Electrical Wiring Industrial.

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Stephen L. Herman
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Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
ELECTRICAL WIRING
INDUSTRIAL Based on the 2017 National Electrical Code®

16th edition

STEPHEN L. HERMAN

Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 Electrical Wiring Industrial, 16th Edition
Stephen L. Herman
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Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
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 Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x

1
CHAPTER Plans and Sitework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Construction Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Explanation of Plan Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Sitework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Testing the Site for Grounding Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Interpreting the Site Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Metrics (SI) and the NEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

2
CHAPTER The Unit Substation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
The High-Voltage Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Transformer Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Overcurrent Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Determining Transformer Fuse Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
The Transformer Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
The Low-Voltage Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
The High-Voltage Metering Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Service Entrances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Transformer Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

3
CHAPTER Feeder Bus System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Feeder Ducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
The Circuit-Breaker Cubicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Plug-In Busway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Bus Plugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

4
CHAPTER Panelboards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Panelboards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Branch-Circuit Protective Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Panelboard Protective Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Power Panelboards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

5
CHAPTER Trolley Busways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Three-Phase Trolley Busway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
The Trolley Busway Runs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Lighting in the Manufacturing Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Lighting in the Boiler Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

6
CHAPTER Using Wire Tables and Determining Conductor Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Insulation Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Correction Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
iii

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
iv   

More Than Three Conductors in Raceway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Underground Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Selecting Conductors for Equipment Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Calculating Conductor Sizes and Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Long Wire Lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Calculating Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Parallel Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Testing Wire Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
The American Wire Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

7
CHAPTER Signaling Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
The Master Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
The Program System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
The Paging System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
The Fire Alarm System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

8
CHAPTER Basic Motor Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Two-Wire Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Three-Wire Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Schematic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Overload Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Schematics and Wiring Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Start–Stop Push-Button Control Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Forward–Reverse Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Basic Air-Conditioning Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Timing Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

9
CHAPTER Motors and Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
The Machines and Their Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Motor Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Single-Speed Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
The Wound-Rotor Induction Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Determining Direction of Rotation for 3-Phase Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Connecting ­Dual-Voltage 3-Phase Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Dual-Voltage Single-Phase Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Determining Direction of Rotation for Single-Phase Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Terminal Identification for Direct-Current Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Determining the Direction of Rotation of a Direct-Current Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Direct-Current Power Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Variable-Frequency Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

10
CHAPTER Motor Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Motor Nameplate Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Motor Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Motor Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Direct-Current Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Single-Phase Alternating-Current Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Two-Phase Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Three-Phase Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Determining Conductor Size for a Single Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Overload Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Overload Heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Protecting Large Horsepower Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Motor Starter Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Determining Locked-Rotor Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Short-Circuit Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Multiple Motor Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 C0NTENTS  v

11
CHAPTER Power Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Loading on Alternating-Current Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Power Factor Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
The Synchronous Condensers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
The Tie-In . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Correcting Power Factor with Capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Correcting Motor Power Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Installing Capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Testing Capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

12
CHAPTER Ventilating, Air Conditioning, and Other Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
The Ventilator and Exhaust Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Special Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
The Cooling Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Liquid Chillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
The Precipitation Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

13
CHAPTER System Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
System Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Circuit Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

14
CHAPTER Lightning Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Atomic Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
How Lightning Is Generated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Master Label . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Building Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Safety Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

15
CHAPTER Site Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Lamp Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Illuminance Selections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Power Limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Luminaire Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Electrical Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

16
CHAPTER Programmable Logic Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Differences between Programmable Logic Controllers and
Personal Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Basic Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Installing Programmable Logic Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
The Differential Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

17
CHAPTER Developing a Program for a PLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Assigning Inputs and Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Converting the Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

18
CHAPTER Fiber Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Fiber Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Fiber-Optic Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Fiber-Optic Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

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vi  

19
CHAPTER Hazardous Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Equipment Approval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Intrinsically Safe Circuits and Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Seals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Circuit-Breaker Panelboards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Luminaires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Motor Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Flexible Cords and Receptacles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Hazardous Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Explosionproof Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

20
CHAPTER Harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Harmonic Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Circuit-Breaker Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Bus Ducts and Panelboard Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Determining Harmonic Problems on Single-Phase Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Determining Harmonic Problems on 3-Phase Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Dealing with Harmonic Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Determining Transformer Harmonic Derating Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368

Electrical Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370

Code Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

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 Preface

Intended Use and Level

Electrical Wiring—Industrial is intended for use in industrial wiring courses at two-year
community and technical colleges. The text walks the reader step-by-step through an indus-
trial building, providing the basics on installing industrial wiring systems. An accompanying
set of plans at the back of the book shows students how the concepts learned in each chapter
are applied to an actual industrial building. This pairing of theory and application helps stu-
dents understand and meet requirements set forth by the National Electrical Code® (NEC®).

Subject and Approach

The sixteenth edition of Electrical Wiring—Industrial is based on the 2017 NEC. The NEC
is the basic standard for the layout and construction of electrical systems. To gain the greatest
­benefit from this text, the learner must use the NEC on a continuing basis.

In addition to the NEC, the instructor should provide the learner with
­applicable state and local wiring regulations as they may affect the indus-
trial installation.

In addition to the accurate interpretation of the requirements of the NEC, the successful
completion of any wiring installation requires the electrician to have a thorough understand-
ing of basic electrical principles, a knowledge of the tools and materials used in installations,
familiarity with commonly installed equipment and the specific wiring requirements of the
equipment, the ability to interpret electrical construction drawings, and a constant awareness
of safe wiring practices.
Electrical Wiring—Industrial builds upon the knowledge and experience gained from
working with the other texts in the Delmar Cengage Learning electrical wiring series and
related titles. The basic skills developed through previous applications are now directed
to industrial installations. The industrial electrician is responsible for the installation of
electrical service, power, lighting, and special systems in new construction; the change-
over from old systems to new in established industrial buildings; the provision of addi-
tional electrical capacity to meet the growth requirements of an industrial building; and
periodic maintenance and repair of the various systems and components in the building.

