CLASSIFICATION/TYPES OF CRIME

• Crime is not a homogeneous behaviour, hence classification is difficult.

Frequently classified in respect to atrocities as :

FELONIES: more serious usually punished with life imprisonment or death,

Criminal who commits such crimes is called FELON.

MISDEMEANORS: Less serious, usually punished with confinement or fines,

Criminal who commits such crimes is called MISDEMEANANT.

1
CLASSIFICATION/TYPES OF CRIME Contd…
• Difference not clear regarding seriousness of crime…state to state , time to time,
person to person seriousness defined differently…which is more serious…murder
or fraud?

• Wilhelm Bonger, the Dutch Criminologist, classified crimes by motives of

offenders… Economic Crimes, Sexual Crimes, Political Crimes, and miscellaneous
crimes.

• But no crime can be reduced to only one motive, eg. Vehicle theft…for joy ride, as
well as for financial gain? Murder for personal enmity and for robbery too.
2
CLASSIFICATION/TYPES OF CRIME Contd…

• Classification for Statistical purposes…Crimes against property,

Crimes against public decency, public order or public morality.

• Next come crimes of dishonesty without violence…cheating, fraud

3
 CLASSIFICATION/TYPES OF CRIME Contd…

• In a classification of crimes for theoretical purposes, each class should be a

sociological entity, differentiated from the other classes by variation in causal
processes.

• Professional crimes, for instance, would be a class, or a combination of classes,

differentiated from other crimes by the regularity of this behaviour, the
development of techniques, and the association among offenders and
consequent development of a group culture…e.g. murder, arson, burglar, robber,
and theft.

4
CLASSIFICATION/TYPES OF CRIME Cont.…

• Similarly criminal violation of financial trust…including some but not

all cases of embezzlement, confidence game, forgery, larceny etc

5
COMMON LAW CRIMES
• If a new rule was successfully applied in a number of different cases, it would
become a PRECEDENT.

• These precedents would then be commonly applied in all similar cases—hence

the term COMMON LAW.

• Crimes such as murder, burglary, arson, and rape are common-law crimes whose
elements were initially defined by judges… Siegel

6
HOMICIDE
• CRIMINAL HOMICIDE IS CLASSIFIED BY THE UNIFORM CRIME REPORTING (UCR)
PROGRAM AS BOTH MURDER AND NONNEGLIGENT MANSLAUGHTER OR AS
MANSLAUGHTER BY NEGLIGENCE.

• HOMICIDE RESEARCH GENERALLY EXAMINES MURDER AND NONNEGLIGENT

MANSLAUGHTER, DEFINED AS THE WILLFUL KILLING OF ONE BY ANOTHER.

• MANSLAUGHTER BY NEGLIGENCE IS THE KILLING OF A HUMAN BEING BY GROSS

NEGLIGENCE.

7
INTIMATE PARTNER HOMICIDE:

• While intimate partners (i.e., spouses, ex-spouses, boyfriends, and girlfriends)

make up approximately 11% of all homicides, females are much more likely to be
killed by an intimate partner than males.

• Personal enmity

• During robbery

• Karo-kari ( Honour Killing)

• Target killing…hired killers, killing political opponents, killing for legal heirship
property gain, etc 8
 CATEGORIZING HOMICIDE CRIMINALS:
SERIAL KILLERS
• SERIAL KILLERS: Criminologists consider a SERIAL KILLER to be a
person who kills three or more persons in three or more separate
events.
• In between the murders, a serial killer reverts to his or her normal
lifestyle.
• Serial killers come from all walks of life… Larry J. Siegle

9
 SERIAL KILLERS CONTD…
• According to James A. Fox and Jack Levin, there are at

• least three different types of serial killers:

• “Thrill killers” strive for either sexual sadism or dominance. They enjoy the thrill,

• the sexual gratification, and the dominance they achieve over the lives of their
victims

• “Mission killers” want to reform the world or have a vision that drives them to kill.

10
SERIAL KILLERS CONTD…
• “Expedience killers” are out for profit or want to protect themselves
from a perceived threat.

11
MASS MURDER
• Mass Murderers In contrast to serial killings,

• MASS MURDER involves the killing of four or more victims by one or a few assailants within a
single event.

• . The murderous incident can last but a few minutes or as long as several hours.

• In order to qualify as a mass murder, the incident must be carried out by one or a few offenders.

• Highly organized or institutionalized killings (such as war crimes and large-scale acts of political
terrorism, as well as certain acts of highly organized crime rings), though atrocious, are not
considered mass murder and are motivated by a totally different set of factors.

