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NEW AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN
MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND
BIOENGINEERING
NEW AND FUTURE
DEVELOPMENTS IN
MICROBIAL
BIOTECHNOLOGY
AND
BIOENGINEERING
Sustainable Agriculture:
Microorganisms as Biostimulants
Edited by
Anukool Vaishnav
Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, India; Agroecology and Environment,
Agroscope, Zürich, Switzerland
Elsevier
Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
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This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the
Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and
experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or
medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein.
In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety
of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
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liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products,
instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
ISBN: 978-0-323-85163-3
v
vi CONTENTS
References 225
16.1 Introduction 283
14. Microbial consortia for augmentation 16.2 Why do we need to study fungal-medicinal
of plant growth–revisiting the promising plant interaction to make secondary
metabolites? 285
approach towards sustainable agriculture 16.3 Role of endophytic fungi in production of
Niharika Ghoghari, Krishna Bharwad, Akshita Champaneria, secondary metabolites; host-endophyte
Shalini Rajkumar
relationship 286
14.1 Rhizosphere: a nutrient rich niche 234 16.4 Metabolic interactions of plant
14.2 Microbial marketing strategies 234 endophytes 299
viii CONTENTS
K.S. Anantharaju Department of Chemistry, Day- Tuyelee Das Department of Life Sciences, Presi-
ananda Sagar Collge of Engineering, Bangalore, dency University, Kolkata, India
India
Diptanu Datta Department of Plant Pathol-
Ali Anwar Division of Plant Pathology, Faculty ogy, Collage of agriculture, Odisha University
of Horticulture, SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar,
of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar,
J&K, India
Odisha, India
S. Aravindan ICAR-National Rice Research In-
stitute, Cuttack, Odisha, India Zahra Dehghanian Department of Biotechnol-
Tess Astatkie Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie ogy, Faculty of Agriculture, Azarbaijan Shahid
University, Truro, Canada Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
Mathew S Baite ICAR-National Rice Research Abhijit Dey Department of Life Sciences, Presi-
Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India dency University, Kolkata, India
Khosro Balilashaki Department of Horticultur- Pushpendra Kumar Dhakad Holy Cross Kri-
al Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of shi Vigyan Kendra, Canary Hill, Hazaribag,
Guilan, Guilan, Iran Jharkhand, India
Himadri Tanaya Behera School of Biotechnol- Neimar de Freitas Duarte Minas Gerais Federal
ogy, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology
Institute of Education, Science and Technology
(KIIT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
(IFMG), Brazil
Lopamudra Behera Department of Mycology
and Plant pathology, Institute of Agricultural Shubham Dubey Department of Biochemical
Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Insti-
India tute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New
L. Bhanu School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Delhi, India
Dayananda Sagar University, Bangalore, India Saraí Esparza-Reynoso Instituto de Investiga-
Krishna Bharwad Institute of Science, Nirma ciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Mi-
University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, choacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio
Ahmedabad Gujarat, India B3, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, Michoacán,
México
B. Cayalvizhi ICAR-National Rice Research In-
stitute, Cuttack, Odisha, India K. Gangadhar ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut
Akshita Champaneria Institute of Science, Nir- Research, Junagadh, Gujarat, India
ma University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Niharika Ghoghari Institute of Science, Nirma
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway,
Eduardo Jose Azevedo Correa Agricultural Re- Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
search Company of Minas Gerais (EPAMIG), Sujit Ghosh Department of Botany, J.K. Col-
Pitangui, MG
lege, Purulia, West Bengal, India
Smrutiranjan Das School of Biotechnology, Ka-
linga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bisweswar Gorain ICAR-Central Soil Salinity
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India Research Institute RRS Bharuch, Gujarat, India
ix
x CONTRIBUTORS
Ajit Varma Amity Institute of Microbial M.K. Yadav Department of Plant Pathology,
Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Janta Collage, Bakewar, Etawah, UP, India
Pradesh, India Manoj K. Yadav ICAR-National Rice Research
Ambarish S. Vidyarthi N.P.S Institute of Tech- Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
nology, GIC Campus, Pithoragarh, Uttara-
khand, India
About the Editors
xiii
Preface
Zero hunger is a complicated task for scien- on the way to being cultured and preserved
tific community under this erratic climate at in-vitro conditions. This is an emerging
conditions, rapid population growth, and area in agrofarming, where a lot of evidences
with limited arable land. In the last two demonstrate the potential of several AIMs in
years (2020 & 2021), the globe is encoun- promotion of plant growth and productivity
tered with the pandemic of Covid-19. This and also in disease management. However,
outbreak causes declines and stagnation of the mechanisms behind their efficacy and
food trading and transportation between interaction with soil biota and host plant
nations that again affect global food supply. are still matter of discussion. The beneficial
To match with food demand, it is necessary microbes improve soil fertility and promote
to apply such approaches that can increase plant growth through direct and indirect
crop productivity and yield. The intensive processes. In direct process, these microbes
use of agrochemicals (fertilizers and pes- produce plant growth promoting hormones
ticides) has led to severe consequences, and solubilize inorganic nutrients into the
including the deterioration of soil and the soil that increase nutrient uptake efficiency
environment. Increasing soil pollution and of plants leading to better growth and pro-
adverse effects of agrochemicals on human ductivity. Under indirect process, AIMs
and animals built a pressure on agricul- work as biocontrol agent for different pests
tural scientists to find alternate eco-friendly and reduce pathogenicity in plants. There-
approaches. In this context, application of fore, these beneficial microbes can be used
agriculturally important microorganisms as biofertilizers and biopesticides for cleaner
(AIMs) with the genera of Bacillus, Pseu- and healthier agricultural practices.