vii

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
viii PREFACE
Features
An introduction to plans and sitework is the topic of
the first chapter in the book, providing explanations
of identifying symbols and interpreting the plans in
order to help orient the student to the industrial job
site. Examples are integrated into the text and take
the student step by step through problems, to illus-
trate how to derive solutions using newly introduced
mathematical formulas and calculations. Industrial
building drawings are included in the back of the
book, offering students the opportunity to apply the
concepts that they have learned in each chapter as
they step through the wiring process. Review ques-
tions at the end of each chapter allow students to test
what they have learned and to target any sections
that require further review.
New to this Edition
• Updated to the 2017 National Electrical Code
• Extended coverage of motor installation
• Extended coverage of service entrances
• Additional information concerning transformers
• Instruction on selecting conductors for
­equipment
• Additional information concerning motor
­control symbols
To access additional course materials including
MindTap, please visit www.cengagebrain.com. At
the CengageBrain.com home page, search for the
ISBN of your title (from the back cover of your
book) using the search box at the top of the page.
This will take you to the product page where these
resources can be found.
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
This edition of Electrical Wiring—Industrial
was completed after all normal steps of revis-
ing the NEC NFPA 70 were taken and before
the actual issuance and publication of the 2017
edition of the NEC. These steps include the
­following:
• The National Fire Protection Association
(NFPA) solicits proposals for the 2017 NEC.
• Interested parties submit proposals to the
NFPA.
• Proposals are sent to Code-Making Panels
(CMPs).
• CMPs and the Technical Correlating
Committee review proposals.
• Report on Proposals document is published.
• Interested parties submit comments on the
proposals to the NFPA.
• CMPs and Technical Correlating Committee
review comments.
• Report on comments document is published.
• Review of all Proposals and Comments is
conducted at the NFPA Annual Meeting.
• New motions are permitted to be made at the
NFPA Annual Meeting.
• Finally, the Standard Council meets to
review actions made at the NFPA Annual
Meeting and to authorize publication of the
NEC.
Every effort has been made to be technically
correct, but there is the possibility of typographical
errors or appeals made to the NFPA board of direc-
tors after the normal review process that could result
in reversal of previous decisions by the CMPs.
If changes in the NEC do occur after the
printing of this book, these changes will be incor-
porated in the next printing.
The NFPA has a standard procedure to intro-
duce changes between Code cycles after the
actual NEC is printed. These are called Tentative
Interim Amendments, or TIAs. TIAs and cor-
rected typographical errors can be downloaded
from the NFPA website, http://www.nfpa.org, to
make your copy of the Code current.

Supplements
The Instructor Companion Website contains an
Instructor Guide in PDF format with answers to all
review questions included in the book. Two sets of
PowerPoint presentations are available as well: as
chapter presentations and a series of topical pre-
sentations. To round out your resource package,
we have included an Image Gallery, and Cengage
Learning Testing Powered by Cognero.
Cengage Learning Testing Powered by Cognero
is a flexible, online system that allows you to:
• author, edit, and manage test bank content from
multiple Cengage Learning solutions
• create multiple test versions in an instant
• deliver tests from your LMS, your classroom,
or wherever you want.
To access the Instructor Companion Website
from SSO Front Door:
1. Go to http://login.cengage.com and log in using
the Instructor e-mail address and password.
2. Enter author, title, or ISBN in the Add a title to
your bookshelf search box, and click Search.
3. Click Add to My Bookshelf to add Instructor
Resources.
4. At the product page, click the Instructor
­Companion site link.
New Users
If you’re new to Cengage.com and do not have a
password, contact your sales representative.
Mindtap® Electricity for Electrical
Wiring—Industrial
MindTap® is more than an eBook, a homework
solution, a resource center, a course ­
­ delivery
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
PREFACE ix
p­latform, or a Learning Management System.
MindTap is a new personal learning experience that
combines all your digital assets—readings, multi-
media, activities, and assessments—into a singular
learning path to improve student outcomes.
MindTap Electricity for Electrical Wiring—
Industrial has been specially designed for the 16th
edition to provide interactive learning activities,
study tools, and assessments ready to integrate with
your learning management system.
To access additional course material, including
MindTap, please visit www.CengageBrain.com. At
the CengageBrain.com home page, search for the
ISBN (from the back cover of the book), using the
search box at the top of the page. This will take
you to the product page where the resources can be
found.
About the Author
Stephen L. Herman has been both a teacher of
industrial electricity and an industrial electrician
for many years. He received his formal education
at Catawba Valley Technical College in Hickory,
North Carolina. After working as an industrial elec-
trician for several years, he became the Electrical
Installation and Maintenance instructor at Randolph
Technical College in Asheboro, North Carolina.
After nine years, he returned to industry as an elec-
trician. Mr. Herman later became the lead Electrical
Technology instructor at Lee College in Baytown,
Texas. After serving 20 years at Lee ­ College,
he retired from teaching and now lives with his
wife in Pittsburg, Texas. Mr. Herman has received
the ­Halliburton Education Foundation’s award for
excellence in teaching. He has been a guest speaker
at professional organizations and has three times
been a judge for the national motor control competi-
tion at Skills USA.
 Acknowledgments

The author and publisher wish to thank the following reviewers for their contributions:

Salvador P. Aranda Paul V. Westrom

Savannah Technical College New England Institute of Technology
Savannah, Georgia Greenwich, Rhode Island

Mike Brumback DeWain Belote

York Technical College Pinellas Tech Educational Center
Rock Hill, South Carolina St. Petersburg, Florida

Tom Hoops Les Brinkley

North Lake College Ashtabula County JVC
Irving, Texas Ashtabula, Ohio

Chad Kurdi Al Clay

Dunwoody College of Technology Pittsburg, Texas
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Warren Dejardin
Richard Moore Northeast Wisconsin Technical College
Wake Technical Community College Oneida, Wisconsin
Raleigh, North Carolina
Thomas Lockett
Alan Stanfield Vatterott College
Southern Crescent Technical College Quincy, Illinois
Griffin, Georgia

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 Acknowledgments xi

Special thanks to Mike Forister for his thorough technical review of the Code content, and to Diane
­ obsiger, Electrical Instructor at Delta College in University Center, Michigan, for her detailed technical
L
review of the 16th edition.
The author also wishes to thank the following companies for their contributions of data, illustrations, and
technical information:

