Delay-Doppler Communications

Principles and Applications 1st Edition

Yi Hong
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookmass.com/product/delay-doppler-communications-principles-and-applica
tions-1st-edition-yi-hong/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Communications Receivers: Principles and Design, 4th

Edition Ulrich L. Rohde

https://ebookmass.com/product/communications-receivers-
principles-and-design-4th-edition-ulrich-l-rohde/

ROI in Marketing: The Design Thinking Approach to

Measure, Prove, and Improve the Value of Marketing Hong
Yi

https://ebookmass.com/product/roi-in-marketing-the-design-
thinking-approach-to-measure-prove-and-improve-the-value-of-
marketing-hong-yi/

Stability, control and application of time-delay

systems Gao

https://ebookmass.com/product/stability-control-and-application-
of-time-delay-systems-gao/

Foundation Engineering: Geotechnical Principles and

Practical Applications 1st Edition Handy

https://ebookmass.com/product/foundation-engineering-
geotechnical-principles-and-practical-applications-1st-edition-
handy/
Foundation Engineering: Geotechnical Principles and
Practical Applications 1st Edition Richard Handy

https://ebookmass.com/product/foundation-engineering-
geotechnical-principles-and-practical-applications-1st-edition-
richard-handy/

Nanoencapsulation of Food Bioactive Ingredients:

Principles and Applications 1st Edition Jafari

https://ebookmass.com/product/nanoencapsulation-of-food-
bioactive-ingredients-principles-and-applications-1st-edition-
jafari/

Cosmetic Science and Technology. Theoretical Principles

and Applications 1st Edition Edition Kazutami Sakamoto

https://ebookmass.com/product/cosmetic-science-and-technology-
theoretical-principles-and-applications-1st-edition-edition-
kazutami-sakamoto/

Product Maturity 1 : Theoretical Principles and

Industrial Applications 1st Edition Franck Bayle

https://ebookmass.com/product/product-maturity-1-theoretical-
principles-and-industrial-applications-1st-edition-franck-bayle/

Heterocyclic Organic Corrosion Inhibitors: Principles

and Applications Mumtaz A. Quraishi

https://ebookmass.com/product/heterocyclic-organic-corrosion-
inhibitors-principles-and-applications-mumtaz-a-quraishi/
 DELAY-DOPPLER
COMMUNICATIONS
 DELAY-DOPPLER
COMMUNICATIONS
Principles and
Applications

Yi Hong
Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering
Monash University
Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Tharaj Thaj
Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering
Monash University
Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Emanuele Viterbo
Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering
Monash University
Melbourne, VIC, Australia
 We dedicate this work to our parents

Guomei, Guifa, Mariamma, Thajudeen, Mariella, and Davide

 List of figures

Figure 1.1 Evolution of the wireless systems. 3

Figure 1.2 An example of a high-mobility environment. 4
Figure 1.3 How the transmit basis functions ΨTX used to multiplex information
symbols are transformed to the receiver basis functions ΨRX by
static multipath and high-mobility channels for (a) CP-OFDM,
(b) PS-OFDM, and (c) OTFS. TF: time-frequency, DD: delay-Doppler. 10
Figure 2.1 Paths with different propagation delays. 15
Figure 2.2 Paths with different Doppler shifts due to the different angles of arrival. 16
Figure 2.3 An example of high-mobility wireless channel scenarios showing
how the delay-Doppler channel response changes when the
geometry of the scene changes. 19
Figure 2.4 The TDL models for static and high-mobility channels with integer
delay taps L = {0, 1, 2}. 23
Figure 2.5 The continuous delay-Doppler vs time-frequency channel
representation of a high-mobility multipath channel (linear
time-varying). 24
Figure 2.6 The continuous delay-Doppler vs. time-frequency channel
representation of a static multipath channel (linear time-invariant). 25
Figure 2.7 Different domain representations of a time-variant multipath
channel impulse response g(τ, t), also denoted as the delay-time
channel response. 25
Figure 3.1 The discrete time-frequency grid (Λ). 31
Figure 3.2 The magnitude of the cross-ambiguity function of square pulses. 33
Figure 3.3 The magnitude of the cross-ambiguity function of square pulses for
different values of f . 34
Figure 3.4 The magnitude of the cross-ambiguity function of square pulses for
different t/T . 34
Figure 3.5 The zeros of the cross-ambiguity function in the time-frequency plane. 35
Figure 3.6 OFDM transmitter. 36
Figure 3.7 OFDM receiver. 37
Figure 3.8 OFDM power spectrum. 40
Figure 4.1 OTFS system diagram in its original form. 51
Figure 4.2 The discrete time-frequency grid (Λ) and delay-Doppler grid (Γ ). 51
Figure 4.3 OTFS system diagram using the discrete Zak transform. 54
Figure 4.4 Received 2D signal (c) for ideal pulses as the 2D circular convolution
of the input (a) and the channel (b). 56
Figure 4.5 Time-frequency domain representation of transmitted signals with
PS-OFDM. 57
Figure 4.6 OTFS transmitter based on the IDZT using rectangular pulse
shaping waveform (M = 8, N = 6). 58
Figure 4.7 OTFS receiver based on the DZT using rectangular pulse shaping
waveform (M = 8, N = 6). 60
Figure 4.8 Time domain channel matrix G with three delay paths represented
by the three green (light gray in print version) subdiagonals
partitioned into M × M submatrices. 64

xiii
xiv List of figures

Figure 4.9 Time-frequency channel matrix Ȟ partitioned into M × M submatrices. 66

Figure 4.10 The row-column interleaving operation to generate the time domain
samples from the delay-time samples using the permutation matrix
P for an OTFS frame of size 12 with M = 3 and N = 4. 68
Figure 4.11 Delay-time domain channel matrix H̃ = PT · G · P with three delay
paths partitioned into N × N submatrices. 69
Figure 4.12 Delay-Doppler domain channel matrix
H = (IM ⊗ FN ) · H̃ · (IM ⊗ F†N ) with three delay paths partitioned
into N × N submatrices. 70
Figure 4.13 The time domain frame for different variants of OTFS (CPs are
prepended and ZPs are appended). Option (a): a single CP/ZP is
added to the frame; option (b): a CP/ZP is added to each block;
option (c): a CP/ZP is included within each block. 71
Figure 4.14 RZP-OTFS delay-time domain channel matrix H̃ = PT · G · P with
three delay paths partitioned into N × N submatrices. 74
Figure 4.15 RZP-OTFS delay-Doppler domain channel matrix H with three
delay paths partitioned into N × N submatrices. 75
Figure 4.16 Continuous (ν (κ)) vs. discrete (νm,l (k)) Doppler response for
integer Doppler K = {2} (top) and fractional Doppler K = {2.5}
(bottom). 77
Figure 4.17 RCP-OTFS time domain channel matrix G with three delay paths
partitioned into M × M submatrices. 78
Figure 4.18 CP-OTFS time domain channel matrix G with three delay paths
partitioned into M × M submatrices. 80
Figure 4.19 ZP-OTFS time domain channel matrix G with three delay paths
partitioned into M × M submatrices. 84
Figure 4.20 Factor graph representation of the delay-Doppler domain I/O relation. 86
Figure 5.1 The Fourier transform viewed as a change of coordinate system. 96
Figure 5.2 Periodicity and quasiperiodicity of the Zak transform. 100
Figure 5.3 √1 |Φτ ,ν (t)| for normalized delay ( τ0 = 0) and normalized
T 0 0 T
ν
Doppler shift ( 0f = 0.3) (modulated by the red (light gray in print
ν
version) dashed line) and ( 0f = 0.6) (modulated by the blue (dark
gray in print version) dashed line). 101
√
| MT ΦτB,T
τ
Figure 5.4 0 ,ν0
(t)| for normalized delay ( T0 = 0) and normalized
ν
Doppler shift ( 0f = 0.3) for M = 16. 105
Figure 5.5 1 Z B,T (τ, ν)| vs. normalized delay ( τ ) and normalized Doppler
| MN T T
shift ( νf ) for τ0 = 0.5T and ν0 = 0.4 f . 108
Figure 5.6 Contour plot of |Z̄TB,T [s(t)](τ, ν)| vs. normalized delay ( Tτ ) and
normalized Doppler shift ( νf ) for M = 10, N = 10 for one
information symbol placed at τ0 = 3/M f and ν0 = 2/N T . 110
Figure 5.7 Contour plot of |ZT [r(t)](τ, ν)| vs. normalized delay ( Tτ ) and
normalized Doppler shift ( νf ) for M = 10, N = 10, τ0 = 3/M f , and
ν0 = 2/N T and channel parameters (τ1 , ν1 ) = (0/M f, 0/N T ) and
(τ2 , ν2 ) = (3/M f, 3/N T ). 111
Figure 5.8 Contour plot of |ZT [r(t)](τ, ν)| vs. normalized delay ( Tτ ) and
normalized Doppler shift ( νf ) for M = 20, N = 20, τ0 = 3/M f , and
ν0 = 2/N T and channel parameters (τ1 , ν1 ) = (0/M f, 0/N T ) and
(τ2 , ν2 ) = (3/M f, 3/N T ). 111
 List of figures xv

