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Designing the User Interface is written for students, researchers, designers,
managers, and eval uator s of interactive sys tems . It presents a broad survey of
how to develop high-quality user interfaces for interactive systems. Readers with
backgrounds in computer science, engineering, information science/ studies/
systems, business, psychology, sociology, education, and communications should
all find fresh and valuable material. Our goals are to encourage greater attention
to user experience design issues and to promote further scientific study of human-
computer interaction, including the huge topic of social media participation.
Since the publication of the first five editions of this book in 1986, 1992, 1998,
2005, and 2010, HCI practitioners and researchers have grown more numer-
ous and influential. The quality of interfaces has improved greatly, while the
community of users and its diver sity have grown dramatically. Researchers
and designers deserve as much recognition as the Moore's Law community
for bringing the benefits of information and communications technologies to
more than 6 billion people. In addition to desktop comp uter s, designers now
must accommodate web-based services and a diverse set of mobile devices.
User-interface and experience designers are moving in new directions. Some
innovators provoke us with virtual and augmented realities, whereas others
offer alluring scenarios for ubiquitous computing, embedded devices, and
tangible user interface s.
These innovations are important, but much work remains to be done to
improve the experiences of novice and expert users who still struggle with
too many frustrations. These problems must be resolved if we are to achieve
the goal of lll'liversal usability, enabling all citizens in every coun try to enjoy
the benefits of these new technologies. This book is meant to inspire students,
guide designers, and provoke researchers to seek those solutions.
Keeping up wi th the innovations in human-computer interaction is a
demanding task, and requests for an update begin arriving soon after the
publication of each edition. The expansion of the field led the single author of
the first three editions, Ben Shneiderman, to turn to Catherine Plaisant, a long-
time va lued research partner, for coauthoring help with the fourth and fifth
editions . In addition, two contributing authors lent their able suppor t to the fifth
edition: Maxine S. Cohen and Steven M. Jacobs have long experience teaching
with earlier editions of the book and provided fresh perspectives that improved
the quality for all readers and instructors. In preparing for this sixth edition, the
team expanded again to in clud e Niki as Elmqvist and Nick Dia kopou los, who are
both new colleagues at the University of Maryland. We harvested information

7
8 Preface

from books and journals, searched the World Wide Web, attended conferences,
and consulted with colleagues. Then we returned to our keyboards to write,
producing first drafts that served as a starting point to generate feedback from
each other as well as external colleagues, HCI practitioners, and studen ts. The
work that went into the final product was intense but satisfying. We hope you,
the readers, will put these ideas to good use and produce more innovations for
us to report in future editions.

New in the SixthEdition

Readers will see the dynamism of human -computer interaction reflected in the
substantial changes to this sixth edition. The good news is that most universities
now offer courses in this area, and. some require it in comp ut er science, infor-
mation schools, or other disciplines. Courses and degree programs in human-
computer interaction, human-centered computing, user experience design,
and others are a growing worldwide phenomenon at every educational level.
Although many usability practitioners must still fight to be heard, corporate
and government commj tm ents to u sabili ty engineering grow stro ng er daily.
The business case for usability has been made repeatedly, and dedicated web-
sites describe numerous projects demonstrating strong return on investment for
usability efforts.
Comments from instructors who used the previous editions were influential
in our revisions. The main changes were (1) to include more on design methods
with case study examp les and (2) to totall y revise our coverage of social media
participation and user-generated content, especially from mobile devices. We
made major revisions to every chapter, changing almost every figure and sub-
stantially updating the references.
The first chapter more boldly recogruzes the success story of HCI and user
experience design. The growing issue of uruversal usability for increasingly
diverse users of interactive systems became a separate chapter. The next chapters
present desigrt guidelines, principles, and tl1eories that have been subs tantia lly
updated to reflect new ways of thinking. Part 2 covers refinements to devel-
opment methodologies and evaluation techruques. Part 3 explores progress in
direct manipulation and its extensions such as virtual and augmented reality
as well as changes to menus, form fill-in, and command languages brougl1t
about by the new platforms (especially mobile devices). Since collaboratio11
and social media participation have become so central, that chapter has been
heavily expanded and updated. Part 4 emphasizes high-quality and timely user
experiences . The chap ter on user manuals has been thoroughly revised to reflect
the importance of well-designed docume11tation and user support in servit1g
the goal of universal usability. Finally, information search and visualization
 Preface 9