Air-Temp Division, Chrysler Corporation Eaton Corp.Cutler-Hammer Products

Allen-Bradley Co., Systems Division Edwards Co., Inc
Allen-Bradley Co., Drives Division ESE
Allis Chalmers G&W Electrical Specialty Co.
American Standard Co. General Electric Co.
ARCO Electrical Products Corp. Jensen Electric Company
Audisone Inc. Kellems Division, Harvey Hubble, Inc.
Biddle Instruments Wm. J. O’Connell and Stipes Publishing
Bulldog Electrical Products Co. ­Company
Burndy Co. Square D Company
Clarage Fan Co. Uticor Technology
Crouse-Hinds ECM Westinghouse Electric Corporation

Applicable tables and section references are reprinted with permission from NFPA 70-2017, the National
Electrical Code,® Copyright © 2016, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Massachusetts 02269.
This reprinted material is not the complete and official position of the National Fire Protection Association on
the referenced subject, which is represented only by the standard in its entirety.

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 Chapter 1

Plans and Sitework

Objectives
After studying this chapter, the student should be able to
• read site plans to determine the location of the specific
items.
• select materials for electrical sitework.
• identify underground wiring methods.
• perform International System of Units (SI) to English
and English to SI conversions.
• calculate metric measurements.
• make measurements using a set of plans and a scale.

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
2 Chapter 1   Plans and Sitework
Construction Plans
An electrician who has previously wired a resi-
dence or a commercial building is familiar with
electrical floor plans and symbols. Although the
electrical plans and symbols are basically simi-
lar for an industrial building project, additional
emphasis is often placed on the sitework. The
electrician must continually coordinate and work
with the general foreman who is employed by the
general contractor.
After the contract for the project is awarded,
the electrical contractor must inspect the site plans
to determine the approximate location of the indus-
trial building on the site, as well as the locations of
underground wiring, raceways, and manholes. The
contractor then moves a trailer to the site and locates
it so that it will require a minimal amount of reloca-
tion during construction. This trailer is used to store
materials and tools during the construction of the
building.
Building Location
The building location is given on the site plan
by referring to existing points such as the center-
line of a street. If the electrical contractor and the
crew arrive on the site before the general contractor
arrives, they are not required to “stake out” (locate)
the building. However, they should be able to deter-
mine its approximate location. A site plan, such as
the one given on Sheet Z-1 of the industrial build-
ing plans included in this text, shows the property
lines and the centerlines of the street from which
the electrician can locate the building and other site
improvements.
 Explanation of Plan Symbols
Contour Lines
Contour lines are given on the site plan to
indicate the existing and the new grading levels.
If the required underground electrical work is
to be installed before the grading is complete,
trenches must be provided with enough depth to
ensure that the installations have the proper cover
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after the final grading. The responsibility of who
does the ditch-work (general contractor or electri-
cian) is usually agreed upon before the contract is
awarded.
Figure 1-1 gives the standard symbols used on
construction site plans for contour lines and other
features.
Benchmark
The benchmark (BM), as given on the site plan,
is the reference point from which all elevations are
located. The benchmark elevation is established by
the surveyor responsible for the preliminary survey
of the industrial site. This BM elevation is related to
a city datum or to the mean sea level value for the
site. The elevation is usually given in feet and tenths
of a foot. For example, an elevation of 123.4 ft is
read as “one hundred twenty-three and four-tenths
feet.” Table 1-1 is used in making conversions from
tenths of a foot to inches.
Elevations
The electrician must give careful attention to the
elevations of the proposed building. These details
are shown on Sheet Z-1 of the enclosed plans for the
industrial building. These drawings provide valuable
information concerning the building construction.
Measurements on the elevations may be a plus or a
minus reference to the BM elevation as given on the
site plan.
Invert Elevation
When an invert elevation (INV) is given, this
quantity indicates the level of the lower edge of
the inside of a conduit entering the manhole (this
conduit is usually the lower one in an installation).
Refer ahead to Figure 1-19.
Measuring Building Plans
It is sometimes necessary to determine lengths
and dimensions from a set of building plans. Building
plans are drawn to a specific scale, and can therefore
 Chapter 1   Plans and Sitework 3

Standard format Other symbols Standard format Other symbols

symbols and indications symbols and indications

BM-1-680.0 Benchmark — BM EL. 680.0 Light standard

Number — Elevation

TB-1 Test boring — Number Existing tree to remain 10" Oak

10" diam. oak
350.0 Existing spot elevation to change + 350.0 Existing tree to be removed 10" Oak
10" diam. oak
352.0 Existing spot elevation to remain + 352.0 W Water main (size) 6" W

354.0 New spot elevation + 354.0 T Telephone line (underground)

Existing spot elevation +360.0 Power line (underground)

P
New spot elevation +362.0

240
240 G Gas main (size) 4" G
Existing contour to change . . .

240 O Fuel oil line (size) 1" O

Existing contour to remain 240

244 244 Sanitary sewer (size) 12" SAN

New contour SAS

406 Storm sewer (size)

STS 24" ST
Existing contour
New contour 404

COS Combined sewer (size) 18" S

108
Existing contour to change
Final contour or proposed contour 104 6" DR. T.
DRT Drain tile (size)

Fire hydrant FENCE

x x x x Fence (or required construction fence)

MH Manhole MH-4-680.0 CLL

Contract limit line
(Number — Rim elevation)
MH EL. 680.0
Manhole — Rim elev. — Inv. elev. PRL Property line
INV. EL. 675.5

CB Catch basin (Rim elevation) CB 680.0 Centerline (as of a street)

Curb inlet (Inlet elevation) 680.0 New building

Drainage inlet — Inlet elevation DR 680.0 Existing building to remain

Existing building to be removed

Power and/or telephone pole T P

FIGURE 1-1 Site plan symbols.