Figure 5.9 The rectangular transmit wtx [q] (black), delayed transmit wtx [q − li ]
(blue (dark gray in print version)), receiver wrx [q] (red (mid gray in
print version)), and effective window functions wtx [q] (green (light
gray in print version)) for RCP-OTFS (left) and wtx [q − li ] (green
(light gray in print version)) for RZP-OTFS (right) for M = 5, N = 3,
LCP = LZP = 4, and li = 2. 118
Figure 6.1 Messages exchanged in the factor graph. 131
Figure 6.2 MRC delay-Doppler domain operation for M  = 7, M = 5, and the set
of discrete delay indices L = {0, 1, 2}. [Copyright permission obtained.] 135
Figure 6.3 OTFS iterative rake turbo decoder operation. 144
Figure 6.4 The BER performance of OTFS using 4-QAM and 16-QAM signaling
and different detectors for a frame size of N = M = 64 (MP has 10
iterations for 4-QAM and 15 iterations for 16-QAM; MRC has 5
iterations for 4-QAM and 10 for 16-QAM). 146
Figure 6.5 The BER performance of OTFS using MP and MRC detectors in the
EVA channel model with different frame sizes (MP has 10 iterations
for 4-QAM and 15 iterations for 16-QAM; MRC has 5 iterations for
4-QAM and 10 for 16-QAM). 147
Figure 6.6 The BER performance of OTFS with 4-QAM signaling and the MRC
detector (5 iterations) for EPA, EVA, and ETU channel models with
max Doppler spread corresponding to a maximum speed of
120 km/h for N = 64 and M = 64, 512. 148
Figure 6.7 The BER performance of OTFS with 4-QAM signaling and the MRC
detector for EVA at different UE speeds for N = M = 64. 149
Figure 6.8 The BER performance of OTFS with 4-QAM signaling and the MRC
detector for N = 64, M = 64 and different numbers of Doppler paths
|Kl | per delay bin l using the synthetic wireless channel model
described in Section 2.5.2. 150
Figure 7.1 (a) Transmitted pilot, guard, and data symbols. (b) Received symbols. 156
Figure 7.2 Pilot and data placement in ZP-OTFS (N = 8, M = 9) systems for
time domain channel estimation. (a) ZP-OTFS transmitter. (b) Time
domain operation. 162
Figure 7.3 Reconstruction of the real part of the l-th delay tap channel from the
estimated channel ĝ s [l, mp + l + nM] using linear and spline
interpolation for N = 8, M = 64 and UE speed = 500 km/h at
SNRd = 20 dB and β = 0 dB. 164
Figure 7.4 BER performance of 4-QAM OTFS using an iterative time domain
detector for the EVA channel with speeds of 500 km/h and 1000 km/h. 166
Figure 7.5 OTFS receiver impairment effects on the pilot (magnitude) in the
indoor wireless channel (received SNR = 25 dB) (paths associated
with the same Doppler shift [in the same row] are shaded with the
same color). 168
Figure 7.6 OTFS SDR modem setup. 170
Figure 7.7 Bit and frame error rates vs. transmitter gain for 4-QAM and
16-QAM OTFS modulation. 172
Figure 7.8 Bit error rates vs. transmitter gain for 4-QAM OTFS and OFDM
modulation. 172
Figure 8.1 MIMO-OTFS system. 181
Figure 8.2 MIMO-OTFS embedded pilot channel estimation schemes for (a)
moderate and (b) high Doppler spread channel estimation. 192
Figure 8.3 Multiuser OTFS embedded pilot channel estimation schemes for
uplink communication with four users. 193
xvi List of figures

Figure 8.4 Multiuser OTFS embedded pilot channel estimation scheme for
downlink communication with four users. 194
Figure 8.5 OTFS vs. OFDM BER performance using 4-QAM for block-wise
LMMSE detection for a frame size of N = M = 32 for different
number of antennas. 196
Figure 8.6 OTFS uncoded BER performance using 4-QAM for block-wise
LMMSE vs. MP vs. MRC detection for a frame size of N = M = 32
for different number of antennas. 196
Figure 8.7 OTFS BER performance with MRC detector for a frame size of
N = M = 32 for different modulation sizes and number of antennas. 197
Figure 8.8 2 × 2 MIMO-OTFS BER performance using 4-QAM for block-wise
LMMSE vs. MRC detector for a frame size of N = M = 32 for
different UE speeds with channel estimation in Fig. 8.2(a) at an SNR
of 15 dB. 197
Figure 8.9 2 × 2 vs. 4 × 4 MIMO-OTFS BER performance using 4-QAM for
block-wise LMMSE vs. MRC (maximum 30 iterations) detection for
a frame size of N = M = 32 for different UE speeds with channel
estimation in Fig. 8.2(a) at an SNR of 15 dB. 198
Figure B.1 Example of a doubly circulant block matrix B formed by X with
M = 3 and N = 2. 222
 Biography

Yi Hong

Dr. Yi Hong is an Associate Professor at the Department of Electrical

and Computer Systems Engineering, Monash University, Australia. She
obtained her PhD in Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications from
the University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, and received the
NICTA-ACoRN Earlier Career Researcher Award at the 2007 Australian
Communication Theory Workshop, Adelaide. Yi Hong served as a mem-
ber of the Australian Research Council College of Experts in 2018–2020.
She was an Associate Editor for IEEE Wireless Communication Letters and
Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies (ETT). She was
the Tutorial Chair of the 2021 IEEE International Symposium on Infor-
mation Theory, held in Melbourne, and the General Co-Chair of the 2021
IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshop on Orthog-
onal Time Frequency Space Modulation (OTFS) for 6G and Future High-
mobility Communications, held in Montreal. She was the General Co-
Chair of the 2014 IEEE Information Theory Workshop, held in Hobart;
the Technical Program Committee Chair of the 2011 Australian Communi-
cations Theory Workshop, held in Melbourne; and the 2009 Publicity Chair
at the IEEE Information Theory Workshop, held in Sicily. Her research inter-
ests include communication theory, coding, and information theory with
applications to telecommunication engineering.

Tharaj Thaj

Mr. Tharaj Thaj received his B.Tech. degree in Electronics and Commu-
nication Engineering from the National Institute of Technology, Calicut,
India, in 2012 and his M.Tech. degree in Telecommunication Systems En-
gineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India, in
2015. He is currently pursuing a PhD with the Department of Electrical
and Computer Systems Engineering, Monash University, Australia. From
2012 to 2013, he worked at Verizon Data Services India, as a Software En-
gineer, focusing on network layer routing algorithms and protocols. From
2015 to 2017, he worked as a Senior Engineer in the Communication, Nav-
igation, and Surveillance (CNS) Department of Honeywell Technology
Solutions Lab, Bengaluru. His current research interests include physical

xvii
xviii Biography

layer design and implementation of wireless communication systems for

next-generation wireless networks.

Emanuele Viterbo

Dr. Emanuele Viterbo is a Professor in the Department of Electrical

and Computer Systems Engineering at Monash University, Australia. He
served as Head of Department and Associate Dean Graduate Research in
the Faculty of Engineering at Monash University.
Prof. Viterbo obtained his degree and a PhD in Electrical Engineer-
ing, both from the Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy. From 1990 to 1992,
he worked at the European Patent Office, The Hague, The Netherlands,
as a patent examiner in the field of dynamic recording and error-control
coding. Between 1995 and 1997, he held a post-doctoral position at Politec-
nico di Torino. In 1997–1998, he was a post-doctoral research fellow in the
Information Sciences Research Center of AT&T Research, Florham Park,
NJ, USA. He later joined the Dipartimento di Elettronica at Politecnico di
Torino. From 2006 to August 2010, he was a Full Professor in DEIS at the
University of Calabria, Italy. In September 2010, he joined the ECSE De-
partment at Monash University as a Professor, where he is continuing his
research.
Prof. Viterbo is a Fellow of the IEEE, an ISI Highly Cited Researcher, and
a Member of the Board of Governors of the IEEE Information Theory Soci-
ety (2011–2013 and 2014–2016). He served as an Associate Editor for IEEE
Transactions on Information Theory, European Transactions on Telecommunica-
tions, and the Journal of Communications and Networks. His main research
interests are in lattice codes for Gaussian and fading channels, algebraic
coding theory, algebraic space-time coding, digital terrestrial television
broadcasting, and digital magnetic recording.
 Contents

List of figures xiii

Biography xvii
Preface xix

1. Introduction
1.1 High-mobility wireless channels 2
1.2 Waveforms for high-mobility wireless channels 3
1.3 Bibliographical notes 11
References 11

