CHSL Quantitative Aptitude Formula book

Quants Formulae
S.no Content Page.No
1. Number System 2
2. HCF and LCM 7
3. Simplification 9
4. Percentage 11
5. Profit and Loss 14
6. Average 15
7. Ratio and Proportion 16
8. Mixture and Alligation 19
9. Simple Interest 20
10. Compound Interest 21
11. Time, Speed and Distance 22
12. Time and Work 24
13. Data Interpretation 25
14. Algebra 27
15. Trignometry 31
16. Geometry 49
17. Mensuration 2D 90
18. Mensuration 3D 106
19. Statistics 113
Copyright © Veranda Learning Solutions 1

Quants Formulae
Number System
Divisibility Rules
Divisibility by 2
If the last digit of a number is zero or an even number, then that number is divisible by 2. Examples: 242, 540,
etc.
Divisibility by 3
If the sum of all the digits of a number is divisible by 3, then that number will be divisible by 3. Example: 432.
For this number, sum of digits = 4 + 3 + 2 = 9, which is divisible by 3. So, 432 is divisible by 3.
Divisibility by 4
If the last two digits of a number are divisible by 4,then the number will be divisible by 4. Example: 48424. In
this number, 24 is divisible by 4. So, 48424 will be divisible by 4.
2
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Quants Formulae
Divisibility by 5
If the last digit of a number is 5 or 0, then that number is divisible by 5. Examples: 200, 225, etc.
Divisibility by 6
☞ If a number is divisible by both 2 and 3, then that number is divisible by 6 also.
☞ Examples: 216, 25614, etc.
Divisibility by 7
☞ Here, the concept of ‘osculator’ should be applied.To check the divisibility by 7, we use osculator ‘–2’.
Example: 112
☞ Ex. 112 divisible by 7
☞ Step I : 112 : 11 - 2x2 = 7 (Separate the last digit & multiply with two & then subtract) Here we can see 7
Is divisible by 7, then we can say 112 is also divisible by 7
Divisibility by 8
☞ If the last three digits of a number are divisible by 8,
☞ then the number is divisible by 8.
☞ Example: 247864
☞ In 247864, 864 is divisible by 8. Therefore,
☞ 247864 is divisible by 8.
Divisibility by 9
☞ If the sum of all the digits of a number is divisible by 9, then that number will be divisible by 9. Example:
243243
☞ As 243243, 2 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 4 + 3 = 18, which is divisible by 9.
☞ So, 243243 is divisible by 9.
Divisibility by 10
☞ A number in which last digit is zero is divisible by 10.
☞ Examples: 10, 20, 200, 300, etc.
Divisibility by 11
☞ If the difference between ‘sum of digits at even places’ and ‘sum of digits at odd places’ is divisible by 11,
then the number is divisible by 11.
☞ Example: 9174
☞ (9 + 7) - (4 + 1) = 16 - 5 = 11, which is divisible
☞ by 11. So, 9174 will be divisible by 11.
Divisibility by 12
☞ If a number is divisible by both 3 and 4, then the number is divisible by 12.
☞ Example: 19044
Divisibility by 13
☞ Here, we will use osculator ‘4’, but our osculator is not negative here.
☞ Example: 143
☞ 143 divisible by 13

Quants Formulae
☞ 14 + 3X4 = 26 .
☞ Here we can see 26 Is divisible by 13, then we can say 143 is also divisible by 13
Divisibility by 14
☞ If a number is divisible by both 2 and 7, then that number is divisible by 14, i.e. the number is even and
osculator ‘2’ is applicable.
☞ Example: 28
Divisibility by 15
☞ If a number is divisible by both 3 and 5, then that number is divisible by 15.
☞ Example: 105
Divisibility by 16
☞ If the last four digits of a number are divisible by 16, then the number is divisible by 16.
☞ Example: 463248
☞ In 463248, 3248 is divisible by 16. Therefore, 463248 is divisible by 16.
Divisibility Conditions Based on Algebraic Identities

☞ (𝑎𝑛 − 𝑏 𝑛 ), where n is an even number, is always divisible by (a – b) and (a + b).
☞ (𝑎𝑛 − 𝑏 𝑛 ), where n is an odd number, is always divisible by (a – b).
☞ (𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏 𝑛 ), where n is an odd number, is always divisible by (a + b).
Successive Division
☞ In division, we will see the relationship between dividend, divisor, quotient and remainder.
☞ The number that we divide is called the dividend.
☞ The number by which we divide is called the divisor.
☞ The result obtained is called the quotient.
☞ The number left over is called the remainder.
☞ So, Dividend = (Divisor × Quotient) + Remainder
Factor
☞ A factor is a number that divides the given number without any remainder.
☞ The following is the list of formulae to calculate the number of factors of a given number.
☞ Prime factorise for the given number N
☞ N = 𝑎𝑝 . 𝑏 𝑞 . 𝑐 𝑟
☞ where a is even and b and c are odd factors.
☞ Total number of factors of N = (p + 1)(q + 1)(r + 1)
☞ Number of odd factors of N = (q + 1)(r + 1)
☞ Number of even factors of N = p(q + 1)(r + 1)
☞ Number of prime factors of N = p + q + r
☞ Sum of all the factors of N = (𝑎0 + 𝑎1 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑝 )(𝑏 0 + 𝑏1 + ⋯ + 𝑏 𝑞 )(𝑐 0 + 𝑐1 + ⋯ + 𝑐 𝑟 )
☞ Sum of odd factors of N = (𝑏 0 + 𝑏1 + ⋯ + 𝑏 𝑞 )(𝑐 0 + 𝑐1 + ⋯ + 𝑐 𝑟 )
☞ Sum of even factors of N = (𝑎1 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑝 )(𝑏 0 + 𝑏1 + ⋯ + 𝑏 𝑞 )(𝑐 0 + 𝑐1 + ⋯ + 𝑐 𝑟 )
4
Quants Formulae
(𝑝+1).(𝑞+1).(𝑟+1)
☞ Product of factors = 𝑁 2
Remainder Theorem
Fermat’s Little Theorem