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
4 Chapter 1   Plans and Sitework

to measure distances requires determining the length

Table 1-1 represented by each mark on the ruler. If the ruler
Conversions of tenths of a foot to inches. is divided into 12 inches and each inch is divided
Tenths Decimal Fractional into 16 parts, each 1/16 inch mark would represent a
­distance of 3.125 feet or 31/8 feet (50'/16).
0.1 ft 1.2 in. 13⁄16 in.
A device called a scale is generally used to make
0.2 ft 2.4 in. 23⁄8 in.
measurements of building plans. Scales physically
0.3 ft 3.6 in. 35⁄8 in.
look like a ruler, but are marked differently. There
0.4 ft 4.8 in. 413⁄16 in.
are two basic types of scales: architect and engineer.
0.5 ft 6 in. 6 in.
Architect scales use common fractions to determine
0.6 ft 7.2 in. 7 ⁄16 in.
3
lengths. House plans are generally drawn to a scale
0.7 ft 8.4 in. 83⁄8 in.
of 1/4" = 1', or 1/8" = 1'. This is the same as saying that
0.8 ft 9.6 in. 95⁄8 in.
the scale is 1" = 4', but commercial and industrial
0.9 ft 10.8 in. 10 ⁄16 in.
13
buildings are generally too large to be drawn to this
scale. If a building is 500 feet in length it would
require a minimum of 125 inches to draw the build-
be used to determine distances by measurement. ing at a scale of 1" = 4'. For this reason, plans for
Electrical contractors must sometimes use building commercial and industrial building are draw to a
plans to estimate the cost of materials such as con- much larger scale. An engineer scale would be used
duit, wire, and fittings in order to bid on a job. To esti- when working with a plan of this type. The engineer
mate lengths with a common ruler can be extremely scale contains scales that work with factors of 10,
difficult and inaccurate. The composite site plan such as 1" = 10', 1" = 30', and up to 1" = 60'. Scales
shown on page Z1 of the plans provided in the text are generally triangular shaped to permit six differ-
indicates a scale of 1" = 50'. Using a c­ ommon ruler ent scales on one measuring device, Figure 1-2.

1" = 10'

1" = 50'

1" = 20'

1" = 40'

1" = 30'

1" = 60'

FIGURE 1-2 Scales are triangular shaped to permit them to provide six different scale values.

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

Reading the Scale
Reading a scale may seem difficult until you
understand a few basic principles. A portion of the
1" = 10' scale is shown in Figure 1-3. The scale is
divided into 12 one-inch segments like a common
ruler, but there are 10 marks between each of the
1 inch divisions. To better understand how to use this
scale, mentally add a zero after the numbers shown.
The number 1 becomes 10 and the number 2 becomes
20. Since this scale is designed to represent a scale of
1" = 10', the first inch mark would represent 10 feet.
There are 10 hash marks between 0 and 1. Each hash
mark, therefore, represents a distance of 1 foot. A
larger hash mark midway between the inch marks is
added for convenience. There are also 10 hash marks
between the 1 and 2. Adding a mental zero after the 2
would indicate that it represents a distance of 20 feet.
The first hash mark after the 1-inch mark or 10 feet
mark would indicate a distance of 11 feet.
1"
11'
5'
1'
FIGURE 1-3
1"
40'
30'
20'
10'
Figure 1-4
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Chapter 1   Plans and Sitework 5
Above the 0 is a smaller number 12, and above
the 1 is a smaller number 11, and above the 2 is a
smaller number 10. These smaller numbers permit
the scale to be read from the opposite end. Like the
larger numbers, mentally add a zero to each. This
scale represents a scale of 1" = 10'. Since it contains
a total of 12 inches, it can measure a total length of
120 feet.
Because the composite site plan is drawn to
a scale of 1" = 50', the 1" = 50' scale will be dis-
cussed next. Like the previous example, to better
understand how to use this scale, mentally add a
zero after each number. The 2 becomes 20 and the
4 becomes 40. At a length of 1 linear inch the scale
represents a distance of 50 feet, Figure 1-4. The
scale is divided by larger and smaller hash marks.
The space between each of the larger hash marks
represents a distance of 10 feet. There are 10 smaller
hash marks between each of the larger. Each of the
small hash marks represents a distance of 1 foot.
1"
10' 20'
The 1" = 10' scale.
50'
The 1" = 50' scale.
6 Chapter 1   Plans and Sitework

The smaller numbers show above the larger numbers
permits the scale to be read from the opposite end.
The number above the 0 is 60. By mentally adding a
zero, 60 becomes 600. This scale can measure a total
distance of 600 feet.
Sitework
There may be requirements for several different
types of electrical systems to be installed on the site
apart from the building itself. The electrician should
review the plans and specifications carefully to be
aware of all requirements. It is then the responsibil-
ity of the electrical contractor/electrician to ensure
that these requirements are met and that installations
are made at the most advantageous time and in a
fashion that will not conflict with sitework being
carried out by other trades.
Testing the Site for Grounding
Requirements
When determining the site for a building, one of the
most important considerations is the system ground.
Proper grounding helps protect against transient cur-
rents, electrical noise, and lightning strikes. Several
methods can be used to test the electrical grounding sys-
tem. The effectiveness of the grounding system greatly
depends on the resistivity of the earth at the location of
the system ground. The resistivity of the earth varies
greatly throughout the world and even within small
areas. Many factors affect the earth’s resistivity such
as soil type (clay, shell, sand, etc.), moisture content,
electrolyte content (acids, salts, etc.), and temperature.
In theory, the system ground is considered to
have a resistance of zero because it is connected to
system grounds everywhere, via the neutral con-
ductor, Figure 1-5. In actual practice, however, the

Neutral conductors

Service panel

Neutral bus

Grounding rod

FIGURE 1-5 All neutral conductors are bonded together, forming a continuous grounding system.
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
 Chapter 1   Plans and Sitework 7

c­ urrent carrying capacity of the grounding system

can vary greatly from one area to another.