have their own chapters because each of these topics has grown dramatically in
importance.
We strive to give balanced presentations on controversial topics such as
3-D, speech, and natural language interfaces. Philosophical controversies such
as the degree of human control ai1d the role of animated characters are treated
carefully to present fairly the viewpoints that differ from our own. We gave
colleagues a chance to comment on these sections and made a special effort to
provide a balanced presentation while making our own opinions clear. Readers
will have to judge for themselves whether we succeeded.
Instructors wanted guidelines and summary tables; these elements are shown
in boxes throughout the book. The Practitioner Summaries and Researcher
Agendas remain popular; they have been updated. The references have been
expanded and freshened wi th many new sources and wi th class ic papers still
included. We worked hard to select references that were widely available and
often web-accessible. Figures, especially those sllowing screen designs, age
quickly, so many new u ser interfaces are shown . Prin ting in full color makes
these figures va luable as a record of contemporary design styles.

Ways to Use ThisBook

We hope that stud ents, practitioners, and researchers who read this book will
want to keep it on their she lves or their electronic book readers to consul t when
they are working on new topics or seeking pointers to the literature.
Instru ctors may choose to assign the full text in the order that we present it
or to make selections from it. The opening chapter is a good starting point for
most students, the second chap ter was written as a strong foundation for under-
standing the challenges of universal usability, and the third chapter covers
basic guidelines, principles, and theories. We think all readers should start with
these foundations. From there, instructors may take different paths depending
on th eir disciplines. For example, instructors might emphasize the following
chapters, listed by area:
• Computer science: 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16
• Psychology and sociology: 5, 9, 10, 11, 12
• Industrial engineering: 4, 5, 11, 13, 16
• Librar y and information studies: 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16
• Business and information systems: 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14
• Education technology: 4, 5, 11, 12, 14
• Communication arts and media studies: 4, 5, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14
• Technical writing and graphic design: 4, 5, 6, 12, 14, 16
10 Preface

CompanionWebsitewww.pearsonglobaleditions
.com/
shneiderman

The presence of the World Wide Web has a profound effect on researchers,
designers, educa tors, and students. We want to encourage intense u se of the web
by members of all these groups, but the volatility of the web is not in harmony
with the permanence of printed books. Publishing numerous website addresses
in the book would have been risky because changes are made daily, but we
includ ed key websites in a box at the end of each chap ter . To provide more
website addresses and keep them current, we have established a Companion
Website for this book. We hope that interested readers will visit the site and
send us ideas for improving it.
In addition to pointers to current web resources, a variety of supp lemen-
tal materials for this text are available at the book's Companion Website. The
following are accessible to all readers who register using the prepaid access card
in the front of this book:
• Links to hundreds of human-computer interaction resources, examples, and
research studies that enhance and expand on the material in each chapter
• Chapter/ section summaries
• Self-test questions for each chapter
• Homework assignments and projects
PowerPoint lecture slides are also available from Instructor Resource Center
(www.pearsonglobaleditions.com/shneiderman). For information about access-
ing these instructor's supplements, visit the Instructor Resource Center or get in
touch with your Pearson representative.