12
MASS MURDER
• Fox and Levin define four types of mass murderers:

• REVENGE KILLERS: want to get even with individuals or society at large.

• Their target is an estranged wife and “her” children or an employer and “his”
employees.

• LOVE KILLERS: are motivated by a warped sense of devotion. They are often
despondent people who commit suicide and take others, such as a wife and
children, with them.

13
MASS MURDER Contd…
• PROFIT KILLERS: are usually trying to cover up a crime, eliminate witnesses, and

• carry out a criminal conspiracy.

• TERRORIST KILLERS: are trying to send a message. Gang killings tell rivals to
watch out

• CULT KILLERS: may actually leave a message behind to warn society about
impending doom

14
SPREE KILLERS
• Spree Killers Unlike mass murders, spree killing is not confined to a single outburst,
• and unlike serial killers, spree killers do not return to their normal identities in between
• killings. Spree killers engage in a rampage of violence over a period of days or weeks

15
VIOLENT CRIMES
• Generally, when people express fear about crime, it is almost always the
obviously violent crimes—the murders, robberies, rapes, and assaults—that
frighten them.

• what is labeled “violent crime,” varies by ideology, time, locale, and observer.

16
VIOLENT CRIMES…

• Structural explanations of homicide maintain that economic

inequality leads to violence through a process of relative deprivation.
A person resents that his or her share of material resources is slight
relative to others. Violence triggered by relative deprivation typically
is directed against those close at hand rather than at the real but
more distant oppressors.

17
ASSAULT AND BATTERY
• Assault and Battery defined;
• Although many people mistakenly believe that the phrase “assault and battery”
refers to a single act, they are actually two separate crimes.
• Battery requires offensive touching, such as slapping, hitting, or punching a
victim.
• Assault requires no actual touching but involves either attempted battery or
intentionally frightening the victim by word or deed.
• Broadly defined, assault is a threat or an attempt to do bodily harm to another
• while battery is the actual conduct, though in common usage the distinction
usually is between simple and aggravated assault, with battery being implied if
the act has been carried out.
18
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

• DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: ASSAULT IN THE HOME

• Violent attacks in the home are one of the most frightening types of assault.
Criminologists recognize that intrafamily violence is an enduring social problem in
the United States and abroad.

• Women are mostly the victims…sometimes men too

19
TYPES OF ABUSE
• Physical Violence

• Physical violence involves the use of force, possibly resulting in physical harm,
disability, or death.

• Examples of physical abuse include hitting, scratching, shoving, grabbing, biting,

throwing, choking, shaking, kicking, burning, physical restraint, use of a weapon,
or otherwise causing intentional physical injury to the victim.

20
 PSYCHOLOGICAL VIOLENCE
• Psychological violence is also commonly called emotional abuse and refers to
behaviours of intimidation, control, or coercion resulting in emotional trauma.

• examples of psychological violence include stalking; limiting or controlling the

victim’s activities or behaviours; isolating the victim from contact with friends or
family; limiting or denying the victim’s access to basic or financial resources;
destroying the victim’s personal property; abusive behaviour toward a victim’s loved
ones; verbal threats; humiliation; put-downs; and any other behaviours intended to
cause emotional pain, embarrassment, diminishment, or powerlessness.
21
STALKING
• Stalking is “a pattern of repeated, unwanted attention, harassment, and contact.”

• Today, stalking is considered to be an example of abusive behavior within the

framework of domestic violence because the dangers that victims face frequently
continue even after they leave an abusive relationship.

• victims of domestic violence have experienced stalking behavior from a current or

former intimate partner.

22
STALKING…

• Examples of stalking behaviours include following the victim, sending

unwanted gifts and notes, repeated harassment such as phone calls
or showing up at the victim’s place of work, and other behaviours that
a stalker uses to inappropriately invade the victim’s life.

• When stalking behaviours escalate, they may lead to outright threats

or incidents of physical violence.

23
CHILD ABUSE
• Child Abuse is One area of intrafamily violence that has received a great deal of
media attention is child abuse.

• This term describes any physical or emotional trauma inflicted on a child for
which no reasonable explanation, such as an accident or ordinary disciplinary
practices, can be found.

• Child abuse can result from physical beatings administered to a child by hands,
feet, weapons, belts, sticks, burning, and so on.

24
CHILD ABUSE Contd…
• Another form of abuse results from NEGLECT—not providing a child with the care
and shelter to which he or she is entitled.

• Child sexual abuse is the exploitation of children through rape, incest, and
molestation by parents or other adults.

25
EMOTIONAL ABUSE
• Emotional or psychological abuse typically is defined as a pattern of behaviour
that impairs a child’s emotional development or sense of self-worth.