2. High-mobility wireless channels

2.1 Input–output model of the wireless channel 14
2.1.1. Geometric model 14
2.1.2. Delay-Doppler representation 17
2.2 Continuous-time baseband channel model 20
2.3 Discrete-time baseband channel model 22
2.4 Relation among different channel representations 23
2.5 Channel models for numerical simulations 26
2.5.1. Standard wireless mobile multipath propagation scenarios 26
2.5.2. Synthetic propagation scenario 27
2.6 Bibliographical notes 27
References 27

3. OFDM review and its limitations

3.1 Introduction 30
3.2 OFDM system model 30
3.2.1. Generalized multicarrier modulation 31
3.2.2. OFDM transmitter 35
3.3 OFDM frequency domain input–output relation 38
3.4 Advantages and disadvantages of OFDM 40
3.4.1. High PAPR 40
3.4.2. High OOB 42
3.4.3. Sensitivity to CFO 42
3.5 OFDM in high-mobility multipath channels 43
3.6 Bibliographical notes 44
References 44

vii
viii Contents

4. Delay-Doppler modulation
4.1 System model 49
4.1.1. Parameter choice for OTFS systems 50
4.1.2. OTFS modulation 50
4.1.3. High-mobility channel distortion 52
4.1.4. OTFS demodulation 53
4.2 OTFS input–output relation with ideal waveforms 54
4.2.1. Time-frequency domain analysis 55
4.2.2. Delay-Doppler domain analysis 55
4.3 Matrix formulation for OTFS 57
4.3.1. OTFS modulation 57
4.3.2. OTFS modulation via the IDZT 58
4.3.3. OTFS demodulation 59
4.3.4. OTFS demodulation via the DZT 60
4.4 OTFS input–output relations in vectorized form 61
4.4.1. Time domain input–output relation 63
4.4.2. Time-frequency input–output relation 64
4.4.3. Delay-time input–output relation 67
4.4.4. Delay-Doppler input–output relation 69
4.5 Variants of OTFS 70
4.5.1. Reduced ZP OTFS 71
4.5.2. Reduced CP-OTFS 77
4.5.3. CP-OTFS 79
4.5.4. ZP-OTFS 83
4.6 Summary of channel representations and input–output relations for OTFS
variants 85
4.6.1. Channel representations for OTFS variants 85
4.6.2. Delay-Doppler input–output relations for OTFS variants 87
4.6.3. Comparison of OTFS variants 89
4.7 Bibliographical notes 90
References 90

5. Zak transform analysis for delay-Doppler communications

5.1 A brief review of the different Fourier transforms 94
5.2 The Zak transform 96
5.2.1. Properties of the Zak transform 97
5.2.2. The inverse Zak transform 99
5.3 The delay-Doppler basis functions 100
5.4 Zak transform in delay-Doppler communications 102
5.4.1. Single path delay-Doppler channel 102
5.4.2. Multipath and general delay-Doppler channel 102
5.4.3. Band- and time-limited delay-Doppler basis functions 104
5.4.4. Communications using band- and time-limited signals 109
 Contents ix

5.5 The discrete Zak transform 112

5.5.1. The inverse discrete Zak transform 113
5.5.2. Properties of the DZT 113
5.6 DZT in delay-Doppler communications 114
5.6.1. Receiver sampling 114
5.6.2. Time-windowing at RX and TX 115
5.6.3. RCP-OTFS with rectangular Tx and Rx window 117
5.6.4. RZP-OTFS with rectangular Tx and Rx window 119
5.7 Bibliographical notes 121
References 121

6. Detection methods
6.1 Overview of OTFS input–output relation 124
6.2 Single-tap frequency domain equalizer 125
6.2.1. Single-tap equalizer for RCP-OTFS 126
6.2.2. Block-wise single-tap equalizer for CP-OTFS 127
6.2.3. Complexity 128
6.3 Linear minimum mean-square error detection 129
6.3.1. Delay-Doppler domain LMMSE detection 129
6.3.2. Time domain LMMSE detection 129
6.3.3. Complexity 130
6.4 Message passing detection 130
6.4.1. Message passing detection algorithm 130
6.4.2. Complexity 134
6.5 Maximum-ratio combining detection 134
6.5.1. Delay-Doppler domain MRC detection 135
6.5.2. Complexity 137
6.5.3. Reduced complexity delay-time domain implementation 138
6.5.4. Complexity 140
6.5.5. Low complexity initial estimate 141
6.5.6. MRC detection for other OTFS variants 143
6.6 Iterative rake turbo decoder 144
6.7 Illustrative results and discussion 146
6.8 Bibliographical notes 149
References 150

7. Channel estimation methods

7.1 Introduction 154
7.2 Embedded pilot delay-Doppler channel estimation 155
7.2.1. The integer Doppler case 155
7.2.2. The fractional Doppler case 158
7.2.3. Effect of channel estimation on spectral efficiency 160
7.3 Embedded pilot-aided delay-time domain channel estimation 161
7.3.1. Pilot placement 162
x Contents

7.3.2. Delay-time channel estimation 163

7.3.3. Channel estimation complexity 166
7.3.4. Extension to other OTFS variants 167
7.4 Real-time OTFS software-defined radio implementation 167
7.4.1. Effect of DC offset on channel estimation 169
7.4.2. Effect of carrier frequency offset on channel estimation 169
7.4.3. Experiment setup, results, and discussion 170
7.5 Bibliographical notes 173
References 173

8. MIMO and multiuser OTFS

8.1 Introduction 178
8.2 System model for MIMO-OTFS 178
8.2.1. Transmitter and receiver 178
8.2.2. Channel 179
8.2.3. Input–output relation for MIMO-OTFS 180
8.3 Detection methods 184
8.3.1. Linear minimum mean-square error detector 184
8.3.2. Message passing detector 185
8.3.3. Maximum-ratio combining detector 185
8.4 MIMO-OTFS channel estimation 189
8.5 Multiuser OTFS channel estimation 192
8.6 Numerical results and discussion 195
8.7 Bibliographical notes 198
References 199

9. Conclusions and future directions

9.1 OTFS key advantages 202
9.2 Pros and cons of OTFS variants 204
9.3 Other research directions 204
9.3.1. Channel estimation and PAPR reduction 205
9.3.2. Channels with fast time-varying delay-Doppler paths 206
9.3.3. Multiuser communications 206
9.3.4. Massive MIMO-OTFS 207
9.3.5. OTFS for RadCom 208
9.3.6. Orthogonal time sequency multiplexing and precoding design 208
9.3.7. Machine learning for OTFS 209
References 210

A. Notation and acronyms

B. Some useful matrix properties

B.1 The DFT matrix 219
 Contents xi

B.2 Permutation matrices 219

B.3 Circulant matrices 220
B.4 Linear and circular convolutions 220
B.5 2D transforms, doubly circulant block matrices, and 2D circular convolution 221

C. Some MATLAB® code and examples

C.1 Transmitter 223
C.2 Channel 225
C.3 Receiver 227
C.4 Generate G matrix and received signal for OTFS variants 229

Index 233

Please visit the book’s companion site for additional materials (MATLAB
package code): https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals/book-
companion/9780323850285
 Preface

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been the

waveform of choice for most wireless communications systems in the
past 25 years. “What comes next?” – The book will address this question
by illustrating the current limitations of OFDM when dealing with high-
mobility environments and presenting the fundamentals of a new recently
proposed waveform known as “orthogonal time-frequency space” (OTFS).
The OTFS waveform is based on the idea that mobile wireless channels
can be effectively modeled in the delay-Doppler domain. The information is
encoded in such domain to combat the Doppler shifts in multipath propa-
gation channels that are typically found in high-mobility environments.
This book has been developed from a number of tutorial presentations
delivered by the authors at major conferences on wireless communications
between 2018 and 2021. It expands and integrates several key research
papers by the authors intending to provide a taxonomy for the different
flavors of delay-Doppler communications.
We have chosen to present the fundamentals of delay-Doppler commu-
nications following two approaches: (i) The first one is oriented to readers
who are familiar with multicarrier techniques and is based on the idea that
the delay-Doppler domain and the time-frequency domain are related by a pre-
coding operation, based on the two-dimensional symplectic Fourier transform.
(ii) The second one is for readers interested in the underlying mathemat-
ical tools that provide a direct relation between the (two-dimensional)
delay-Doppler domain and the (one-dimensional) time domain signals,
effectively bypassing the time-frequency domain interpretation. This is
based on the theory of the Zak transform and its specific properties.
We believe that both approaches should be followed and mastered by
the reader interested in further developing delay-Doppler communica-
tions systems in high-mobility environments. As a first approach to the
subject, we recommend Chapters 1–4 and 6 to cover the basic delay-
Doppler modulation and demodulation. For readers interested in the Zak
transform approach and the more specialized topics related to channel
estimation, MIMO, and multiuser systems, Chapters 5, 7, and 8 will be
of relevance. Finally, Chapter 9 touches upon some new research direc-
tions in high-mobility communications and outlines a more general two-
dimensional scheme beyond the delay-Doppler.
We would like to express thanks and appreciation to our colleagues Dr.
Raviteja Patchava (Qualcomm), Ezio Biglieri (Universitat Pompeu Fabra,
Barcelona), Saif Mohammad Khan (IIT Delhi), and Ananthanarayanan
Chokalingham (IISc. Bangalore), who have pioneered with us the inter-

xix
xx Preface

est in delay-Doppler communications. This book has taken shape by the

many interactions and discussions with them. We thank Dr. Viduranga Wi-
jekoon and Dr. Birenjith Sasidharan for their careful proofreading of our
manuscript. A special thanks goes to the inventor of OTFS, Ronny Hadani
(Cohere Technologies and University of Texas, Austin) for some very in-
spiring discussions with the authors. Since the first public disclosure of
OTFS in 2017, he has helped us to appreciate the more abstract interpreta-
tion of OTFS.
Yi Hong, Tharaj Thaj, and Emanuele Viterbo
Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
September 2021
 C H A P T E R