Acknowledgments

Writing is a lonel y process; revising is a social one. We are grateful to the many
colleagues and students who ha, ,e made suggestions for improvements to
prior editions. After one two-day kickoff meeting, we collaborated smoothly
by using e-mail, Dropbox for sharing drafts, Google Docs for group-edited
task lists, and hour-long phone conference calls every one to three weeks.
Capable coattthors with cooperative personalities made the hard work for this
massive project possible even with tight time constraints. We are grateful to
Nick Diakopoulos for writing the chapter on communication and collabora-
tion, which provided a fresh perspective on this vital topic, and for reviewing
draft chapters.
 Preface 11

We've greatly appreciated the comments on draft chapters from many

colleagues, including: Sriram Karthik Badam, Gilles Bailly, Andy Cockburn, Jim
Dabrowski, Eck Doerry, Steven Dow, Laura Downey, Pierre Dragicevic, Laurie
Dringus, Cody Dmme, Jason Dykes, Massoud Ghyam, Marti Hearst, Harold
Henke, Pourang Irani, Jonathan Lazar, Clayton Lewis, Kurt Luther, Ethan
Munson, Alan Newell, Whitney Quesenbery, Karthik Ramani, Dan Russell,
Helen Sarid, Cees Snoek, Erik Stolterman, Pawel Wozniak, and Adil Yalcin. We
also thank all the colleagues and industry contacts who have helped us assemble
the 170+ figures of the book.
We appreciate our close daily collaborations with faculty at the University
of Maryland Human-Computer Interaction Lab, many of whom provided
comments on drafts. This supportive community has a profound influence on
our work: June Ahn, Ben Bederson, Marshini Chetty, Allison Druin, Leah Find-
later, Jon Froehlich, Jen Golbeck, Kent Norman, Doug Oard, Jennifer Preece,
and Jessica Vitak. Thanks also to Liese Zahabi, creator of the chapter-opening
graphics, which add an uplifting elegance to our work. We also appreciate the
undergraduate and graduate students who provide encouraging feedback and
challenging questions plus the motivation to keep updating this book.
The publisher's editorial and production staff were involved in this book
from the start. We appreciate the contributions of Kristy Alaura, Scott Disanno,
Tracy Johnso11,Timothy Nicholls, Carole Snyder, Camille Trentacoste, and Katie
Ostler. We apologize if we have left out any other contributors. Finally, further
thanks goes to the students and professionals from around the world who have
sent us inspiring comments and helpful suggestions.
This book is written for the future st ud ents and professionals who will con-
tinue the remarkable work in human-computer interaction and user experience
design that has helped bring the benefits of information and communications
technologies to billions of users.

Ben Shneiderman
Catherine Plaisant
Maxine Cohen
Steven Jacobs
Niklas Elmqvist
Nicholas Diakopoulos
12 Preface

Global EditionAcknowledgments

The publishers wou ld like to thank the following for their contribution to the
Global Edition:

Contributor
Wricha Mishra, MAEER's MIT Institute of Design

Rev iewe rs
Yogesh D. Deshpande, Vishwakarma Insti tute of Information Technology
Ashutosh Mishra, Indian Institute of Information Techno logy, Al lahabad
BEN SHNEIDERMAN (http://www.cs.wnd.edu/~ben)
is a Distinguished University Professor in the Department
of Computer Science, Fow1ding Director (1983-2000)of the
Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory (http:/ /www
.cs.umd.edu/hcil/), and a Member of the UM Institute for
Advanced Computer Studies (UMIACS) at the University
of Maryland. He is a Fellow of the AAAS, ACM, IEEE,
NAI, and SIGCHI Academy and a Member of the National
Academy of Engineering, in recognition of his pioneering
contributions to human-computer interaction and
information visualization .

CATHERINE PLAISANT (hcil.umd.edu/ catherine -plaisai1t)

is a Senior Research Scientist at the University of Maryland
Institute for Advanced Computer Studies and Associate
Director of Research of the Human-Computer Interaction
Lab. Catherine Plaisant earned her Ph.D. in Industrial
Engineer ing at the Universi te Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris
VI, France. She was elected to the ACM SIGCHI Academy
in 2015 for her contributions to the field of human-computer
interaction, medica l informatics and information
visualization.