• This may include constant criticism, threats, or rejection, as well as withholding

love, support, or guidance

• Emotional abuse is often the most difficult to prove and, therefore, child
protective services may not be able to intervene without evidence of harm to the
child.

• WOMEN AND CHILD PROTECTION UNIT: 26

IS PHYSICAL PUNISHMENT EFFECTIVE?
• Most research finds that the use of physical punishment (most often spanking) is
not an effective method of discipline.

• The literature on this issue tends to find that spanking stops misbehaviour, but no
more effectively than other firm measures.

• Further, it seems to hinder rather than improve general compliance/obedience

(particularly when the child is not in the presence of the punisher).

27
IS PHYSICAL PUNISHMENT EFFECTIVE?

• Researchers have also explained why physical punishment is not any

more effective at gaining child compliance than nonviolent forms of
discipline.

• Spanking does not teach what children should do, nor does it provide
them with alternative behaviour options should the circumstance
arise again.

28
IS PHYSICAL PUNISHMENT EFFECTIVE?
• Spanking also undermines reasoning, explanation, or other forms of parental instruction because children
cannot learn, reason, or problem solve well while experiencing threat, pain, fear, or anger.

• Further, the use of physical punishment is inconsistent with nonviolent principles, or parental modelling.

• In addition, the use of spanking chips away at the bonds of affection between parents and children, and
tends to induce resentment and fear.

• Finally, it hinders the development of empathy and compassion in children, and they do not learn to take
responsibility for their own behaviour (Pitzer, 1997).

• One of the biggest problems with the use of corporal punishment is that it can escalate into much more
severe forms of violence.

29
EXPLANATIONS FOR CHILD ABUSE

• There are many factors that are associated with child abuse. Some of the more
common/well-accepted explanations are individual pathology, parent–child
interaction, past abuse in the family (or social learning), situational factors, and
cultural support for physical punishment along with a lack of cultural support for
helping parents here in some families.

30
CONSEQUENCES OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT

• The consequences of child abuse are tremendous and long lasting.

• Research has shown that the traumatic experience of childhood abuse is life
changing. These costs may surface during adolescence, or they may not become
evident until abused children have grown up and become abusing parents or
abused spouses.

31
CONSEQUENCES OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT

Psychologically, children who have been abused tend to have poor self-images or
are passive, withdrawn, or clingy.

• They may be angry individuals who are filled with rage, anxiety, and a variety of
fears. They are often aggressive, disruptive, and depressed.

• Many abused children have flashbacks and nightmares about the abuse they have
experienced, and this may cause sleep problems as well as drug and alcohol
problems.

• Research has shown that, abused children have trouble in school 32

 ECONOMIC CRIMES
• Jealousy of what other people have, lust for personal possessions, and
competitive striving for material goods derive from cultural emphases. These
conditions give rise to the crime of theft—the illegal taking of another’s
possessions by stealth or force.

• When we place a heavy stress on material wealth, but limit legitimate

opportunities for its acquisition, theft is particularly likely to be common. Robert
K. Merton (1964) maintains that the United States does just this: we encourage—
almost demand—that people be financially successful if they are to be well
regarded. 33
ECONOMIC CRIMES…
• LARCENY, the broadest form of theft, involves the taking of property from a
person, without that person’s consent and with the intent to deprive the person
permanently of the use of the property. Larceny is often broken down into grand
larceny and petit (petty) larceny, depending on the value of the property stolen.

34
ROBBERY defined
• Robbery

• The common-law definition of robbery (and the one used by the FBI) is “the
taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or of a
person or persons by force or threat of force or and/or by putting the victim in
fear.”

• Robbery is a form of theft in which goods or money are taken from a person
through the use of violence or fear. The fear must be of such a nature as to
arouse a reasonable apprehension of danger in a reasonable person
35
ROBBERY defined
• . Robbery is a more serious crime than larceny, regardless of the
amount of money or the value of the goods involved.

36
 ROBBERY…

• The robbery rate is higher in the winter because of the longer hours of darkness,
a cover: this also means that stores that stay open later are more likely robbery
targets.

• Robberies are classified into five major categories; banks robberies, robberies of
cash in transit, truck hijacking, business robbery, carjacking, and house robbery.

37
BANK ROBBERY

• Bank robberies, which have notoriety as being a federal offense, are often
considered to be crimes committed by professional robbers

• Personal or Street Robberies

• Personal robberies could include street robberies, home invasions,

carjackings, and robbery of drug dealers. These types of events have some
differences in terms of the contours of the personal victimizations.