Testing
There are different methods for determining the
resistivity of the grounding system. An old method
used by electricians for many years is to connect a
100-watt lamp between the ungrounded (hot) con-
ductor and the grounding conductor, Figure 1-6. To
perform this test, the grounding conductor must be
disconnected from the neutral bus in the panel. The
brightness of the lamp gives an indication of the
effectiveness of the grounding system. Although this
test indicates whether the grounding system works, it
does not indicate the actual resistance of the system.
To measure the actual resistance of the grounding

Courtesy of AEMC® Instruments

system requires the use of special equipment such as
a ground resistance tester, Figure 1-7. There are three
main tests used to measure ground resistance: the
Wenner four-point test, the three-point fall-of-poten-
tial test, and the clamp-on ground resistance test.
The Wenner Four-Point Method
The Wenner four-point test is generally performed
before building construction begins. This method
Circuit breaker
100-watt lamp
Grounding conductor
Grounding rod
FIGURE 1-6 A 100-watt lamp is used to test the
grounding system.
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
FIGURE 1-7 Ground resistance tester.
measures the ground resistance over a wide area. The
results are used in designing the grounding system to
ensure that it performs properly. This test requires the
use of a 4-pole ground resistance meter, four metal
rods, and conductors. The four rods are driven into
the ground in a straight line, with equal space between
each rod, Figure 1-8. To perform this test, the ground
resistance tester produces a known amount of current
between rods C1 and C2, producing a voltage drop
across rods P1 and P2. The amount of voltage drop
is proportional to the amount of current and ground
resistance. Readings are generally taken with probes
C1 and C2 spaced 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, and
100 feet apart. If possible, it is recommended to per-
form the test with the probes spaced 150 feet apart.
The calculated soil resistance is the average of the
soil resistance from the surface to a depth equal to the
space between the probes. If the probes are set 30 feet
apart, for example, each probe will provide an average
resistance measurement from the surface to a depth
of 30 feet. The tests should not only be made with the
probes spaced different distances apart but also with
the probes in different directions from a central point.
If the site is large enough, it is generally recommended
Another random document with
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who come here now. No news from Hendryx or
Lewis. Quite a number going out after wood to cook
with. Hot and wet.
June 4.—Have not been dry for many days.
Raining continually. Some men took occasion while
out after wood, to overpower the guard and take to
the pines. Not yet been brought back. Very small
rations of poor molasses, corn bread and bug soup.
June 5.—Exchange rumors to the effect that
transports are en-route for Savannah for the purpose
of taking us home. Stick right to my washing
however. A number of men taken out to be kept as
hostages—so said. Raiders rule the prison. Am
myself cross and feel like licking somebody, but
Hendryx is gone and don’t want to try to lick anybody
else, fearing I might get licked myself. Some fun
fighting him as it didn’t make any difference which
licked.
June 6.—Eight months a prisoner to-day. A lifetime
has been crowded into these eight months. No
rations at all. Am now a hair cutter. Have hired the
shears. Enough to eat but not the right kind. Scurvy
putting in its work, and symptoms of dropsy. Saw
Hendryx at the bake house up stairs window, looking
over the camp. Probably looking to see if he can
locate his old comrades among the sea of human
beings. Wirtz comes inside no more, in fact, does
very few rebels. The place is too bad for them.
June 7.—Heard to-day that Hendryx had been
arrested and in irons for inciting a conspiracy. Not
much alarmed for him. He will come out all right. Still
rainy. Have hard work keeping my diary dry. Nearly
all the old prisoners who were captured with me are
dead. Don’t know of over 50 or 60 alive out of 800.
 F R O M B A D TO W O R S E .

THE ASTOR HOUSE MESS STILL HOLDS TOGETHER, ALTHOUGH

DEPLETED—ALL MORE OR LESS DISEASED—AS THE
WEATHER GETS WARMER THE DEATH RATE INCREASES—
DYING OFF LIKE SHEEP—THE END IS NOT YET.

June 8.—More new prisoners. There are now over

23,000 confined here, and the death rate 100 to 130
per day, and I believe more than that. Rations worse.
June 9.—It is said that a grand break will occur
soon, and nearly the whole prison engaged in the
plot. Spies inform the rebels of our intentions. Rains
yet.
June 10.—The whole camp in a blaze of
excitement. Plans for the outbreak known to Capt.
Wirtz. Some traitor unfolded the plans to him. Thirty
or forty pieces of artillery pointed at us from the
outside, and stockade covered with guards who
shoot right and left. Thirty or forty outsiders sent
inside, and they tell us how the affair was found out.
A number of the ringleaders are undergoing
punishment. Hendryx has made his escape, and not
been heard of since yesterday. It is said he went
away in full Confederate dress, armed, and furnished
with a guide to conduct him. Dr. Lewis died to-day.
Jack Walker told us about his death. Capt. Wirtz has
posted up on the inside a notice for us to read. The
following is the notice:

“NOTICE.
Not wishing to shed the blood of hundreds
not connected with those who concocted a
plan to force the stockade, and make in this
way their escape. I hereby warn the leaders
and those who formed themselves into a
band to carry out this, that I am in
possession of all the facts, and have made
my arrangements accordingly, so to frustrate
it. No choice would be left me but to open
with grape and cannister on the stockade,
and what effect this would have in this
densely crowded place need not be told.
Signed,
H. Wirtz.”
June 10, 1864.