1
Introduction

O U T L I N E

1.1 High-mobility wireless channels 2

1.2 Waveforms for high-mobility wireless channels 3
1.3 Bibliographical notes 11
References 11

The concept of cellular wireless networks emerged in the 1980s with

the first generation analog radio communications systems (1G). These
were an evolution of trunked radio systems that enabled personal wire-
less phones to become accessible to the general public. The radio spectrum
was accessed using frequency division multiplexing (FDMA) and analog
frequency modulation of the voice signals was used.
The second generation system (2G) Global System for Mobile Communica-
tions (GSM) was introduced in the early 1990s to embrace the benefits of
digital communication technology, namely the possibility to compress and
encrypt the voice signal and better control the quality of the communica-
tion in the presence of radio disturbances. This resulted in an increase in
the number of users per frequency band, and some basic digital data com-
munications became more accessible. A narrowband digital modulation
for compressed digitized voice was adopted, and time division multiple
access (TDMA) was used in conjunction with different frequency bands
for channelization. The notion of time-frequency resources was beginning
to emerge.
Prompted by the explosion of internet browsing, the third generation
(3G) system was standardized at the turn of the century under the In-
ternational Telecommunications Union IMT-2000 standard comprising two
variations: the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and

Delay-Doppler Communications
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-32-385028-5.00009-8 1 Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2 1. Introduction

the code division multiple access 2000 (CDMA2000) system. Wideband

signaling using the spread spectrum technique of CDMA was adopted to
enable higher digital data rates and radically moved away from narrow-
band signaling in 2G. The CDMA scheme used Walsh–Hadamard spread-
ing sequences as orthogonal basis functions, which effectively spread the
information of different users in both time and frequency. The multiple
access scheme for the uplink was realized by allowing these functions to
overlap in both time and frequency and separating them at the receiver
thanks to the different orthogonal codes (signatures). The channel impair-
ments distort the signals and cause interference between users (multiple
access interference) that needs to be compensated at the receiver. Severe
multiple access interference hinders the quasi-orthogonality of the signa-
ture waveforms at the receiver and calls for more complex processing to
recover the individual user information.
The above drawback led to the introduction of orthogonal frequency
division multiple access (OFDMA) in 4G systems which was preserved
in the 5G systems. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
is a wideband signaling technique, where multiple information symbols
overlapping in time are made orthogonal in the frequency domain by
allocating them to suitably spaced subcarriers. It can be used for multi-
ple access by allocating orthogonal time-frequency resources to the users.
With OFDMA, orthogonality is maintained at the receiver even in the pres-
ence of some multipath channel impairments. Among the advantages of
this solution, we have a relatively low processing cost for detection and
channel estimation. Fig. 1.1 summarizes the evolution of the wireless sys-
tems.
As the mobility of terminals in the system increases, the immediate ad-
vantages of multicarrier technology tend to dissipate due to the rapidly
time-varying nature of the channel affecting the orthogonality of the re-
ceived signals and resulting in severe intersymbol interference. In order
to continue using multicarrier techniques in such high-mobility environ-
ments, more complex equalization and more overhead for channel estima-
tion are required.
In this book, we will illustrate how delay-Doppler communications can
offer a solution to the limitations of multicarrier techniques over channels
with high mobility, where Doppler shifts cannot be easily compensated
for.

1.1 High-mobility wireless channels

In a static wireless channel, nothing in the environment is moving, and

both transmitters and receivers are static. The electromagnetic signal,
propagating from a transmit antenna, reaches the receiving antenna via
 1.2 Waveforms for high-mobility wireless channels 3

FIGURE 1.1 Evolution of the wireless systems.

multiple paths due to the presence of reflecting objects (scatterers). The

receiver needs to extract the transmitted information from the superpo-
sition of signals from each path. Due to the different path lengths, such
signals do not add up coherently, which may result in fading of the overall
received signal.
As the use cases for wireless communication networks continuously
evolve, a high mobility scenario is gradually becoming more prominent.
For example, high speed trains, self-driving cars, and flying taxis have the
potential to travel at speeds of several hundreds of kilometers per hour
with passengers requiring high data rates.
We define a high-mobility wireless channel as a channel where transmit-
ters, receivers, and many scatterers are moving at different speeds in dif-
ferent directions. For each path, mobility causes different Doppler shifts
of the carrier frequency fc used in the transmitted signal. A Doppler shift
by fd [Hz] is equivalent to modulating the transmitted signal with ej 2πfd t .
The challenge of communicating over a channel like the one illustrated in
Fig. 1.2 is that the transmitted signal traveling over different paths is af-
fected by multiple Doppler shifts and delays. Due to the Doppler shifts,
the receiver will see a superposition of nonlinearly distorted versions of
the transmit signal.