38
VICTIM RESISTANCE
• Home invasion robberies were much more likely to result in injuries when
compared to street robberies.

• This could stem from the fact that the robber and victim are not strangers and
therefore the definition of the situation as a robbery requires demonstrable force
against the occupant.

• Conversely, a stranger, encountered on the street, might more easily convince a

victim, with less overt force, that the event is a robbery.

39
VICTIM RESISTANCE…

• VICTIM RESISTANCE AND ROBBERY: Resistance is strongly related to

injury and increases the likelihood of suffering retaliation at the hands
of the robber…possible murder

• Identification by victim may also result in killing the victim

• More resistance during shop robbery and carjacking

• Normally robbers do not want to kill

40
BURGLARY
• Burglary generally is defined as a crime against a dwelling. A burglar under the
old common-law definition was a person who broke and entered the house of
another in the night with the intent to commit a felony

• Robbery requires very different skills than burglary, develops at a different pace,
and provides its own kind of emotional rewards, most notably the opportunity to
show “courage.”

41
 BURGLARY…
• Burglars when they find themselves inside a house: everything that they see is theirs
for the taking, presuming they can carry it away without being observed.

• On the other hand, burglars tell of their terror when they first enter a dwelling.

• Burglary can impose considerably more serious emotional pain on its victims than
robbery where the financial loss is usually more impersonal.

• Efforts to reduce burglary through target hardening (better locks and windows, for
instance) are not very encouraging, primarily because householders are careless about
making effective use of security devices and burglars are adept at disabling them.
42
TARGETS OF BURGLARY
Virtually all burglaries are triggered by a need, real or perceived, for money.

• Burglars will enter a house that they know is occupied only in the rarest of
circumstances.

• In Muslim neighbourhoods, religious people will leave their shoes at the front
door before entering a residence. If burglars see no footwear there, they presume
that nobody is home.

43
TARGETS OF BURGLARY…

• Other burglars like to drive slowly through residential

neighbourhoods on very hot days. Closed windows and air
conditioners that are not running are taken as signs that nobody is
home.

• when security locks are visible …indicate the likelihood that there are
valuable possessions inside.

44
TIME AND PLACE IN BURGLARY
• A burglar’s major enemies are time, noise, and light.

• Houses on the edge of an unoccupied area are much more likely targets than
those in the interior of a residential section.

• Police patrols are unlikely to observe a burglary in progress.

• Nor are burglar alarms likely to be of much value.

45
TIME AND PLACE IN BURGLARY…
• For one thing, sophisticated burglars know how to disarm them (Alarms).
• For another, burglars minimize the amount of time they spend in a house.
• A usual rule for an experienced burglar is to remain within a dwelling no
more than five minutes, preferably less. If the burglar is out of a house
three minutes after entering, even the fastest response to a silent alarm
• Burglars usually have a specific target and information about the daily
routine of the site’s occupants.

46
TIME AND PLACE IN BURGLARY…
• Burglars almost invariably search only places where they have learned that most
people keep valuables, especially money, jewelry, electronic equipment, cameras,
and weapons. Typically, burglars head first for the bedroom. Shrewd homeowners
sometimes secret their valuables in a child’s room, an area rarely entered by
burglars.

47
TIME AND PLACE IN BURGLARY…

• Slightly more than 90 percent of the persons apprehended for

burglary are males.

• The major explanation usually employed for burglary is “rational

choice” theory, which postulates that the decision to offend is the
result of a deliberate weighing, however rudimentary, of potential
costs and rewards.

48
SHOPLIFTING
• Shoplifting is sometimes referred to as the “five-finger discount.” It involve theft
from a retailer during the hours the store is open for business.

• Professional shoplifters can be differentiated from amateurs, who greatly

outnumber them, by the fact that they steal merchandise in order to resell it,

• Amateur pilferers flourish in department stores and in supermarkets, where they

take the invitation to “self-service” literally. The height of the shoplifting season
comes right before Christmas when the pressures to purchase are most intense.

49
SHOPLIFTING…
• Amateur shoplifters are not compulsive, uncontrolled thieves suffering from
psychological disturbances, but rather respectable people who pilfer
systematically. She found that they come to the store prepared to steal and
continue to steal until apprehended. Cameron maintained that the damage to the
arrested amateur thief’s self-concept is usually sufficient to inhibitfurther
stealing.

50
SHOPLIFTING…

• The “thrills” of shoplifting are noted by a persistent practitioner who

indicates that “if the store manager is standing here and I could take
something right under his nose, that’s what I’d get because it’s more
of an accomplishment.”

