chapter 6, Caring for Lesbian, Gay, Bisex- nursing assessment and nursing management of medical-surgi-
ual, Transgender, Queer or Questioning, and Gender Diverse cal problems. At the beginning of each chapter, the Conceptual
Patients, addresses the unique health care needs of the LGBTQ+ Focus helps students focus on the key concepts and integrate
population with the goal of promoting high-quality care. concepts with exemplars affecting different body systems.
Another new chapter to this edition is Chapter 28, Sup- Learning Outcomes and Key Terms assist students in identify-
porting Ventilation. Promoting a concept-based approach to ing the key content for that chapter.
optimizing ventilation, this chapter focuses on various strate- The various body systems are grouped to reflect their inter-
gies used use to promote optimal ventilation and oxygenation. related functions. Each section is organized around 2 cen-
Covered content includes O2 therapy, chest tubes, respiratory tral themes: assessment and management. Chapters dealing
therapy, chest surgeries, and mechanical ventilation. Textbook with assessment of a body system include a discussion of the
reorganization to support a concept-based approach includes following:
adding Acute Respiratory Failure and ARDS to the Ventilation 1. A brief review of anatomy and physiology, focusing on infor-
Section and Shock, Sepsis, and MODS to the Perfusion Section. mation that will promote understanding of nursing care
Chapter 12, Inflammation and Healing, and Chapter 15, 2. Health history and noninvasive physical assessment skills to
Infection, have been revised to include more concept-based care expand the knowledge base on which treatment decisions
for the patient with an infection or experiencing inflammation. are made
New tables addressing the nursing management of the patient 3. Common diagnostic studies, expected results, and related
with a fever and infection and antibiotic, antiviral, and antifun- nursing responsibilities to provide easily accessible informa-
gal Drug Therapy tables enhance the content. Care of the patient tion
with COVID-19 infection is included. Management chapters focus on the pathophysiology, clin-
Critical care nursing is now addressed throughout the text- ical manifestations, diagnostic studies, interprofessional care,
book, an approach that reflects the needs of patients in various and nursing management of various problems. The concep-
care environments. Varying levels of hemodynamic monitoring tual focus at the beginning of each chapter helps students
now occur outside the critical care unit and are included in the focus on the key concepts and integrate concepts with exem-
enhanced Cardiovascular System Assessment chapter. Similarly, plars affecting different body systems. The nursing manage-
advanced techniques to assess oxygenation are included in the ment sections are organized into assessment, clinical problem,
new Supporting Ventilation chapter. Care of the patient experi- planning, implementation, and evaluation. To emphasize the
encing problems such as pain, difficulty sleeping, and delirium importance of patient care in and across various clinical set-
are addressed in the respective textbook chapters. tings, nursing implementation is organized by the following
Special content has been added to assist with NCLEX® levels of care:
preparation and the development of clinical judgment based 1. Health Promotion
on NCSBN’s Clinical Judgment Measurement Model (CJMM). 2. Acute Care
At the end of each unit, the reader will find Applying Clinical 3. Ambulatory Care
xv
xvi PREFACE
And among them at night, when the soft clear moonlight shines
down on the thick forests in the interior of the island, comes a small
ghost-like animal, the “Aye-Aye,” with wide-staring eyes, furry body,
and long bony jointed fingers. He utters a plaintive cry as he creeps
from bough to bough, stripping the bark off the trees with his strong
chisel-like teeth to find some worm-eaten hole into which he thrusts his
skinny fourth finger to pick out a grub, and then moistens his meal by
drawing the same long finger rapidly through some watery crevice, and
then through his lips for drink. This strange creature too is a kind of
lemur, so far as he can be classed at all, with his gnawing teeth, his
hind feet like a monkey’s, his large spoon-shaped ears, and his
uneven fingered hands, with strong curved claws. At any rate he
belongs to no other group, but tells us once more the old story of
creatures in isolated countries putting on strange shapes suited to
extreme habits of life.
Now between these gentle, but low-brained and dreamy lemurs,
and the active, intelligent, mischievous monkeys, there is a great gap.