1.2 Waveforms for high-mobility wireless channels

At an abstract level, in a point-to-point communication system, a stream

of information symbols {an } from an alphabet A is multiplexed in time
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
the presence of Kaluaopalena,
he stood up his war club, called
Kawalowai, in the presence of
the people; but Kaluaopalena
would not call him to come on
his side; 3 he was so ashamed
that he thereupon returned to
Moloaa. After Namakaokalani
came Lupeakawaiowainiha,
another great warrior. It is said
that every time he urinated the
land would be flooded. He, too,
came with his war club, called
Kalalea. This war club was so
large that it required one
hundred and twenty men to carry
it. When he arrived in the
presence of Kaluaopalena, he
took his war club and twirled it
over his head and then down
under his chin, causing the
people to shout with admiration
at his cleverness; but
Kaluaopalena would not call him
and he [140]was so ashamed that
he went home to Hanalei.
Kaluaopalena, according to the
instructions from Hina was
patiently waiting for Palila and
consequently did not utter a
word when the two warriors
stood before him.
Kaluaopalena, lalau iho la i kana
laau palau, o Kawelowai ka inoa,
a kukulu ae la i mua o ka
lehulehu, aole nae he kahea mai
o Kaluaopalena, nolaila, hilahila
o Namakaokalani a hoi aku la i
Moloaa. Ku mai o
Lupeakawaiowainiha, he koa ia,
ina e mimi, aohe koe aina i ka
lilo i ka wai, me kana laau palau,
o Kalalea ka inoa, ekolu kanaka
nana e amo. A hiki i mua o
Kaluaopalena, lalau iho la i ka
laau a oniu ae la i luna ke alo,
kaa ka laau i ke poo, i ka auwae,
uwa ka aha i ke akamai, aole
nae i kahea [141]aku o
Kaluaopalena, nolaila, hilahila a
hoi aku la i Hanalei. No ka mea,
ua kapu loa ka leo o
Kaluaopalena a noa ia Palila, e
like me ka olelo a Hina.
After these two warriors came
Palila. While he was yet a mile
distant from Kaluaopalena, Palila
swung his war club, Huliamahi,
causing all the trees to fall with
the exception of one lehua tree,
it being the supernatural body of
Palila himself. The trees in falling
killed many. None escaped
except Kaluaopalena’s people,
who were standing away from
the trees. Those who ran and hid
in the woods were killed.
When Palila arrived in the
presence of Kaluaopalena,
Kaluaopalena came crawling to
Palila, and when near him fell
flat, face down, and called out:
“Ye heavenly offspring, hold out
your club.” Palila inquired:
“Where shall it be? Toward the
uplands, toward the lowlands, to
the east or downward?”
Kaluaopalena answered: “At the
killing of the pig and the red fish.”
Palila then pushed his war club,
Huliamahi, downward until only
the point of it remained above
ground. That was the land of
Waihohonu, therefore its miry
Mahope o laua, hiki mai o Palila
hookahi mile paha ke kaawale
ma waena o Palila a me
Kaluaopalena, e hili akau mai
ana o Palila i kana laau palau, ia
Huliamahi, pau loa na laau i ka
hina, a koe ke kumu lehua nui, o
ke kino lehua ia o Palila. Ua pau
loa na kanaka i ka luku ia e na
laau ma ka hina ana, aohe
kanaka pakele o ko
Kaluaopalena poe, o ka poe ma
kahi laau ole kai pakele, o ka
poe pee a holo aku i loko o na
laau, ua make.
A hiki o Palila i mua o
Kaluaopalena, hele mai la o
Kaluaopalena me ke kokolo a
mua o Palila, moe iho la i lalo ke
alo, a kahea ae la: “E Kalani e!
hou ia ko laau.” Ninau mai o
Palila: “I hea au, i uka, i kai, i
nae, i lalo?” I aku o
Kaluaopalena: “I ka ihu o ka
puaa a me ka ia ula oe.” Hou iho
ana o Palila i ka laau palau ana,
ia Huliamahi, i lalo, a koe ka
welau i luna, oia kela aina o
Waihohonu, nolaila, kona nakele
a hiki i keia la, a nolaila kona
hohonu. O na kanaka a pau loa,
condition to this day and its deep
depression. At this all the people
fell down, not one daring to
remain standing for fear of
death.
It was a law with Palila that
whenever he laughed the kapu
would end; people could then
stand up, speak, or run about.
The people did not, however,
know this, so they remained
lying down. While they were all
in this position Hina arrived and
she stood on a little rise called
Alea [known as Maunakilika at
the present time], with the robe
of Palila, called Hakaula and the
malo of Palila called Ikuwa. Hina
then uncovered herself to
nakedness, and rolled over the
backs of the people, which
caused Palila to laugh and
released the kapu, when they all
arose. The reason of this
laughter was her own condition,
called Lehokukuwau. 4 She then
approached Palila, circumcised 5
and bound him with oloa kapa, 6
after which they returned up to
Alanapo.
After Palila had been in Alanapo
pau i ka moe i lalo, aohe kanaka
a ala ae i luna, ala no make.
A he kanawai hoi ko Palila, o ka
a-ka, aia a a-ka o Palila, alaila
noa, walaau, ku a hele, holoholo,
eia nae, aole lakou i ike ia
kanawai, nolaila, ua pilihua loa
lakou. Ia lakou e moe ana, hiki
mai la o Hina a ku i luna o Alea,
o Maunakilika i keia wa me ke
kapa o Palila, o Hakaula ka inoa,
me ka malo o Palila, o Ikuwa ka
inoa. Wehe ae la o Hina i kona
kapa a olohelohe, kaa mai la
maluna o na kanaka, ma keia
kaa ana o Hina, ua a-ka o Palila,
o ke kumu o ka aka ana, no ka
leholeho o ka mai o Hina, oia o
Lehokukuwau. Noa ae la ke
kanawai o Palila, ala ae la na
kanaka a pau i luna, hele mai la
o Hina, a ka mai a Palila, kahe, a
paa i ka oloa, a hoi aku la i uka o
Alanapo.
A hala ke anahulu o ka noho ana
more than ten days the desire to
go and fight the chiefs of other
lands and the demi-gods of the
deep began to grow in him until
at last he decided to go and
meet them. Before he left
Alanapo he had a premonition of
meeting Kamaikaahui, a human
shark which was living in Maui.
Kamaikaahui at this time was
living at Muolea, Hana, Maui. He
had come through three different
forms: first, that of a rat; second,
a bunch of bananas; and third,
that of a shark. It was when he
was very small that he had the
form of a rat, but on climbing a
banana tree he changed into a
bunch of bananas. After a while
when the owner of the patch of
bananas came to pick the bunch
he took the top hands only,
leaving the lower ones, when it
changed into a human being
having a shark’s mouth and
teeth in the back below the neck,
and it thereupon began to have a
desire for human flesh.
Kamaikaahui’s occupation was
that of a farmer, and to suit his
taste he had his fields near the
o Palila i loko o Alanapo, ikaika
loa kona manao e hele e
hakaka, e kaua me na kupu, a
me na ’lii. Iaia e noho ana i loko
o Alanapo, ua hiki aku ia ia ka
halialia o Kamaikaahui, he mano
kanaka ia no Maui.
No Kamaikaahui: O Muolea ma
Hana, i Maui ka aina o
Kamaikaahui i noho ai; ekolu
ona kino, o ka mua ka iole, o ka
lua ka maia, o ke kolu ka mano.
He iole ke kino mua i ka wa
uuku, a pii i luna o ka maia me
ke kino iole, lilo he ahui maia. I
ka wa o ka mea maia i kii aku ai i
ka maia, lalau iho la i na eka o
luna a lawe mai la, koe o lalo
iho. Ia wa lilo ka waha ma ke
kua a me na niho, a lilo ae la he
kino kanaka maoli, ma ke kua
nae na niho mano, o kana hana
o ka ai i ke kanaka.
O ka Kamaikaahui hana, o ka
mahiai ai i ke alanui i na la a pau
loa. Ia ia e mahiai ana, iho mai la
public highway. While at his work
he could see the people on their
way sea bathing or on their way
to fish. As people passed down
he would ask: “What [142]kind of
bathing are you going to have?”
“We are going to leap from the
rocks.” He would then say: “Your
feet will be bitten.” After the
people had passed on their way
to the sea, he would then follow
on behind and jump into the sea
and begin to bite off the feet of
the bathers. This was carried on
every time the people went
bathing and they never once
suspected him. If the people
were on their way to dive for fish
their heads would be bitten off
and eaten by Kamaikaahui.
It was his custom to always have
a piece of kapa wrapped around
his back and he never went
without it, because it was to
cover up the mouth at his back,
for he did not wish to have it
seen. One day during one of the
king’s working days at which
Kamaikaahui was present, with
the piece of kapa on his back,
the people having seen him thus
covered at all times made up
ka poe auau kai, a poe lawaia
hooluuluu. Ninau aku la o
Kamaikaahui: [143]“Heaha ka
oukou auau kai?” “He lele kawa.”
“E pau wawae auanei.” A iho
lakou la, mahope keia a loko o
ke kai, ai mai la ma na wawae a
pau, pela kai nei hana mau ana,
ina he hooluuluu ka lawaia, pau
poo ia ia nei.
He mea mau i keia kanaka ka