51
MODUS OPEREDNI OF SHOPLIFTERS
• Shoplifters employ a variety of tactics from the common ploy of “grazing” in supermarkets, that is,
consuming food while strolling about the store

• Professionals may use a “booster box,” a wrapped parcel with a hidden spring that allows the thief to reach
inside and open the bottom while it is resting on merchandise to be stolen. Other techniques involve
“crotching,” in which goods are hidden beneath loose clothes and held between the thief’s thighs, and the
switching of labels from less to more expensive items.

52
MODUS OPEREDNI OF SHOPLIFTERS…

• A police chief in a suburban jurisdiction notes of shoplifters: “We’ve

arrested 90-year-old grandmothers, people in wheelchairs, women
pushing baby carriages, and women who walk in weighing 120
pounds and walk out looking pregnant” (Jacobs, 2005).

53
SHOPLIFTING…PREVENTION
• Stores, for their part, now tag products with electronic sensors that set off an
alarm, secure some items to the racks, and use television cameras to monitor
sales areas and fitting rooms

• Many stores now are built with fewer angles, so that they provide unobstructed
sight lines for those on the lookout for shoplifters.

54
EMPLOYEE THEFT
• A typical employee theft tactic is to “sell” an item to a friend, say a $150 pair of
shoes, but to charge for a $2 container of shoe polish. Some employees paste a
bar code for an inexpensive item on their wrist and use that when making a much
more expensive “sale” to friends. Employees also often take merchandise out
with them when they leave work.

• Retailers have sought to control thefts by establishing a national database that

lists all employees caught stealing. The blacklist now contains the names of about
750,000 persons.

55
TELEMARKETING/ONLINE FRAUD…
• Telemarketing becomes illegal when the seller oversteps established limits of
merchandising truthfulness. It is a crime to promise a person on the other end of
the telephone line that he or she will receive a 33 percent annual return if they
invest in your oil drilling company if you have no legitimate basis for specifying
that level of profit. The offense is even more obvious if the oil well does not exist.

• possible customers (“smooches”

56
TELEMARKETING/ONLINE FRAUD…
• A successful telemarketing scammer (they are called “yaks” in the business)
requires verbal skills and an ability to improvise, though the basic pitch and
recommended responses usually are scripted. For instance, if a customer
says that she does not like doing business over the phone, the following
response is in order:
• If doing business over the phone is difficult for you, I certainly can
empathize with you. It is difficult for me as well. However, business lives on
the phone.
57
TELEMARKETING/ONLINE FRAUD…
• The self-esteem of the trickster becomes involved with the zest of combat.

• One telemarketing fraud manager expressed the feeling in these words:

• When I make a sale, it’s like woooo. It’s like Yes! I got addicted to it. It’s like more exciting than anything. To

know that the money was on the table and it was a battle of wills and I won! Yeah! I

58
THE WHITE COLLAR ECONOMIC CRIMES
• The complexity and awkwardness of the concept of white-collar crime inheres in
the fact that there is no agreement on whether the category should be:

• restricted to the class position of people who commit certain kinds of offenses
(Sutherland, 1949/1983),

or whether it should be applied only to the offenses themselves, regardless of who

the perpetrators are (Weisburd, Waring & Chayet, 2001).

59
WHITE COLLAR CRIME…DEFINITION
• Albert J. Reiss, Jr. and Albert Biderman (1980:4):

• White-collar violations are those violations of law in which penalties are attached
that involve the use of a violator’s position of economic power, influence, or trust
in the legitimate economic or political institutional order for the purpose of illegal
gain, or to commit an illegal act for personal or organizational gain.

• The most publicized offender was Bernie Madoff who had run a Ponzi scheme,
paying old investors not out of profits but out of money secured from new
investors.
60
WHITE COLLAR CRIME…DEFINITION
• There also is a long roster of offenses committed by medical doctors against
government benefit programs such as Medicare (for the elderly) and Medicaid
(for the poor).
• physicians have been caught billing for visits from persons who were dead at the
time of the alleged medical service.
• powerful persons exert pressure to make certain that harmful behaviors that they
might or do engage in are not included in the penal law—or are stated in such
convoluted language that it becomes unclear what is prohibited.

61
WHITE COLLAR CRIME…DEFINITION
• The category of white-collar crime also includes such matters as false advertising.

• Department stores often raise the price of a product one day and then the next
day drop it back to where it had been, maintaining in their advertising that it now
is “on sale” and “reduced by 70 percent.”

62
CHARACTERISTICS OF WHITE COLLAR CRIME
• A characteristic of many kinds of white-collar crime is that its victims often are
not aware that they have been harmed.