domonas, Rhizobium, Burkholderia, Arhtobac- This book has reviewed the recent studies
ter, Trichoderma and Mycorrhiza spp. for the on different agricultural important microbes
purpose of biofertilizer and biopesticides is and emphasized on their future research
a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative and application in agriculture. The chap-
of agrochemicals. The most consensual and ters contributed by prominent scientists will
recent definition of these microbes states be a ready source of information for young
“Plant Biostimulants”, which can be directly researchers, industrialist and progressive
applied to plants, seeds, and soil for sustain- farmers.
able agriculture production. These biostimu-
lants are part of a wide unknown microbial Harikesh Bahadur Singh, Mathura, India
diversity, constituting the rhizospheric, epi-
phytic, or endophytic microbiota, which are Anukool Vaishnav, Zürich, Switzerland
xv
C H A P T E R
1
Role of microorganism as new generation
plant bio-stimulants: An assessment
Deepali Shuklaa, Piyush Shuklab, Ashmita Tandonc, Poonam C.
Singhc, Jayandra Kumar Johric
aDepartment
of Biotechnology, IPS Academy Indore, MP, India, bDepartment of Rural
Technology, Guru Ghasidas Central University, Bilaspur, CG, India, cDepartment of Plant
Microbe Interaction, CSIR-NBRI, Lucknow, UP, India
1.1 Background
World’s largest population are dependent on plants or crop for their food requirements. For
the sustainable development of population, it is very essential that production of plants should
be raised more and more every time. In this context “Green revolution” played a vital role for
the production of rice, corn and wheat crop varieties. Moreover, different world governments
and organizations makes indispensable efforts to work on multiplication on the production
of crop to ensure the food provision (Abbott et al., 2018; Ortíz-Castro et al., 2012; Roberts and
Tasistro, 2012).
Studies suggest that for the increased productivity of crop, the role of nutrients like nitro-
gen, phosphorus, minerals and vitamins along with the plant health is very important. To
fulfilling demand of enhance crop productivity, in past decades chemical fertilizers market
were continuously growing globally (Singh et al., 2016). Intensive application of phosphorus
and nitrogen base chemical leads to a massive depletion of soil and water resources (Den
Herder et al., 2010), and it also cause global crisis of pollution. Enormous use of chemicals
is very harmful to human and environment too (Carvalho, 2017).
Other than use of chemical fertilizers for better crop yield climate change, emerging plant
pathogens, drought and stress is also a major challenge that affect agroecosystem (Rosenz-
weig and Tubiello, 2007). For surpass crop production, it is necessary to combat for all these
environmental hazards caused by the use of extensive chemical fertilizers and other climate,
plant disease and stress related problems for this some protocol and rules were established
for agropractices worldwide (Gomiero et al., 2011). Bio-stimulants gain popularity as addi-
tives to fertilizers which increase the efficacy of fertilizers by stimulating physiology of plant
and in current time microbial based bio-stimulant plays pivotal role in agribusiness (Backer
et al., 2018) and (Le Mire et al., 2016).
Bio-stimulants can’t be precise in one function or one definition, it consists wide nature, they
act as additives to the fertilizers which stimulates/enhance the nutrient assimilation capacity,
growth promotion and increment of stress tolerating capacity of plants (Ricci et al., 2019).