paa mau ana o kona kihei i na la
a pau loa, aole e hemo iki, no ka
huna i ka waha ma ke kua, o ike
ia. Nolaila, he la koele na ko
Maui alii, o Kamaikaahui kekahi i
laila, ua uluhua na mea a pau
loa i ka paa mau o ke kihei o
Kamaikaahui, nolaila, olelo ia e
wehe ke kapa o na mea a pau
loa. Wehe na mea a pau loa i ko
lakou kapa, o Kamaikaahui, holo
their mind to see why his back
was always covered. A general
order was therefore issued in
which everybody was requested
to uncover their back. This was
followed by everybody except
Kamaikaahui. When he was
requested to uncover his back
he at once attempted to escape
and ran off, threw down his
clothes and jumped into the sea
where he turned into a shark.
The place where he left his
clothes is to this day known as
Kauhalahala, given to it because
he successfully escaped from
the hands of the people.
After transforming himself into a
shark he came to Waipahu in
Waikele, Oahu, where he
remained. As soon as he was
settled in the place he again
followed the same practice that
he did in Maui. Every time he got
his opponent under him his
mouth at the back would bite and
eat the man. This was done so
often that the people of Ewa
began to get afraid of him, and
he lived as a king over them.
On the day that Palila decided to
aku la ia me ke alualu ia e na
kanaka a lele i loko o ke kai,
haalele i kona kapa, a lilo aku la
i mano. O ka aina ana i wehe ai
a haalele i ke kapa, a lele ai i
loko o ke kai, o Kauhalahala ka
inoa o ia aina a hiki i keia la, no
kona hala wale ana i ko na
kanaka lima.
A ma ke kino mano ia i hele mai
ai a noho i Waipahu ma Waikele
i Ewa. A noho o Kamaikaahui i
laila, e like me kana hana i Maui,
pela no i Ewa, ina e hakaka a
kaa ka hoapaio malalo, nanahu
iho la no na niho ma ke kua, a
moku. Pela no kana hana mau
ana, a lilo iho la ia i mea makau
ia na Ewa, a noho iho la ia he ’lii
maoli maluna o na kanaka.
No Palila: Lalau iho la o Palila i
leave home, he took up his war
club, Huliamahi, and came out of
Humuula and stood on the knoll
of Komoikeanu, swung his war
club, pointed it in front of him
and let the club fly. As the club
flew he hung on to one end of it
and he was carried by it until he
landed on the cliff of Nualolo on
the top of the hill of Kamaile, the
hill from which the fire sticks 7 are
thrown. As he stood on the hill
he first looked towards Kahiki,
then towards Oahu; then making
up his mind to come to Oahu, he
pushed his war club ahead of
him and again he was carried by
it until he landed on the Kaena
point at Waianae.
After leaving Kaena he came to
Kalena, then on to Pohakea,
then to Maunauna, then to
Kanehoa, then to the plain of
Keahumoa and looking toward
Ewa. At this place he stood and
looked at the dust as it ascended
into the sky caused by the
people who had gathered there;
he then pushed his war club
toward Honouliuli. When the
people heard something roar like
an earthquake they were afraid
kana laau palau ia Huliamahi, a
ku iho la i luna o ke ahua o
Komoikeanu ma waho mai o
Humuula, oniu i ka laau ana, ia
oniu ana a pahu, hue mai la ka
laau mamua, paa mai la o Palila
ma ka elau, a ku ana i luna o
Nualolo, i ka puu o ahi o
Kamaile. Nana keia o Kahiki, a
pau, huli nana ia Oahu nei, a
paa ka manao ma Oahu nei, e
pahu mai ana keia ia Huliamahi,
kau ana i ka lae o Kaena keia,
ma Waianae.
Haalele keia ia Kaena, hele mai
la a Kalena, a Pohakea,
Maunauna, Kanehoa, a ke kula
o Keahumoa, nana ia Ewa. Ku
keia i laila nana i ke ku a ka ea o
ka lepo i na kanaka, e pahu aku
ana keia i ka laau palau aia nei i
kai o Honouliuli, ku ka ea o ka
lepo, nu lalo o ka honua, me he
olai la, makau na kanaka holo a
hiki i Waikele. A hiki o Palila i
laila, e paapu ana na kanaka i ka
nana lealea a ke ’lii o Oahu nei,
and they all ran to Waikele.
When Palila arrived at Waikele
he saw the people gathered
there to witness the athletic
games that were being given by
the king of Oahu, Ahuapau by
name. His palace was situated at
Kalaepohaku, close to Wailuakio
at Kapalama.
Ahuapau was a kapu chief and
he was kept covered up away
from the wind and rain. On going
out he was carried from place to
place inclosed in a palanquin, so
high [144]and sacred was his
rank. 8 He had two very fast
runners, called Iomea and Ioloa.
Every time the king traveled to
Waikele to witness the games he
would climb into his palanquin
and be covered up and would
only venture out in this way,
whether on the way down or on
the way home. This king had a
certain fear of Kamaikaahui and
because of this fear he had
issued an order, that whoever
was able to chase Kamaikaahui
out of Oahu, or was able to kill
him, that he would make that
person the chief ruler of Oahu.
oia o Ahuapau, o kona hale
noho, o Kalaepohaku e pili la me
Wailuakio i Kapalama.
No Ahuapau: He ’lii kapu loa ia i
ka makani a me ka ua, he ’lii
kapu i ka nana aku, a no kona
kapu, ua paa i loko o ka manele
a me ka puloulou, ke hele i waho
o ke [145]alanui. Elua hoi ona
mau kukini mama loa, o Iomea,
o Ioloa. Ina e iho ke ’lii ilalo o
Waikele e lealea ai, alaila, komo
i ka manele, a pio ke kikiao
makani a hoolai, alaila amo, aole
e pa ke kikiao makani a komo i
ka hale, pela ke hele a ke hoi. A
ua olelo hoi ua ’lii la i kana olelo,
ina o ke kanaka e holo ai, a e
make ai o Kamaikaahui, e lilo ia i
alii nui no Oahu nei.
When Palila arrived at the place
he remained on the outside of
the crowd and said that if
Kamaikaahui would see him he
would run away. When this was
carried to the king Palila was
sent for and as he stood in the
presence of the king, the king
addressed him, saying: “If it is
true that Kamaikaahui will run
away from you this day, then you
will be the first one to enter my
sacred temple.” Soon after this
Palila made himself known to
Kamaikaahui. At sight of Palila,
Kamaikaahui attempted to
escape by running into the sea,
but Palila pushed out his club,
forcing Kamaikaahui to come
back. He was then caught and
uncovered and the people saw
his mouth and sets of teeth at his
back; he was then killed.
Papakolea was a farmer and his
wife was Koiuiu; they lived at
Leleo. It was promised him that
when his crops were ripe that the
temple of Kanelaauli, at
Kahehuna, 9 just at the base of
Punchbowl hill, would be opened
to the public.
O Palila hoi, mawaho ia o ka aha
e kalewa nei me kana olelo i
mua o ka lehulehu, “ina e ike o
Kamaikaahui ia ia, alaila holo.” A
lohe ke ’lii i keia mau olelo a
Palila, olelo mai ke ’lii: “Ina he
oiaio e holo o Kamaikaahui i keia
la ia oe, alaila nau e komo kuu
heiau kapu.” Mahope o keia
olelo ana, hoike o Palila ia
Kamaikaahui, holo o
Kamaikaahui i loko o ke kai, e
hoomoe aku ana o Palila i ka
laau palau, hoi hou i uka,
waihowale ke kino, ike ia ka
waha a me ka niho me ke kua, a
make iho la.
O Papakolea, he kanaka mahiai
ia, o Koiuiu kana wahine, o
Leleo ka aina, aia a oo ka ai
ana, alaila, komo ka heiau o
Kanelaauli ma Kahehuna, ma ke
alo o Puowaina. I aku o
Papakolea i ke ’lii, ia Ahuapau:
“E! ke keiki e puni ai ko aina,
hoomoe ia au kaikamahine.”
When Papakolea saw Palila he
said to Ahuapau, the king: “Say,
here is the young man who will
conquer the whole island for you;
give him your daughters to wife.”
Ahuapau had two daughters,
Kaalamikioi and Kalehuawai.
Upon hearing this the priest
Kahikoluamea said: “Don’t give
him your daughters yet; let us
wait a while. He is not quite
human as he is partly spirit,
being so by the influence of
Mahinui, his mother. He has
been brought up under strict
kapus in the temple of Alanapo
by the spirits and is therefore not
quite human.” At this Ahuapau
asked: “What are we to do
then?” Kahikoluamea replied:
“Put him on the palanquin and let
your runners carry him with all
haste into the temple, where he
shall be kept under a strict kapu
until we have worked over him
and have transformed him into a
perfect human being, when
everything will be well.” Palila
was then placed in the palanquin
and he was carried off by the two
runners into the temple of
Kanelaauli, at Kahehuna, without
allowing a single breath of wind
Elua kaikamahine a Ahuapau, o
Kaalamikioi, o Kalehuawai. I mai
ke kahuna, o Kahikoluamea:
“Alia e hoomoe i ka wahine, he
’kua kela ma ka aoao o Mahinui,
ka makuahine, ua hanai kapu ia i
loko o Alanapo e ke ’kua.
Nolaila, aole i lilo i kanaka.” I aku
o Ahuapau: “Pehea ka pono?” I
aku o Kahikoluamea: “E
hookomo i loko o ka manele, a e
amo au kukini me ka mama loa,
a komo i ka heiau, malaila e
kapu ai a pau ka hana, a lilo i