• In many white-collar crimes, the harm tends to be widely diffused and, for each
person, rather insignificant. If you purchase what you believe to be orange juice,
but actually get an orange concentrate diluted with water, you probably will not
know the difference and, even if you do, you are not likely to make a fuss about
it.

63
CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORY AND WHITE
COLLAR CRIME
• Neil Shover (1998) believes that underlying white-collar crime are pressures to
meet self-defined or externally imposed standards of successful performance.
When medical scientists experience pressure to produce research breakthroughs,
or when athletic coaches have a string of losing seasons, or when business
owners see their profits decline, the odds are increased that they will resort to
criminal resolutions.

64
CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORY…
• When Sutherland first wrote of white-collar crime, he maintained that it was best
explained by his theory of differential association. For Sutherland, the law-
breaking behaviour of businessmen, professionals, and politicians (as well as all
other law violators) was the product of a learning process.

• Violators encountered examples of law-breaking among those with whom they

worked, and they drifted or jumped into such patterns of behaviour as part of
their routine indoctrination into the requirements of their job.

65
THE WHITE COLLAR ECONOMIC CRIMES Contd…
• In time, they found that the definitions they encountered favourable to violation
of the law overruled those encouraging law-abiding behaviour.

• White-collar crimes are regarded as offenses committed by persons of high

status in the course of their business, professional, or political lives.

• The concept of white-collar crime was formally born in 1939 when Edwin H.
Sutherland of Indiana University used the term as the title of his presidential
address to the American Sociological Society.

• White-collar criminals often have enjoyed great respect in the past, a respect 66
THE WHITE COLLAR ECONOMIC CRIMES Contd…
• Those unable or unwilling to obtain material possessions in a legitimate manner
may be impelled to resort to criminal behaviour to acquire them. We call such
crimes “economic crimes,”

67
EMERGING FORMS OF INTERPERSONAL
VIOLENCE

• Assault, rape, robbery, and murder are traditional forms of interpersonal

violence.

• As more data has become available, criminologists have recognized relatively new

• subcategories of these types of crimes, such as serial murder and date rape.
Additional new categories of interpersonal violence are also receiving attention in
criminological literature;

• the next sections describe three of these forms of violent crime.

68
HATE CRIMES
• Hate crimes, or bias crimes, are violent acts directed toward a particular person
or members of a group merely because the targets share a discernible racial,
ethnic, religious, or gender characteristic.

• Such crimes range from desecration of a house of worship or cemetery to racially

motivated murder.

• Though normally associated with racially motivated attacks, hate crimes can
involve convenient, vulnerable targets who are incapable of fighting back.

69
ROOTS OF HATE CRIME

• Why do people commit bias crimes?

• In a series of research studies, Jack McDevitt, Jack Levin, and Susan Bennett identify
four motivations for hate crimes:

• THRILL-SEEKING HATE CRIMES. In the same way some kids like to get together to
shoot hoops

• Hate-mongers join forces to have fun by bashing minorities or destroying property.

• Inflicting pain on others gives them a sadistic thrill.

70
ROOTS OF HATE CRIME CONTD…
• REACTIVE (DEFENSIVE) HATE CRIMES. Perpetrators of these crimes rationalize
their behaviour as a defensive stand taken against outsiders who they believe
threaten their community or way of life.

• A gang of teens that attacks a new family in the neighbourhood because they are
the “wrong” race is committing a reactive hate crime.

71
ROOTS OF HATE CRIME CONTD…

• MISSION HATE CRIMES. Some disturbed individuals see it as their duty to rid the
world of evil.

• Those “ON A MISSION,” such as skinheads, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), and white
supremacist groups, may seek to eliminate people who threaten their religious
beliefs because they are members of a different faith, or threaten “racial purity”
because they are of a different race.

72
ROOTS OF HATE CRIME CONTD…

• RETALIATORY HATE CRIMES. These offenses are committed in response to a hate crime
either real or perceived; whether the original incident actually occurred is irrelevant.

• Sometimes a RUMOUR of an incident may cause a group of offenders to exact

vengeance, even if the original information was unfounded or inaccurate;

• the retaliatory crimes are perpetrated before anyone has had a chance to verify the
accuracy of the original rumour.

• Attacks based on revenge tend to have the greatest potential for fuelling and refuelling
additional hate offenses
73
WORKPLACE VIOLENCE
• Workplace violence /Harrassment is now considered the third leading cause of
occupational injury or death.

• Who engages in workplace violence?

• The typical offender is a middle aged male who faces termination in a worsening
economy.