June 11.—And so has ended a really colossal

attempt at escape. George Hendryx was one of the
originators of the plan. He took advantage of the
excitement consequent upon its discovery and made
good his escape, and I hope will succeed in getting
to our lines. It is the same old situation here only
worse, and getting worse all the time. I am not very
good at description, and find myself at fault in writing
down the horrible condition we are in.
June 12.—Rained every day so far this month. A
portion of the camp is a mud hole, and the men are
obliged to lay down in it. Fort Pillow prisoners tell
some hard stories against the Confederacy at the
treatment they received after their capture. They
came here nearly starved to death, and a good many
were wounded after their surrender. They are mostly
Tennesseeans, and a “right smart sorry set.” Battese
has taken quite a fatherly interest in me. Keeps right
on at the head of the washing and hair cutting
business, paying no attention to anything outside of
his work. Says: “We get out all right!”
June 13.—It is now as hot and sultry as it was ever
my lot to witness. The cloudy weather and recent
rains make everything damp and sticky. We don’t any
of us sweat though, particularly, as we are pretty well
dried up. Laying on the ground so much has made
sores on nearly every one here, and in many cases
gangrene sets in and they are very bad off. Have
many sores on my body, but am careful to keep away
the poison. To-day saw a man with a bullet hole in his
head over an inch deep, and you could look down in
it and see maggots squirming around at the bottom.
Such things are terrible, but of common occurrence.
Andersonville seems to be head-quarters for all the
little pests that ever originated—flies by the thousand
millions. I have got into one bad scrape, and the one
thing now is to get out of it. Can do nothing but take
as good care of myself as possible, which I do.
Battese works all the time at something. Has
scrubbed his hands sore, using sand for soap.
June 14.—Mike Hoare stalks around, cheerful,
black and hungry. We have long talks about our
school days when little boys together. Mike is a
mason by trade, and was solicited to go out and work
for the rebels. Told them he would work on nothing
but vaults to bury them in. Is a loyal soldier and had
rather die here than help them, as, indeed, would a
majority of the prisoners. To tell the truth, we are so
near death and see so much of it, that it is not
dreaded as much as a person would suppose. We
stay here day after day, week after week, and month
after month, seemingly forgotten by all our friends at
the North, and then our sufferings are such that
death is a relief in the view of a great many, and not
dreaded to any extent. By four o’clock each day the
row of dead at the gate would scare the life out of me
before coming here, while now it is nothing at all, but
the same thing over and over.
June 15.—I am sick; just able to drag around. My
teeth are loose, mouth sore, with gums grown down
in some places lower than the teeth and bloody, legs
swollen up with dropsy and on the road to the
trenches. Where there is so much to write about, I
can hardly write anything. It’s the same old story and
must necessarily be repetition. Raiders now do just
as they please, kill, plunder and steal in broad
daylight, with no one to molest them. Have been
trying to organize a police force, but cannot do it.
Raiders are the stronger party. Ground covered with
maggots. Lice by the fourteen hundred thousand
million infest Andersonville. A favorite game among
the boys is to play at odd or even, by putting their
hand inside some part of their clothing, pull out what
they can conveniently get hold of and say “odd or
even?” and then count up to see who beats. Think
this is an original game here, never saw it at the
North. Some of the men claim to have pet lice which
they have trained. Am gradually growing worse.
Nothing but the good care I have taken of myself has
saved me thus far. I hope to last some time yet, and
in the meantime relief may come. My diary about
written through. It may end about the same time I do,
which would be a fit ending.
 June 16.—Old prisoners (some of them) will not
credit the fact that there is plenty to eat at the North.
They think because we are starved here, that it is so
all over. They are crazy (as you may say) on the
subject of food, and no wonder. In our dreams we
see and eat bountiful repasts, and awake to the other
extreme. Never could get a chance to talk with Capt.
Wirtz, as he comes inside no more. Probably just as
well. Is a thoroughly bad man, without an atom of
humanity about him. He will get killed, should we
ever be released, as there are a great many here
who would consider it a christian duty to rid the earth
of his presence. Disease is taking right hold of me
now. Battese is an angel; takes better care of me
than of himself. Although not in our mess or tent, he
is nearly all the time with us. It is wonderful the
powers of endurance he has. I have always been
blessed with friends, and friends, too, of the right
sort. Had quite a talk with Dorr Blakeman, a Jackson,
Mich., boy. Was not much acquainted with him at
home but knew his people. Is a thoroughly good
fellow, and a sensible one. It is a relief to see any
one who does not lose his head.
June 17.—Must nurse my writing material. A New
York Herald in camp, which says an exchange will
commence the 7th of July. Gen. Winder is on a visit
to Andersonville. Is quite an aged man, and white
haired. Very warm and almost suffocating. Seems as
if the sun was right after us and belonged to the
Confederacy. Chas. Humphrey, of Massachusetts,
who has been in our hundred for months, has gone
crazy; wanders about entirely naked, and not even a
cap on his head. Many of the prisoners are crazy,
and I only speak of those in our immediate proximity.
Am in good spirits, notwithstanding my afflictions.
Have never really thought yet that I was going to die
in this place or in the Confederacy. Saw a newcomer
pounded to a jelly by the raiders. His cries for relief
were awful, but none came. Must a few villains live at
the expense of so many? God help us from these
worse than rebels.
June 18.—Have now written two large books full;
have another at hand. New prisoners who come here
have diaries which they will sell for a piece of bread.
No news to-day. Dying off as usual—more in
numbers each day as the summer advances. Rebels
say that they don’t begin to have hot weather down
here until about August. Well, it is plain to me that all
will die. Old prisoners have stood it as long as they
can, and are dropping off fast, while the new ones go
anyhow. Some one stole my cap during the night. A
dead neighbor furnished me with another, however.
Fast as the men die they are stripped of their clothing
so that those alive can be covered. Pretty hard, but
the best we can do. Rebels are anxious to get hold of
Yankee buttons. “Buttons with hens on,” they enquire
for. An insult to the American Eagle—but they don’t
know any better.
June 19.—A young fellow named Conely tramps
around the prison with ball and chain on. His crime
was trying to get away. I say he tramps around, he