kanaka, alaila, pono.” Ia wa
komo o Palila i ka manele, a
amo mai la na kukini a komo i
loko o Kanelaauli ma Kahehuna,
me ka pa ole o ka makani. A o
ke ’lii hoi o Ahuapau, akahi no a
hele ma ka wakae, a me ka lepo,
akahi hoi a pa ia e ka makani.
to strike him. The king Ahuapau
in the meantime walked on the
ground for the first time and the
wind also for the first time blew
on him.
After Palila was carried into the
temple of Kanelaauli the priests
inquired: “What is this?” The
runners answered: “It is a
kapued chief from Alanapo,
Kauai. Let the railing of the
temple be put up, let the drum be
beaten and the coconut rattlers
rattle.” On the next day the
priests worked on Palila and he
was also properly circumcised.
He was then transformed into a
perfect human being. After the
ceremonies Palila was allowed
to live with his wives, the
daughters of Ahuapau. Soon
after this Ahuapau told Palila to
make a circuit of Oahu, to which
Palila consented.
But before starting out Palila
asked Ahuapau: “Are there any
lawless obstructions [146]along
the road surrounding Oahu?”
“None,” said Ahuapau. This was,
however, a lie, as Ahuapau was
even at this time determined to
A komo o Palila iloko o ka heiau
o Kanelaauli, ninau mai na
kahuna: “Heaha keia?” I aku na
kukini: “He ’lii kapu no Alanapo i
Kauai; e kau ka pae humu o ka
heiau, a e hookani ka pahu me
ka puniu.” A ao ka po, hana iho
la na kahuna ia Palila, kahe
pono ia ka mai, a pau ia, noa iho
la kona kino a lilo iho la i kino
kanaka maoli. Launa o Palila me
na wahine, na kaikamahine a
Ahuapau, alaila, olelo aku o
Ahuapau ia Palila, e hele e
kaapuni ia Oahu nei, ae mai o
Palila.
Ninau aku o Palila: “Aohe kupu,
a alai o ke alanui a puni Oahu
nei?” “Aole,” [147]pela mai o
Ahuapau; he manao huna ko
Ahuapau ia Palila, e ake ana no
e make o Palila. Olelo aku o
Palila: “Ae, i hele au, a i halawai
have Palila killed. Palila then
said to Ahuapau: “Yes, I am
going on my way and in case I
meet some one who will attempt
to harm me, I will first kill him
and then I will return and kill you
and all your men.” At this
Ahuapau was frightened and told
of Olomana, who was living at
Kaelepulu in Koolau and was a
great warrior. Palila then said: “I
will not kill you now; but had you
kept it from me you would have
been killed.”
Palila then climbed to the top of
Punchbowl hill and looked
around him. From this place he
walked up to the Nuuanu pali,
pushed his war club ahead of
him, holding on to one end and
flew to Kaelepulu, where he saw
Olomana standing.
Olomana was a very tall man, he
being twelve 10 yards to the
shoulders, and thirteen in height.
He was a very brave man and
was much feared. No chief or
warrior dared face him. If he
stood on the windward side the
other side would be a perfect
me ke kolohe, alaila, pepehi au a
make, hoi mai au pepehi ia oe a
me kou mau kanaka a pau loa.”
Ma keia olelo a Palila, makau o
Ahuapau, hai aku la ia Olomana,
aia i Kaelepulu i Koolau, he koa
ia. I mai o Palila: “Ola oe ia’u, e
huna oe, ina ua make.”
Pii aku la o Palila a luna o
Puowaina, nana ma o a ma o,
hele aku la a hiki i Nuuanu,
hoomoe i ka laau palau ana, paa
aku la o Palila mahope, holo aku
la a hiki i Kaelepulu, ilaila o
Olomana kahi i ku ai.
No Olomana: He kanaka loihi ia
ke nana aku, he umikumamalua
kahaku o ke kua, he
umikumamakolu o ke alo, he
kanaka koa a me ka makau ia;
aole alii, aole koa aa aku ia ia,
lulu ka makani ia ia ke ku ma ka
hikina, malu no hoi ka la no kona
kiekie.
calm; his height also shaded the
sun.
When Palila saw Olomana, he
jumped up with his war club,
Huliamahi, and stood on the
shoulders of Olomana. Olomana
then turned and said to Palila:
“Where are you from, you
haughty youngster? No one has
ever dared, before this day, to
climb up my shoulders; and here
you have done it.” Palila then
answered: “I am Palila who was
brought up in Alanapo, the
temple of the gods from the very
beginning of all things, and I
have come to fight you.” When
Olomana heard this, he was
sorely afraid, for he knew that
those who come from the temple
of Alanapo are men richly
endowed with supernatural
powers and very great warriors;
so Olomana begged: “Let me
live, Palila.” Palila replied: “I
cannot save you; you shall
indeed die, for your works have
been of evil.” Palila then struck
him, cutting him in two; one
portion flew toward the sea,
being Mahinui, and the other
portion remained where he
A ike o Palila ia Olomana, lele
pu ae la o Palila i luna me ka
laau palau ana me Huliamahi, a
kau i ka poohiwi o Olomana. Huli
ae la o Olomana a olelo ae la ia
Palila: “Nohea oe e nei keiki
hookano o ka hele ana mai nei?
Aole he mea nana i pii ko’u
poohiwi a hiki i keia la, o oe ae
nei ka ka mea nana e pii.” I aku
o Palila: “Owau nei o Palila i
hanai ia i loko o Alanapo, ka
heiau a ke ’kua mai ka pouli mai,
i hele mai e hakaka me oe.” A
lohe o Olomana, makau iho la ia
i ka lohe ana no Alanapo, no ka
mea, ua kaulana ia heiau no ka
mana o ke ’kua a me ke koa o
ke kanaka e noho ilaila; nolaila,
nonoi aku la o Olomana: “E ola
au e Palila.” Olelo aku o Palila:
“Aole oe e ola ia’u, e make ana
oe, no ka mea, aohe pono o kau
hana.” E pai aku ana o Palila,
lele kekahi aoao o Olomana, me
ka papalina a ku ana i kai, oia o
Mahinui, o kekahi aoao hoi, oia
ka puu o Olomana e ku nei. O ke
kumu hoi i lipilipi ai no ka lele
ana o kekahi aoao. Pela i make
stood, being the present hill of
Olomana. It was because of this
that the hill is so sharp at the
peak. This was how Olomana,
the great soldier of Oahu, was
killed by Palila.
After Palila had completed the
circuit of Oahu, he went along to
the rise at Kaimuki and then
down to Waialae; from this place
he proceeded to Wailupe and
then on to Maunalua where
Kahului, a fisherman of that
place, was living. Upon seeing
him Kahului called, so Palila
went to Kahului and they sat
down and began to talk on
various matters. That afternoon
the men and women came along
the shore in the pools to catch
minnows for bait, for aku fishing
for tomorrow. Palila again asked:
“How about us two?” “But I have
no one to assist me in paddling
the canoe because I have a very
large one, it being seven
fathoms in length.” Palila then
said: “The two of us will paddle it
in order to make it go.” They
then started out and caught
some minnows which they kept
for the next day.
ai o Olomana ke koa kiekie o
Oahu nei ia Palila.
A puni Oahu nei ia Palila, hele
aku la ia a ka piina o Kaimuki, a
iho aku la i Waialae, malaila aku
a Wailupe, a Maunalua, e noho
ana o Kahului, he lawaia no laila.
Kahea mai la o Kahului ia ia nei,
hele aku la keia a kokoke, noho
iho la laua a ahiahi, hele mai ana
na kanaka, na wahine, i kapa
kahakai e hopuhopu iao, hi aku.
Ninau aku la o Palila ia Kahului:
“Heaha keia kanaka e paapu nei
o ke kai?” “He kaee iao, i mea hi
aku, no ka la apopo.” I aku o
Palila: “A pehea la hoi kaua?”
“Ka, aohe o’u lua e hiki ai ka
waa ke hoe, no ka mea, he waa
nui, ehiku anana ka loa.” Olelo
aku no o Palila: “O kaua no hoi
paha ke hoe i ka waa i hiki.”
Alaila, hele aku la laua i ka iao a
loaa, waiho iho la a ao ae holo i
ka hi aku.
In the early morning when they
came out they found that all the
others had gone before them; so
Kahului thought they would not
be able to get their canoe into
the sea; he then turned to Palila
and said: “We will not be able to
get our canoe into the sea as
there are no men to assist us.”
Palila replied: “You get in front
and lift while I lift the [148]after
part here; but you must not look
behind.” Palila gave the canoe
one shove and it floated in the
sea; he then jumped in the fore
part of the canoe and took up
nine paddles while Kahului
jumped into the after part and
took up his paddle. After they
were ready to start Palila took up
one paddle and with one stroke
broke it in two; so he took up
another paddle and that too was
broken; this was kept up until all
the nine paddles were broken.
Kahului then said to Palila: “Let
us return for we have no more
paddles to work the canoe with.”
Palila then took up his war club
and used it as a paddle; he took
but one stroke and they went
skimming along beyond
Eia nae, i ke kakahiaka nui, ua
pau loa na kanaka i ka holo i kai
i ka lawaia, aohe kanaka nana e
hapai ka waa; nolaila, olelo aku
o Kahului ia Palila: “Aole e hiki
ana ka waa i ka hapai, aohe
kanaka e hiki ai.” I aku o Palila:
“Mamua oe e hapai ai, mahope
[149]aku nei au, mai nana mai oe
i hope nei.” Ia pahu ana no a
Palila, lana i loko o ke kai, ka