• The fear of economic ruin is especially strong in some agencies such as small
businesses

74
STALKING
• A complex phenomenon, stalking can be defined as a course of conduct that is:

• Directed at a specific person and involves repeated physical or visual proximity,

• Non-consensual communication, or verbal, written, or implied threats sufficient

to cause fear in a reasonable person.

• Although stalking usually stops within one or two years, victims experience its
social and psychological consequences long afterward.

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AUTO THEFT CRIME
• Vehicle theft: AUTO THEFT

• Motor vehicle theft is another common larceny offense. Because of its frequency
and seriousness, it is treated as a separate category in the Uniform Crime Report
(UCR-USA). Here too treated separately.

• AMATEUR AUTO THIEVES: Amateur thieves steal cars for a number of reasons
that involve some form of temporary personal use.

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AUTO THEFT CRIME Contd…

• Among the reasons why an amateur would steal a car:

• JOYRIDING. Many car thefts are motivated by teenagers’ desire to

acquire the power, prestige, and recognition associated with an
automobile.

• Joyriders steal cars not for profit or gain but to experience, even
briefly, the benefits associated with owning an automobile.

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AUTO THEFT CRIME Contd…
• SHORT-TERM TRANSPORTATION. Auto theft for short-term transportation is
similar to joyriding. It involves the theft of a car simply to go from one place to
another. In more serious cases, the thief may drive to another city or state and
then steal another car to continue the journey.

• LONG-TERM TRANSPORTATION. Thieves who steal cars for long-term

transportation intend to keep the cars for their personal use. Usually older than
joyriders and from a lower-class background, these auto thieves may repaint and
otherwise disguise cars to avoid detection.
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AUTO THEFT CRIME Contd…
• THEFT FOR PROFIT: Auto theft for profit is motivated by the hope of monetary
gain. Some amateurs hope to sell the stolen car, but most are auto strippers who
steal batteries, tires, and wheel covers to sell or to re-equip their own cars.

• COMMISSION OF ANOTHER CRIME: A few auto thieves steal cars to use in other
crimes, such as kidnapping, robberies and thefts.

• This type of auto thief desires both mobility and anonymity.

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AUTO THEFT CRIME Contd…
• Professional Car Thieves: highly organized professionals who resell expensive cars
after altering their identification numbers and falsifying their registration papers.

• Exporting stolen vehicles has become a global problem,

• Car Cloning One new form of professional auto theft is called cloning:

• After stealing a luxury car from a mall or parking lot, car thieves later visit a large car
dealership in another state and look for a car that is the exact same make and model
(and even the same color) as the stolen one.

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AUTO THEFT CRIME Contd…

• The thieves jot down the vehicle identification number (VIN) stamped
on the top of the dashboard and drive off.

• Then they remove the manufacturer-installed VIN plate from the

stolen car and replace it with a homemade counterfeit that is similar
to the original but bears the VIN of the legitimate vehicle.

• Phony ownership and registration documents complete the “cloning.”

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AUTO THEFT CRIME Contd…
• RECEIVING AND FENCING STOLEN PROPERTY

• The crime of receiving stolen goods is a type of larceny/theft that involves the
buying or acquiring possession of property by a person who knows (or should
know) that the seller acquired it through theft, embezzlement, or some other
illegal means.

• For this to constitute a crime, the receiver must know the goods were stolen at
the time he receives them and must have the intent to aid the thief.

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CATEGORIZING PROPERTY CRIMINALS
• OCCASIONAL THIEVES
• Criminologists suspect that most economic crimes are the work of amateur
occasional
• criminals, whose decision to steal is spontaneous and whose acts are unskilled,
unplanned,
• and haphazard.
• Occasional property crime occurs when there is an opportunity, or situational
• inducement, to commit crime
• The Amateur Shoplifter, an example

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PROFESSIONAL THIEVES

• The Professional Thief (1937). Sutherland suggests that being a professional thief
required that one made a living by exclusively committing thefts, and using all of
one’s working hours illegitimately. Criminology Essentials

• Professional criminals make a significant portion of their income from crime.

• Professionals do not delude themselves with the belief that their acts are
impulsive, onetime efforts, nor do they use elaborate rationalizations to excuse
the harmfulness of their actions (“Shoplifting doesn’t really hurt anyone”).

•
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PROFESSIONAL THIEVES…
• Consequently, professionals pursue their craft with vigour, attempting
to learn from older, experienced criminals the techniques that will
enable them to “earn” the most money with the least risk.

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PROFESSIONAL THIEVES…

• Although they are relatively few in number, professionals engage in crimes that
inflict the greater losses on society and perhaps cause the more significant social
harm.

• Professional theft consists of nonviolent forms of criminal behaviour that are

undertaken with a high degree of skill for monetary gain and that maximize
financial opportunities and minimize the odds of apprehension.