Plant bio-stimulants are made up of any type of substance like enzymes, proteins, small
peptides, micronutrient, amino acids, plant and animal waste, plants extracts, microorganism
and microorganism derived products (Ugolini et al., 2015) and (Colla et al., 2017). Bio-
stimulants help in plant development and growth improvement by increment in seed ger-
mination in both above side or below side of plant, content of chlorophyll, size and number
of flower and fruits (Hermosa et al., 2012; Mendoza-Mendoza et al., 2018; Przybysz et al.,
2014; Ruzzi and Aroca, 2015) and (Drobek et al., 2019). Plant bio-stimulant can make the root
modification by which area of absorption are increased that lead to improvement in nutrient
uptake and translocation, it helps the efficient use of micronutrient attribute for enhancing
the plant biomass (Halpern et al., 2015; Samolski et al., 2012) and (Bargaz et al., 2018). Micro-
bial Plant Bio-stimulants are made up with varieties of microorganisms, they enhance the
growth, development adaptivity of different biotic and abiotic stress of plant and enhance
the crop productivity. Microbial Bio-stimulants are the new future in sustainable agriculture
practices (Alori et al., 2017) and (Rajput et al., 2019).
Bio-stimulants may be made up of any chemicals, organic substance, plant extract and
microbes itself. Any substance to work as bio-stimulator that can help to improve the condi-
tion of crop, without creating any type of harm to the agroecosystem (Le Mire et al., 2016).
In former agriculture practices, some organic compounds viz, humic acid and fulvic acid are
majorly used as chemical bio-stimulants (Canellas et al., 2015). Naturally occurring chemicals
like protein hydrolases, and phenols are served as natural bio-stimulants (Canellas et al.,
2015; Du Jardin, 2015; Pereira et al., 2019) and (Roomi et al., 2018). Vitamins, chitosan and
chitin are also in practice as plant bio-stimulants (Caradonia et al., 2019). After organic com-
pounds, plant and animal based organic substances were used as plant bio-stimulants, for
example naturally occurring row plant material, plant extracts, several type of fruits waste,
pulses, algal material (Battacharyya et al., 2015; Colla et al., 2015; Khan et al., 2009; Ugolini
et al., 2015). Organic, extract of different plant like rosemary oil extract increase the mass of
root by stimulating the nutrient uptake (Souri and Bakhtiarizade, 2019). Plant based other
bio-stimulant are mainly work as enzyme hydrolysis, these peptides substance or protein
hydrolysates stimulate growth of plant (Polo and Mata, 2018). Some plant bio-stimulants
preparation is made up with the mixture of plant and animal products that include small
peptides, hydrolase enzymes also some acids and alkaline products in animal waste, feather,
bone meals, collagens and casein (Colla et al., 2015) and (Ugolini et al., 2015). Several algae
or algal preparation are also work as bil-ostimulants and they show positive effect on many
types of crops (Godlewska et al., 2016) and (Amatussi et al., 2020). The preparation of organic
bio-stimulants is actually a fermentation process that can reduce the use of massive fertilizer
so it is eco-friendly option as well.
Microbial bio-stimulants are able to change the microflora of soil and plant by which
growth of plant/crop accelerate (Colla et al., 2015; Kannan, 2019). Microbial plant bio-
stimulant improves metabolic efficacy of plant so they brought many beneficial changes in
crop yield. Microbial plant bio-stimulants also improve the quality, shelf life, stress tolerating
capacity and disease resistance ability of plants (El-Mageed et al., 2017; Ma, 2019; Van Oosten
et al., 2017) and (Bulgari et al., 2017). In modern era of agroecosystem instead of conventional
strategies, microbial bio-stimulant get a popularity for their convenient preparation, small
inoculum size and eco-friendly nature (Arora et al., 2018) and (Verma et al., 2020).
Agriculture faces several challenges, viz. massive use of chemicals, low crop yield and new
emerging virulent pathogens. For sustainable agriculture system it requires to minimizing
the use of chemical or toxic material, which are hazardous for agro environment and human
too (Keswani et al., 2014). Several factors of plant like root architect, p and n uptake, strengthen
natural immune system of plant (Péret et al., 2011), microbes have ability to change plant
root architect by changing the rhizospheric microflora which lead to more uptake of nutri-
ents, All these requirement suggesting foster by microbial based bio-stimulants (Abbott et al.,
2018; Berg, 2009; Calvo et al., 2014; Rouphael et al., 2017). Fig. 1.1, shows role of Microbes as
plant biostmulant.
In new era of modern agro practices, microorganism became vastly used plant bio-
stimulants also known as plant strengtheners and plant conditioner (La Torre et al., 2016).
Microorganism stimulate the growth of plant/crop in number of ways throughout the life
cycle from germination to maturity by enhancing the nutrient assimilation ability of plant.
Plant bio-stimulants can be applied on crop in many ways they directly apply on plant or