tramps away from the gate with it on at nine in the
morning, and as soon as out of sight of the rebels he
takes it off, and only puts it on at nine o’clock the
next morning to report at the gate duly ironed off.
They think, of course, that he wears it all the time.
Jimmy Devers looks and is in a very bad way. Too
bad if the poor fellow should die now, after being a
prisoner almost a year. Talks a great deal about his
younger brother in Jackson, named Willie. Says if he
should die to be sure and tell Willie not to drink,
which has been one of Jimmy’s failings, and he sees
now what a foolish habit it is. Michael Hoare stands it
well. When a man is shot now it is called being
“parolled.”
June 20.—All the mess slowly but none the less
surely succumbing to the diseases incident here. We
are not what you may call hungry. I have actually felt
the pangs of hunger more when I was a boy going
home from school to dinner. But we are sick and faint
and all broken down, feverish &c. It is starvation and
disease and exposure that is doing it. Our stomachs
have been so abused by the stuff called bread and
soups, that they are diseased. The bread is coarse
and musty. Believe that half in camp would die now if
given rich food to eat.
June 21.—I am a fair writer, and am besieged by
men to write letters to the rebel officers praying for
release, and I do it, knowing it will do no good, but to
please the sufferers. Some of these letters are
directed to Capt. Wirtz, some to Gen. Winder, Jeff
Davis and other officers. As dictated by them some
would bring tears from a stone. One goes on to say
he has been a prisoner of war over a year, has a wife
and three children destitute, how much he thinks of
them, is dying with disease, etc., etc. All kinds of
stories are narrated, and handed to the first rebel
who comes within reach. Of course they are never
heard from. It’s pitiful to see the poor wretches who
think their letters will get them out, watch the gate
from day to day, and always disappointed. Some one
has much to answer for.
June 22.—The washing business progresses and
is prosperous. One great trouble is, it is run too loose
and we often get no pay. Battese, while a good
worker, is no business man, and will do anybody’s
washing on promises, which don’t amount to much.
Am not able to do much myself, principally hanging
out the clothes; that is, laying the shirt on one of the
tent poles and then watching it till dry. All day
yesterday I lay under the “coverlid” in the shade,
hanging on to a string which was tied to the washing.
If I saw a suspicious looking chap hanging around
with his eyes on the washed goods, then gave a
quick jerk and in she comes out of harm’s way.
Battese has paid for three or four shirts lost in this
way, and one pair of pants. Pays in bread. A great
many Irish here, and as a class, they stand hardships
well. Jimmy Devers losing heart and thinks he will
die. Capt. Wirtz has issued another order, but don’t
know what it is—to the effect that raiding and killing
must be stopped, I believe. Being unable to get
around as I used to, do not hear the particulars of
what is going on, only in a general way. New men
coming in, and bodies carried out. Is there no end but
dying?
June 23.—My coverlid nobly does duty, protecting
us from the sun’s hot rays by day and the heavy
dews at night. Have no doubt but it has saved my life
many times. Never have heard anything from
Hendryx since his escape. Either got away to our
lines or shot. Rebels recruiting among us for men to
put in their ranks. None will go—yes, I believe one
Duffy has gone with them. Much fighting. Men will
fight as long as they can stand up. A father fights his
own son not ten rods from us. Hardly any are strong
enough to do much damage except the raiders, who
get enough to eat and are in better condition than the
rest. Four or five letters were delivered to their
owners. Were from their homes. Remarkable, as I
believe this is the first mail since our first coming
here. Something wrong. Just shake in my boots—
shoes, I mean, (plenty of room) when I think what
July and August will do for us. Does not seem to me
as if any can stand it. After all, it’s hard killing a man.
Can stand most anything.
June 24.—Almost July 1st, when Jimmy Devers
will have been a prisoner of war one year. Unless
relief comes very soon he will die. I have read in my
earlier years about prisoners in the revolutionary war,
and other wars. It sounded noble and heroic to be a
prisoner of war, and accounts of their adventures
were quite romantic; but the romance has been
knocked out of the prisoner of war business, higher
than a kite. It’s a fraud. All of the “Astor House Mess”
now afflicted with scurvy and dropsy more or less,
with the exception of Battese, and myself worst of
any. Am fighting the disease, however, all the time,
and the growth is but slight. Take exercise every
morning and evening, when it is almost impossible
for me to walk. Walk all over before the sun comes
up, drink of Battese’s medicine made of roots, keep
clear of vermin, talk and even laugh, and if I do die, it
will not be through neglect. Carpenter, the teamster
who sold me the boots, is about gone, and thank the
Lord he has received his sixty cents from me, in
rations. Sorry for the poor fellow. Many who have all
along stood it nobly now begin to go under. Wm. B.
Rowe, our tall mess-mate, is quite bad off, still, he
has an iron constitution and will last some time yet.
June 25.—Another lead pencil wore down to less
than an inch in length, and must skirmish around for
another one. New men bring in writing material and
pencils. To-day saw a New York Herald of date June
11th, nothing in it about exchange, however. That is
all the news that particularly interests us, although
accounts of recent battles are favorable to the Union
side. Our guards are composed of the lowest
element of the South—poor white trash. Very
ignorant, much more so than the negro. Some of
them act as if they never saw a gun before. The rebel
adjutant does quite a business selling vegetables to
those of the prisoners who have money, and has
established a sutler stand not very far from our mess.
Hub Dakin, an old acquaintance, is a sort of clerk,
and gets enough to eat thereby. Hot! Hot! Raiders kill
some one now every day. No restraint in the least.
Men who were no doubt respectable at home, are
now the worst villains in the world. One of them was
sneaking about our quarters during the night, and
Sanders knocked him about ten feet with a board.
Some one of us must keep awake all the time, and
on the watch, fearing to loose what little we have.
June 26.—The same old story, only worse, worse.
It seems all the time it was as bad as could be, but is
not. They die now like sheep—fully a hundred each
day. New prisoners come inside in squads of
hundreds, and in a few weeks are all dead. The
change is too great and sudden for them. Old
prisoners stand it the best. Found a Jackson,
Michigan man, who says I am reported dead there.
Am not, however, and may appear to them yet.
Jimmy Devers is very bad with the scurvy and dropsy
and will probably die if relief does not come. Sergt.
Rowe also is afflicted; in fact all the mess except
Battese. He does all the cooking now. He has made