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PROFESSIONAL THIEVES…

• The most important categories have remained the same since they
were classified many decades ago.

• They include pocket picking, burglary, shoplifting, forgery,

counterfeiting, extortion, sneak theft, and confidence swindling

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OTHER TYPES OF PROPERTY CRIMINALS
• HABITUAL CRIMINAL: Involves in criminal activity due to his habit and not
necessarily for economic gain or as a profession

• CASUAL CRIMINAL: Commits crime whenever he/she wants to do… not regularly
involved in criminal activity.

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ARSON- FORM OF ECONOMIC CRIME
• Arson is the wilful, malicious burning of a home, public building, vehicle, or
commercial building
• Arson may be committed to obtain an insurance payoff.
• As a form of terrorism- to coerce to pay ransom

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VICTIMLESS CRIMES

• Hagan argues that some acts, like drug use, gambling, and prostitution, are
victimless crimes that harm only the participants.

• Victimless crimes, or crimes without victims, are consensual crimes involving

lawbreaking that does not harm anyone other than perhaps the perpetrator
(Schur 1965).

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VICTIMLESS CRIMES…
• There is a group of offenses that come under the heading of crimes without
victims (Schur, 1965). Their common characteristic is that they involve consensual
participation, that is, the parties to the illegal event engage in the behavior
voluntarily.
• No participant complains about what occurs. It is the state in the form of the
criminal law that objects and penalizes those caught in such behavior.
• Prostitutes
• Many crimes harm others and some crimes harm multiple victims at one time.

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VICTIMLESS CRIMES: SHOULD THEY BE
CRIMES
• There is an opposing position. It holds that victimless crime is a faulty construct;
that in actual fact there is no such thing.

• Prostitutes, it is said, degrade women in general, transmit AIDS and venereal

diseases, disrupt families, rob their customers, and support pimps, men who
exploit them ruthlessly.

• Drug addicts often are unable to engage in productive work and they steal from
innocent victims in order to obtain money for their fix.

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STATISTICAL CRIME CLASSIFICATION IN PAKISTAN
• CRIME AGAINST PERSON. Murder, Attempt to murder, Assault, Criminal
Intimidation, Rape

• Abduction…women, children

• Kidnapping

• Kidnapping For Ransom

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STATISTICAL CRIME CLASSIFICATION IN PAKISTAN

• CRIME AGAINST PROPERTY: Trespassing, Theft, Robbery, Dacoity, Vehicle theft,

Buying stolen property

• TERRORISM: Any crime defined by Anti Terrorism Act 1997 and included in its
Schedule.

• Bomb Blast, Hand Grenade attack, Acid throwing, Target Killing of civilians and/or
Law Enforcing Agencies (LEAs), Kidnapping for Ransom, Seeking Ransom(Bhata
Khori), Threatening to kill, Acid Throwing

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STATISTICAL CRIME CLASSIFICATION IN PAKISTAN

• MISCELLANEOUS Crimes: Violations of Local and special laws.

• Misuse of Loud Speaker, Drugs, alcohol, Gambling etc

• Other violations of major acts like aerial firing, Dishonest Cheque etc

• TRAFFIC OFFENCES: as defined by Motor Vehicle Ordinance 1965 or

any other traffic related legislation

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ELECTRONIC CRIMES
• Credit card, ATM, hacking, data theft
• Computer/Cell phone usage for crime
• Cyber Crimes

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THE CRIMINAL…WHO IS THE CRIMINAL

• Simple answer, one who commits crime…

• However, in the democratic legal tradition even a person who ever admits to having

committed a crime is not designated as criminal until criminality has been proven by

means of the accepted court procedures.

• Innocent before proving guilty…before that called accused or defender

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THE CRIMINAL…WHO IS THE CRIMINAL Contd

• The Criminologist may call behaviour criminal if it reasonably falls within a certain
class of acts defined as crime (for example robbery) , and the Criminologist may
call a person a criminal ( for example a robber) if it is reasonable to believe the
person committed an act of this class….whether arrested or not detected or not,
or at large…middle approach.

• This is academic approach not legal

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THE CRIMINAL…WHO IS THE CRIMINAL Contd

• However, this approach does not specify the length of time a person remains a criminal
after he or she has been shown to have committed the crime

• Is he criminal during the time he/she is committing crime, or until he has paid the
penalty, or during the remainder of his life… impact of PARDON and COMPROMISE?
Difficult to answer

• Criminality is a status ascribed to persons during the process of law violation and law
enforcement…

• Criminal considered for various lengths of time.. Public considers criminal for ever

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