waa. Mamua o Palila o ka waa
me na hoe eiwa, mahope o
Kahului me kana hoe. Lalau aku
la o Palila i ka hoe, a hou iho i
lalo, a kai ae, ua haki, pela a pau
na hoe eiwa, olelo mai o
Kahului: “Aole e hiki ka waa o
kaua, aohe hoe, e hoi kaua.”
Lalau iho la o Palila i ka laau
palau ana, a hoe iho la, hookahi
mapuna hoe, hele ana laua nei
ma lalo o Kawaihoa, hiki i Kolo,
he ko’a ia.
Kawaihoa, then on to Kolo, the
great fishing grounds.
When Kahului saw how fast they
were traveling he admitted the
great strength displayed by
Palila. Upon arriving at the
fishing grounds Kahului
proceeded to fish, but after
several trials he was unable to
catch any aku, for all his hooks
were broken. After a time Palila
asked: “When are we to catch
some fish?” Kahului replied: “The
sea is full of fish, but the trouble
is I cannot catch any. Here I
have lost several hooks, but I
have not been able to land a
single fish. I have used up all my
hooks except one.” Palila then
said: “You come in front here and
paddle our canoe along, and I
will come and fish.” This was
done by Kahului.
Palila then took up his war club
and tied the bait on to it and let it
down to the sea. The fish then
gathered on to the club in great
numbers. When Palila saw this
he jerked up the club and the
fish dropped into the canoe. He
repeated this several times until
Ma keia holo ana, ua mahalo o
Kahului i ka ikaika o Palila,
lawaia iho la o Kahului, aohe
loaa o ke aku, no ka pau o ka
makau i ka mokumoku. I aku o
Palila: “Ahea loaa ka kaua ia?” I
mai o Kahului: “He ia ke kai, o ka
lou ole ka hewa i ka makau. O
ka makau ia e mokumoku nei,
aohe make ae o ka ia, ua pau
loa na makau, a koe no hookahi
i koe.” Olelo aku o Palila: “E hoi
mai oe mamua nei e hoe ai i ka
waa o kaua, owau ke hoi aku e
lawaia.” Ae mai la o Kahului.
Lalau iho la o Palila i ka laau
palau ana ia Huliamahi, a mali
iho la i ka iao a waiho aku la o
lalo, lele mai la ke aku e ai, ka
ae la keia i luna o ka waa i ke
aku, pela no ka hana ana a
komo ka waa o laua i ka ia. Hoi
aku la laua a pae i uka, olelo aku
the canoe was loaded down
deep with fish. They then
returned to the landing. When
they reached the landing Palila
said to Kahului: “You go on
ahead and broil me some of the
fish and I will lift the canoe
ashore.” Palila then gave the
canoe one shove and it landed
high and dry and onto its blocks.
After the fish was cooked they
sat down to their meal. After a
few days Palila left Kahului
because he was too stingy, and
he again continued on his
journey along the coast until he
arrived on the rise of Hanauma,
where he stood and looked at
the heat as it ascended from the
pili grass at Kaunakakai,
Molokai. He then pushed out his
war club ahead of him which flew
through the air and he was
carried to Kaluakoi. Here he
discarded a portion of his person
which turned into the point of
Kalaeokalaau, which is seen to
this day, so named in honor of
Palila.
There was at this place a large
stick of wood to which was given
la o Palila ia Kahului: “E hoi oe e
pulehu ia, na’u e hapai ka waa o
kaua.” Hookahi no panee ana
kau ka waa i ke aki.
Moa ae la ka ia, ai iho la laua.
Noho iho la laua a hala he mau
la, haalele o Palila ia Kahului no
ke pi. Hele aku la ia a luna o
Hanauma, nana aku la i ka
enaena o ke pili o
Kaunakahakai, i Molokai, pahu
aku la ia i kana laau palau, a
maluna o laila ia i hiki ai a
Kaluakoi. Ilaila, waiho ia i kekahi
aoao o kona mai, oia o
Kalaeokalaau a hiki i keia la,
mamuli o ka mai o Palila ia inoa.
Aia i laila, he laau nui, o
Hooneenuu kona inoa. No keia
the name of Hooneenuu.
Because of this name,
Hooneenuu, Palila took a dislike
to Molokai, so he again pushed
out his war club and flew to
Kaunolu, Lanai. From this place
he crossed over to Kahoolawe
and from there to Pohakueaea in
Honuaula. At this place he sat
down and rested.
After resting for some time he
pushed out his spear and flew to
Kaula in Hamakua, Hawaii, the
dividing line separating the
districts of Hilo and Hamakua.
From this place he continued on
until he found Lupea, a sister of
Hina, who was living above
Kaawalii; she was one of Palila’s
attendants. Lupea is a hau tree
to this day, and wherever the
malo of Palila was spread out to
dry no hau 11 tree has grown
even to this day. This was
caused by the god Ku, the god of
Palila, a god of supernatural
power. [150]There was at Hilo a
temple also called Humuula, like
the one on Kauai, which was
also sacred, and furthermore it
inoa o ka laau o Hooneenuu,
hoowahawaha o Palila ia
Molokai, ma kona manao, he
kiona keia laau, nolaila, haalele
iho la o Palila ia Molokai, a holo
aku la. Pahu aku la ia i kana
laau palau mamua, mahope o
Palila, a pae laua ma Kaunolu i
Lanai, malaila aku a Kahoolawe,
malaila aku a Pohakueaea i
Honuaula.
Alaila, noho iho la i laila
hoomaha, pahu hou i ka ihe ana,
hiki i Kaula ma Hamakua i
Hawaii, ka mokuna o Hilo me
Hamakua. Hele aku la a loaa ko
Hina muli o Lupea, noho ana i
Kaawalii, maluna mai, he kahu
hanai no ia no Palila. A he hau o
Lupea a hiki i keia la, a ma kahi i
kaulai ia ai ka malo o Palila, aole
e ulu ka hau malaila a hiki i keia
la, no ka mea, he hana na ke
’kua. O Ku ka inoa o ko Palila
akua, he [151]akua mana a me ka
ikaika loa. A he heiau no hoi ko
Hilo o Humuula, e like me ko
Kauai heiau o Humuula, a he
kapu no, a he ’kua no, a he
mana no, ua like a like.
was also under the control of the
spirits and was just as powerful.
The king of Hilo at this time was
Kulukulua, and Wanua was the
king of Hamakua. The two were
at war with each other. The
greatest warrior of Hamakua was
Moanonuikalehua and his war
club was called Koholalele. 12
This war club was so large that it
required four hundred men to
carry it. The next in greatness
was Kumunuiaiake, a warrior of
note. His spear was made from
the mamane 13 wood of
Kawaihae; it was ten fathoms in
length and he could throw this
spear over a distance greater
than the length of an ahupuaa.
Puupuukaamai was another
great warrior. His long pololu
spear was made from the
koaie 14 wood, a very hard wood
growing in the mountains. This
spear was so long that it could
be served as a wind break, and it
could also be used to dam a
stream; it could kill twelve
hundred men at one stroke. All
these three warriors were
fighting on the side of Wanua,
the king of Hamakua.
O ke ’lii o Hilo ia wa, o
Kulukulua, o Wanua ko
Hamakua alii, e noho ana laua
me ke kaua. O na koa kaulana o
Hamakua, o Moanonuikalehua,
o kana laau palau o Koholalele,
hookahi lau kanaka e amo ai,
eha haneri ma ka helu hou. O
Kumunuiaiake, he koa ia, o kana
ihe, he mamane o Kawaihae, he
umi anana ka loa, aole e maalili
kana ihe ke o i ke ahupuaa
hookahi. O Puupuukaamai, he
koa ia, o kana laau he pololu, he
koaie makua no ke kuahiwi, lulu
ka makani, hoi ka wai o ke
kahawai, pau na lau kanaka
ekolu i ka pahu hookahi ana. O
neia mau koa ekolu, mahope o
Wanua ke ’lii o Hamakua.
When Palila arrived at Kaula he
took up the game of rolling the
calabash which was played on
the highway. He never once left
the place and was known by
everybody that passed along the
highway as a man who did
nothing else. In the battles that
were being fought, a great many
of the men of the army of
Hamakua were being killed that
no one could account for. This
was carried on for many days
and still no one could tell who
was doing the killing. In the
conflict, however, some of the
men often heard a voice calling
out:
Slain by me, Palila,
By the offspring of Walewale,
By the ward of Lupea,
By the oo bird that sings in the
forest,
By the mighty god Ku.
The call was the only thing the
men could hear; they were not
able to see the person for he
traveled at such great speed.
The people had a suspicion,
however, that it was Palila
himself; but when the matter was
O ka Palila hana i ka pali o
Kaula, o ka olokaa ipu i ke
alanui, me ka hele ole ma o a
ma o, me ka ike o na mea a pau
o ke alanui kona wahi noho.
Iloko o ka wa kaua, ua nui ka
make o na kanaka o Hamakua,
aole nae i ike ia ka mea nana e
luku nei, pela a nui na la i hala
mahope, aohe ike ia. Aka, ua
lohe kekahi poe ma ka leo, i loko
o ka hoouka poe ana o ke kaua,
penei:
A make na’u na Palila,
Na kama a ka Walewale,
Na ka hanai a Lupea,
Na ka oo kani i ke kuahiwi nei la,
Na ke ’kua ikaika na Ku.
O ka leo wale no ke lohe ia, aole
ke kino, no ka mama loa o Palila
ma ka holo ana, nolaila, aole
mea i ike ia ia, aka, ua nui ka
noonoo o na kanaka nona, no ka
pau loa i ka make. A o ka olelo a
kekahi poe aole ana hele e