MAXINE COHEN (http://cec.nova.edu/faculty/cohen

.htm l) is a Professor in the College of Engineering and
Computing at Nova Southeastern University in Fort
Lauderdale, FL. She teaches graduate courses (on campus
and onlin e) in Human-Computer Interaction, Interaction
Design, and Social Media and advises doctoral students.
Previously she worked for IBM (Endicott, NY and Boca
Raton, FL) and taught at the Watson School of Engineering
at Binghamton University. She has served as a meta-reviewer
for ACM Computing Reviews for over 20 years. She earned
her Ph.D. and M.S. from Binghamton University and her
B.A. from the University of Vermont. She is a member of
ACM, IEEE, and UPE.

13
14 About the Authors

STEVEN JACOBS (http://cefns.nau .edu/-smj93 /)

retired from the aerospace i11dustry and is now a lecturer in
the School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems
as well as University College Faculty Fellow at Northern
Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona. He was "vith
Northrop Grumman Information Systems (formerly TRW)
in Carson, Californ ia for 25 years . He was also Adjunct
Assistant Professor at the University of Southern Califor-
nia Department of Computer Science for 17 years, where
he developed and taught their graduate courses in user
interface design and human performance engineering. He
received his M .S.C.S. from UCLA and B.A. in Mathematics
from Monmouth University (N.J.). Mr. Jacobs is a Senior
Member of ACM.

NIKLAS ELMQVIST (http://sites.umiacs.umd.edu/elm/)

is an Associate Professor in the College of Information
Studies at University of Maryland, College Park, with affiliate
appointments in the Departn,ent of Computer Science and
the UM Institute for Advanced Computer Studies (UMIACS).
He is also a member of the Human-Computer Interaction
Laboratory (HCIL). Previously a faculty member at Purdue
University, he received his Ph.D. from Chalmers University of
Technology in Gothenburg, Sweden . He is a Senior Member
of the ACM and the IEEE.

NICHOLAS DIAKOPOULOS (http://www

.nickdiakopoulos .com/) is an Assistant Professor at the
University of Maryland, College Park Philip Merrill College
of Journa lism w ith cour tesy appointments in the ColJege of
Information Studies and Department of Computer Science .
He is a member of the Human-Computer Interaction Lab
(HCIL) and is director of the Computational Journalism
Lab where he researches algorithmic accountability,
narrative data visualization, and social computing in
the news. He received his Ph.D. in Computer Science
from the Schoo l of Interactive Computing at the Georgia
Institute of Technology.
 Preface 7
About the Authors 13

PART1 INTRODUCTION 22
CHAPTER 1 Usability of Interactive Systems 24
CHAPTER 2 Universal Usability 56
CHAPTER 3 Guidelines, Pri nci p ies, and Theories 80

PART2 DESIGNPROCESSES122
CHAPTER 4 Design 124
CHAPTER 5 Evaluation and the User Experience 166
CHAPTER 6 Design Case Studies 210

PART3 INTERACTIONSTYLES 226

CHAPTER 7 Direct Manipulation and lmmersive Environments 228
CHAPTER 8 Fluid Navigation 270
CHAPTER 9 Expressive Human and Command Languages 310
CHAPTER 10 Devices 336
CHAPTER 11 Communication and Collaboration 384

PART4 DESIGNISSUES 422

CHAPTER 12 Advancing the User Experience 424
CHAPTER 13 The Time ly User Experience 464
CHAPTER 14 Documentation and User Support (a.k.a. Help) 484
CHAPTER 15 Information Search 516
CHAPTER 16 Data Visua lization 550

AFTERWORD Societa l and Individual Impact of User Interfaces 578

Name Index 591
Subject Index 597
Credits 615

15
This page intentionally left blank
 Preface 7
About the Authors 13

1
CHAPTER
1 Usabilityof InteractiveSystems 24
1.1 Introduction 26
1.2 Usability Goals and Measures 33
1.3 Usability Motivations 35
1.4 Goa ls for Our Profession 40