me a cane to walk with, brings water from the well,
and performs nearly all the manual labor for us. He is
a jewel, but a rough one.
June 27.—Raiders going on worse than ever
before. A perfect pandemonium. Something must be
done, and that quickly. There is danger enough from
disease, without being killed by raiders. Any moment
fifty or a hundred of them are liable to pounce upon
our mess, knock right and left and take the very
clothing off our backs. No one is safe from them. It is
hoped that the more peaceable sort will rise in their
might and put them down. Our misery is certainly
complete without this trouble added to it. We should
die in peace anyway. Battese has called his Indian
friends all together, and probably a hundred of us are
banded together for self protection. The animal
predominates. All restraint is thrown off and the very
Old Harry is to pay. The farther advanced the
summer, the death rate increases, until they die off
by scores. I walk around to see friends of a few days
ago and am told “dead.” Men stand it nobly and are
apparently ordinarily well, when all at once they go.
Like a horse, that will stand up until he drops dead.
Some of the most horrible sights that can possibly
be, are common every day occurrances. See men
laying all around in the last struggles.
June 28.—It seems to me as if three times as
many as ever before are now going off, still I am told
that about one hundred and thirty die per day. The
reason it seems worse, is because no sick are being
taken out now, and they all die here instead of at the
hospital. Can see the dead wagon loaded up with
twenty or thirty bodies at a time, two lengths, just like
four foot wood is loaded on to a wagon at the North,
and away they go to the grave yard on a trot.
Perhaps one or two will fall off and get run over. No
attention paid to that; they are picked up on the road
back after more. Was ever before in this world
anything so terrible happening? Many entirely naked.
June 29.—Capt. Wirtz sent inside a guard of fifteen
or twenty to arrest and take out quite a number of
prisoners. They had the names and would go right to
their quarters and take them. Some tell-tale traitor
has been informing on them, for attempting to
escape or something. Wirtz punishes very hard now;
so much worse than a few months ago. Has
numerous instruments of torture just outside the
gate. Sores afflict us now, and the Lord only knows
what next. Scurvy and scurvy sores, dropsy, not the
least thing to eat that can be called fit for any one,
much less a sick man, water that to drink is poison,
no shelter, and surrounded by raiders liable to cut our
throats any time. Surely, this is a go. Have been
reading over the diary, and find nothing but grumbling
and growlings. Had best enumerate some of the
better things of this life. I am able to walk around the
prison, although quite lame. Have black pepper to
put in our soups. Am as clean perhaps as any here,
with good friends to talk cheerful to. Then, too, the
raiders will let us alone until about the last, for some
of them will get killed when they attack the “Astor
House Mess.” Am probably as well off as any here
who are not raiders, and I should be thankful, and am
thankful. Will live probably two or three months yet.
“If t’weren’t for hope the heart would break,” and I am
hopeful yet. A Pennsylvanian of German descent,
named Van Tassel, and who has “sorter identified
himself with us” for two or three months, died a few
moments ago. The worst cases of the sick are again
taken to the hospital—that is, a few of the worst
cases. Many prefer to die among their friends inside.
Henry Clayton also died to-day. Was at one time in
charge of our Division, and an old prisoner. Mike
Hoare still hangs on nobly, as also do many other of
my friends and acquaintances. Dorr Blakeman
stands it unusually well. Have had no meat now for
ten days; nothing but one-third of a loaf of corn bread
and half a pint of cow peas for each man, each day.
Wood is entirely gone, and occasionally squads
allowed to go and get some under guard. Rowe went
out to-day, was not able to carry much, and that had
to be divided between a hundred men. One of the
most annoying things is being squadded over every
few days, sick and all. It’s an all day job, and have to
stand out until we are all tired out, never getting any
food on these days.
June 30.—A new prisoner fainted away on his
entrance to Andersonville and is now crazy, a raving
maniac. That is how our condition affected him. My
pants are the worse for wear from repeated
washings, my shirt sleeveless and feet stockingless;
have a red cap without any front piece; shoes by
some hocus-pocus are not mates, one considerable
larger than the other. Wonder what they would think if
I should suddenly appear on the streets in Jackson in
this garb. Would be a circus; side show and all. But
nights I have a grand old coverlid to keep off the wet.
Raiders steal blankets and sell to the guards, which
leaves all nearly destitute of that very necessary
article. Often tell how I got my coverlid, to visitors.
Have been peddling pea soup on the streets: “Ten
cents in money or a dollar Confed for this rich soup!
Who takes it?” And some wretch buys it. Anything in
the way of food will sell, or water, if different from
swamp water. Rebs making a pretense of fixing up
sanitary privileges at the swamp, which amount to
nothing. Strong talk of forming a police force to put
down raiders and to enforce order. If successful it will
prove of great benefit. Sanders, Rowe, Blakeman,
Dakin and myself are among those who will take an
active part, although the part I take cannot be very
active. Half a dozen letters sent inside to prisoners,
but no news in them that I can hear of. More hot and
sultry, with occasional rains. The crazy man says
nothing but “prayer” will save us. He has been
sucking a bone now for about two weeks and pays
more attention to that than to prayer.
 July 1.—Matters must approach a crisis pretty
soon with the raiders. It is said that even the rebels
are scared and think they will have no prisoners,
should an exchange ever occur. John Bowen, a
Corp. Christency, Hemmingway, Byron Goodsell and
Pete Smith, old acquaintances, have all died within a
few days. Jimmy Devers still lives, with wonderful
tenacity to life. To-morrow he will have been a
prisoner of war a year. Mike Hoare still keeps very
well, but the most comical looking genius in the
whole prison. Could make a fortune out of him on
exhibition at the North. He says I look worse
however. That may be, but not so comical. It’s
tragedy with the most of us. New guards are taking
the place of the old ones, and it is said that Wirtz is
going away. Hope so. Never have heard one word
from Hendryx since his getting away. Sanders is
trying to get outside as a butcher. He understands
the business. “Dad” has been to Australia, and has
told us all about that country. Have also heard all
about Ireland and Scotland. Should judge they were
fine countries. Rowe has been telling me of the
advantage of silk under clothing, and in addition to
visiting all the foreign countries, we shall have silk
under wear. Rowe once lived in Boston, and I shall
likewise go there.