The creatures most like them are the little Marmosets of South
America, which run like squirrels among the forest trees of Brazil,
feeding on bananas, spiders, and grasshoppers, and making their
nests in the topmost boughs. But these marmosets are true monkeys,
with expressive faces, and the peculiar wide-spread nostrils which we
find in all the monkeys of the New World. For it is to South America,
that land of the less advanced forms of life, that we must look for the
153
lower kind of quadrumana, with side-opening nostrils, thumbs which
move in a line with the fingers of the hand, and not nearly so much
across the palm as in the higher apes, and thirty-six teeth in their
154
mouth instead of thirty-two, as in man and in the Old World
monkeys.
None of these American monkeys ever become so man-like as the
Apes of Africa and Asia, but in many ways they bring monkey-life in
the trees to greater perfection, in the dense forests of Brazil and
Paraguay, and even as far north as Guatemala. The lumbering heavy
Gorilla of Africa, though higher in the scale, is a cumbersome fellow
compared to the nimble little thumbless Spider monkeys of the
Amazons, which hang by their bare tipped tails to the branches and to
each other, chattering away like a troop of children as they gather the
bananas and other fruits, or catch insects and young birds, or fly
screaming with fear from the stealthy puma or the fierce eagle. With
the trees for their kingdom, their tail for a fifth hand, and the warm sun
to cheer and invigorate them, these spider-monkeys and their quieter
friends the Capucine monkeys (often seen on London organs), and the
Woolly monkeys (Fig. 65), lead a pleasant life enough, till misfortune or
old age overtakes them. Their friends the Howler monkeys, which also
have grasping tails, seek the deep recesses of the forest and creep
quietly from tree to tree until night comes, when hundreds of them at
once will make the woods re-echo with their deep howling cry, which
they produce by a special voice-organ in their throat; and with them
come out the little Owl monkeys, which sleep by day in the hollows of
the trees. These, with the various kinds of Saki monkeys, which cannot
cling by their tails, but have fairly good brains and quick intelligence,
make up the monkey population of America.
Fig. 65.
Fig. 66.
And so he lives with his wife and family in the thick solitary parts of
the West African forests, feeding only on fruits and leaves, so that his
stomach becomes large and heavy with the amount of food necessary
to nourish him. He is more sociable than the orangutan, for several will
travel together, but he asks for no shelter beyond the trees and the
nest of leaves, which is his home and the cradle of his young ones, nor
does he seem to attack other animals except in self-defence, and then
his gigantic strength and his formidable teeth are his chief weapons,
and woe betide the creature that comes within his grasp.
It is strange to picture to ourselves these huge apes, living in the
depths of lonely forests and looking like human savages to those who
can catch a glimpse of them, so that the ancient Carthaginians landing
on the shores took them for “wild men” and “hairy women.” We know
very little of their daily life, for they are seldom seen except by those
who hunt them, and who have but little chance of watching their habits.
But all that we do know teaches us that in their rough way they have
developed into strangely man-like though savage creatures, while at
the same time they are so brutal and so limited in their intelligence that
we cannot but look upon them as degenerate animals, equal neither in
beauty, strength, discernment, nor in any of the nobler qualities, to the
faithful dog, the courageous lion, or the half-reasoning elephant.
TROPICAL EUROPE OF LONG AGO
CHAPTER X.
THE LARGE MILK-GIVERS WHICH HAVE
CONQUERED THE WORLD BY STRENGTH AND
INTELLIGENCE.
* * * * *
It is very curious to see the different ways in which the three chief
lines of vegetable-feeders secured these advantages to themselves.
First, there were the hogs and hippopotamuses. The hogs did not grow
to any enormous size, but their thick skins were a great protection to
them, and their eye-teeth became their defence, growing out from the
lower, and sometimes from both jaws into huge tusks; while their
broad, round, flexible snouts served them to turn up the ground, and
so get at roots and underground fruits such as other grass-feeding
animals could not find; though at the same time they did not despise
snakes or toads, and have become omnivorous animals. And so they
have spread nearly all over the world; in Europe and Asia as wild hogs,
and their wives the sows; one peculiar form, the Babirusa, being found
only in Celebes; in Africa as large Wart-hogs, some as big as donkeys,
with two pair of strong tusks curling out of the mouth; while in South
America the family is represented by the small Peccaries, which travel
about in herds, and have no tusks to show; but which, nevertheless,
are bold and fearless, for they have within their lips short lancet-
shaped tusks, which inflict fearful wounds. Only in North America,
north of Texas, no wild creature of the hog family now lives, though in
ancient times there were plenty of them.
Fig. 67.
Fig. 68.