CHAPTER
2 UniversalUsability 56
2 .1 Introduction 58
2 .2 Variations in Physical Abilities and Physica l Workp laces 59
2 .3 Diverse Cognitive and Perceptua l Abilities 61
2 .4 Personality Differences 62
2.5 Cultural and Inte rnational Diversity 63
2.6 Users with Disabilities 66
2 .7 Older Adult Users 69
2 .8 Children 71
2 .9 Accommodating Hardware and Software Diversity 74

CHAPTER
3 Guidelines,Principles
, and Theories 80
3. 1 Introduction 82
3.2 Guide lines 82
3.3 Princip les 88
3 .4 Theories 104

CHAPTER
4 Design 124
4 .1 Introduction 126
4 .2 Organizational Support for Design 128

17
18 Contents

4.3 The Design Process 131

4.4 Design Frameworks 137
4.5 Design Methods 141
4.6 Design Tools, Practices, and Patterns 149
4.7 Social Impact Analysis 155
4 .8 Leg a I Issues 157

CHAPTER
5 Evaluationand the User Experience 166
5.1 Introduction 168
5.2 Expert Reviews and Heuristics 171
5 .3 Usability Testing and Laboratories 175
5.4 Survey Instruments 187
5.5 Acceptance Tests 192
5.6 Evaluation during Active Use and Beyond 193
5.7 Controlled Psychologically Oriented Experiments 199

CHAPTER
6 DesignCaseStudies 210
6 .1 Introduction 212
6.2 Case Study 1: Iterative Design Evaluation of Automated
Teller Machines (ATMs) 213
6.3 Case Study 2: Design Consistency at Apple Computer 216
6 .4 Case Study 3: Data-Driven Design at Volvo 218
6.5 General Observations and Summary 221

CHAPTER
7 DirectManipulationand lmmersiveEnvironments 228
7.1 Introduction 230
7.2 What Is Direct Manipulation? 231
7.3 Some Examples of Direct Manipulation 238
7 .4 2-D and 3-D Interfaces 248
7.5 Teleoperation and Presence 251
7.6 Augmented and Virtual Reality 256

CHAPTER
8 FluidNavigation 270
8 .1 Introduction 272
8 .2 Navigation by Selection 274
8 .3 Small Displays 287
8.4 Content Organization 290
8.5 Audio Menus 295
8 .6 Form Fill-in and Dialog Boxes 296
 Contents 19

CHAPTER
9 ExpressiveHumanand CommandLanguages 310
9.1 Introduction 312
9.2 Speech Recognition 313
9.3 Speech Production 324
9.4 Human Language Technology 325
9.5 Traditional Command Languages 329

CHAPTER10 Devices 336

10.1 Introduction 338
10.2 Keyboards and Keypads 340
10.3 Pointing Devices 346
10.4 Displays 364

CHAPTER11 Communication
and Collaboration 384
11.1 Introduction 386
11.2 Models of Col laboration 390
11.3 Specific Goals and Contexts 396
11.4 Design Considerations 404

CHAPTER12 Advancingthe User Experience 424

12.1 Introduction 426
12.2 Display Design 427
12.3 View (Window) Management 433
12.4 Animation 439
12.5 Webpage Design 441
12.6 Color 444
12.7 Nonanthropomorphic Design 450
12.8 Error Messages 454

CHAPTER13 TheTimelyUserExperience 464

13.1 Introduction 466
13.2 Models of System Response Time (SRT) Impacts 468
13.3 Expectations and Attitudes 472
13.4 User Productivity and Variability in SRT 474
13.5 Frustrating Experiences 476

CHAPTER14 Documentation
and UserSupport(a.k.a. Help) 484
14.1 Introduction 486
14.2 Shaping the Content of the Documentation 487
14.3 Accessing the Documentation 493
20 Content s

14.4 Reading from Displays versus Reading from Paper 498

14.5 Online Tutoria ls and Animated Demonstrations 503
14.6 Online Communities and Other Avenues for
User Support 506
14.7 The Development Process 508

CHAPTER15 InformationSearch 516

15.1 Introduction 518
15.2 Five-Stage Search Framework 522
15.3 Dynamic Queries and Faceted Search 532
15.4 Command Languages and "Natural" Language Queries 537
15.5 Multimedia Document Search and Other
Specia lized Search 538
15.6 The Socia l Aspects of Search 542

CHAPTER16 Data Visualization 550

16.1 Introduction 552
16.2 Tasks in Data Visualization 553
16.3 Visualization by Data Type 561
16.4 Chal lenges for Data Visualization 569

AFTERWORDSocietaland IndividualImpactof User Interfaces 578

A.1 Future Interfaces and Grand Challenges 580
A .2 Ten Plagues of the Information Age 584
Name Index 591
Subject Index 597
Credits 615
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PARTOUTLINE
Chapter1: Usability of Interactive Systems
Chapter2: UniversalUsability
Chapter3: Guidelines, Principles, and Theories

Th is f irst set of chapters provides a broad introduc t ion to user interface des ign and interact ive
systems . Chapte r 1 covers usab ility goa ls, meas ur es, and motivations as well as gene ral goa ls
for the HCI profession. A rich set of resources is available at the end of the chapte r, listing
impo rtant books, guideli nes, an d relevan t jour nals and p rof essional organiza tions.
Chapter 2 discusses universal usab il ity and exposure to the diversity of users. This includes
t he cha ll enges posted by physica l, cognit ive, pe rceptual, pe rso nality, and cultu ral d ifferences.
Chapter 3 reviews t he guidel ines, pr inciples, and theor ies of the field to help facil itate good
design.
 CHAPTER

Usa6ili ~ Imter.a@ti~e
S)jsferilils

99 Designing an object to be simp le and clear takes at least twice

as long as the usual way. It requires concentration at the outset on
how a clear and simp le system would work, followed by the steps
required to make it come out that way-steps which are often much
harder and more complex than the ordinary ones. It also requires
relentless pursuit of that simp licity even when obstacles appear
which would seem to stand in the way of that simplicity . ''

T. H. Nelson
The Home Computer Revolution , 1977

CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. 1 Introduction

1.2 Usability Goals and Measures

1.3 Usability Motivations

1.4 Goals for Our Profession

25
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 [256]Ib., p. 165.
[257]“Modern Abyssinia,” p. 224.
[258]Compare, e.g., his remark on p. 223, “They have any
amount of pluck,” with Parkyns’s comments quoted on p. 24 of
this book.
[259]E.g. p. 222.
[260]Ib., p. 216.
[261]Eyre and Spottiswoode.
[262]Cf. p. 308.
[263]Mr. Wylde describes the Ras as “by far the cleverest and
most enlightened man that the country possesses.” He is a
possible successor to the Abyssinian throne.
[264]Colonel Rochfort’s Report.
 APPENDIX

Abyssinia is a deeply interesting country from the point of view of

geographical distribution, and it is much to be regretted that Dr. A. J.
Hayes did not have the opportunity of collecting insects on a large
scale. The animals of the southern half of Arabia are Ethiopian in
character; but in the Abyssinian mountains we may expect to find,
and we do find, a certain amount of Oriental affinity.
The valuable little collection of insects made by Dr. Hayes has
been presented by him to the Hope Department of the Oxford
University Museum, where the specimens can be seen and studied
by every naturalist interested in the great problems of distribution.
The attention of the donor was directed to the Oxford Museum by Mr.
W. L. S. Loat, who has himself contributed a large amount of
valuable material. Dr. Hayes’ collection was made, in February 1903,
in the vicinity of Lake Tsana, at a height of about 6500 feet. A
complete list is furnished below. Dr. Dixey has kindly determined and
made remarks upon the Pierinae.

LEPIDOPTERA.
NYMPHALIDAE.
Danainae: Limnas chrysippus (Linn.) ♀. The ground
colour of the pale tint characteristic of
1
Oriental specimens and usually replaced by
a much darker shade in African.
Danainae: L. chrysippus (Linn.) var. alcippus (Cram.) ♂♂.
2
Typical.
Nymphalinae: 1 Neptis agatha (Cram.).
1 Precis cebrene (Trim.).
PAPILIONIDAE.
Pierinae: 1 Catopsilia florella (Fabr.) ♂.
2 Colias electra (Linn.) ♂ ♀.
Terias brigitta (Cram.) ♂ ♂ ♀.
3
Dry season forms; not extreme.
3 Eronia leda (Boisd.) ♂ ♀ ♀.
One of these females has an orange apical
patch on the forewing, almost as distinct as
that of the male.
1 Pinacopteryx sp. ?
A female, rather worn; simulating Mylothris
agathina ♀.
Probably a new species, but being in poor
condition and a single specimen it would not
be advisable to describe it.
1 Belenois severina (Cram.) ♀. Dry season form.
1 Phrissura sp. ♂.
A male, of the P. sylvia group. This form of
Phrissura has not previously been recorded
from any part of East Africa.
Papilioninae: 8 Papilio demodocus (Esp.).

HYMENOPTERA.
1 Dorylus fimbriatus (Shuck.) ♂.

COLEOPTERA.
LAMELLICORNIA.
Scarabaeidae: Oniticellus inaequalis (Reiche).
1
Only known from Abyssinia.
Cetoniidae: 1 Pachnoda abyssinica (Blanch.).
1 Pachnoda stehelini (Schaum).
 Both Abyssinian species.
PHYTOPHAGA.
Cassididae: 1 Aspidomorpha punctata (Fab.).
HETEROMERA.
Cantharidae: 2 Mylabris, probably a new species.

NEUROPTERA.
1 Nemoptera, probably a new species.

ORTHOPTERA.
Acridiidae: 1 Cyrtacanthacris
sp.
1 Phymateus brunneri? (Bolivar).
1 Phymateus leprosus (Fab.).
1 Petasia anchoreta (Bolivar).
Mantidae: 1 Sphodromantis bioculata (Burm.).
1 Chiropus aestuans? (Sauss.).
In addition to the above, Dr. Hayes presented three insects
captured by him at Gedaref in the Soudan, including a pair of a
magnificent new species of Buprestid beetle of the genus
Sternocera, taken in coitu. This species has recently been described,
from Dr. Hayes’ specimen and two others in the British Museum, by
Mr. C. O. Waterhouse, who has given it the name Sternocera druryi
(“Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.” Oct., 1904, p. 247). The third insect is an
example of a Cantharid beetle, which does great damage to the
crops at Gadarif. Its determination as Mylabris hybrida (Bohem.) is
therefore a matter of some importance.

THE END

PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BECCLES.

 THE
ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN

By permission of the Egyptian London: Smith, Elder Stanford’s Geogl. Estabt.,

Government. & Co. London.

(Large-size)
 LAKE TSANA

By permission of the London: Stanford’s

Egyptian Smith, Elder Geogl. Estabt.,
Government. & Co. London.

(Large-size)
 Transcriber's note:

pg 70 (footnote 41) Changed: Abyssinnia and its people to: Abyssinia

pg 91-92 (footnote 61) Changed: equitidœ to: equitidæ
pg 91-92 (footnote 61) Changed: nectariniœ to: nectariniæ
pg 96 Changed: plently of fish to: plenty
pg 271 Changed: been complied by to: compiled
pg 293 Changed: general langour to: languor
pg 311 (footnote 262) Changed: Cp. to: Cf.
Minor punctuation changes have been done silently.
Spelling inconsistencies have been left unchanged.
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