If 𝑨𝒑−𝟏 is divided by p, where p is a prime number and A is prime to p, the remainder is 1.
Arithmetic Progression
General Form
☞ General form of an Arithmetic Progression (AP) is as follows:
☞ a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, …, a + (n − 1)d
☞ where,
☞ a = First term
☞ d = Common difference
☞ n = Number of terms
Formulae Used
☞ nth term = a + (n − 1)d
𝑛
☞ Sum of terms = (2 ) (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
𝑛 𝑛
☞ = ( ) (First term + Last term) = ( ) (𝑎 + 𝑙)
2 2
Geometric Progression
General Form
☞ General form of a Geometric Progression (GP) is as follows:
☞ 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 2 , 𝑎𝑟 3 , … , 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
☞ where,
☞ a = First term
☞ r = Common ratio
☞ n = Number of terms
Formulae Used
☞ nth term = 𝑎𝑟 (𝑛−1)
☞ Sum of terms of finite series (Sn)
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 −1)
☞ = 𝑟−1
if r > 1
𝑎(1− 𝑟 𝑛 )
☞ = 1−𝑟
if r < 1
☞ Sum of terms of infinite series (S∞)
☞ =∞ if r > 1
𝑎
☞ = if r <1
1−𝑟
Sum Of Natural Numbers

Quants Formulae
Formulae
𝑛(𝑛+1)
☞ Sum of first n natural numbers = 2
☞ Sum of first n odd natural numbers = 𝑛 2
☞ Sum of first n even natural numbers = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)

𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
☞ Sum of squares of first n natural numbers = 6
𝑛(2𝑛+1)(2𝑛−1)
☞ Sum of squares of first n odd natural numbers =
3
2𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
☞ Sum of squares of first n even natural numbers = 3
𝑛(𝑛 + 1) 2
☞ Sum of cubes of first n natural numbers = ( )
2
☞ Sum of cubes of first n odd natural numbers = 𝑛2 (2𝑛2 − 1)
☞ Sum of cubes of first n even natural numbers = 2𝑛2 (𝑛 + 1)2
6
Quants Formulae
HCF and LCM
Important HCF and LCM Rules-

Factors and Multiples
☞ If number a, divided another number b exactly, we say that a is a factor of b. In this case, b is called a
multiple of a.
☞ Co-primes
☞ Two numbers are said to be co-primes if their H.C.F. is 1.
☞ HCF of a given number always divides its LCM.
☞ HCF of two or more numbers is the greatest number (divisor) that divides all the given numbers exactly.
So, HCF is also called the Greatest Common Divisor (GCD).
☞ LCM of two or more than two numbers is the product of the highest powers of all the prime factors that
occur in these numbers.
Highest Common Factor and Lowest Common Multiple

HCF and LCM of Fractions:
𝐿.𝐶.𝑀.𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
☞ 𝐿. 𝐶. 𝑀 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 = 𝐻.𝐶.𝐹.𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
𝐻.𝐶.𝐹 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
☞ 𝐻. 𝐶. 𝐹. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 = 𝐿.𝐶.𝑀.𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
TYPE 1:.
☞ Find the Greatest Number that will exactly divide given numbers.
☞ Required number = HCF of given numbers (greatest divisor)
TYPE 2:.
☞ Find the Greatest Number that will divide x, y and z and leaves same remainder r in each case.
☞ Required number = HCF of (x-r), (y-r) and (z-r)
TYPE 3:.
☞ Find the Greatest Number that will exactly divide x, y and z leaving remainders a, b and c respectively.

Quants Formulae
☞ Required number (greatest divisor) = HCF of (x-a) , (y-b) and (z-c)
TYPE 4:.
☞ Find the Greatest Number that will divide x, y and z and leaves same remainder in each case.
☞ Required number = HCF of (𝑥 − 𝑦) , (𝑦 − 𝑧) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑧 − 𝑥)
LCM
TYPE 1:.
☞ Find the Least Number which is exactly divisible by x, y and z.

☞ Required number = LCM of x, y and z (least dividend)
TYPE 2:.
Find the LEAST NUMBER which when divided by x, y and z leaves the same remainder ‘r’ in each case. Required
number = (LCM of x, y and z) + r
TYPE 3:.
☞ Find the LEAST NUMBER which when divided by x, y and z leaves the remainders a, b and c respectively.
☞ It is always observed that (x-a) = (y-b) = (z-c) = k (say)
☞ ∵ Required number = (LCM of x, y and z) – k
Relation between HCF and LCM:
☞ If ‘A’ and ‘B’ are two numbers and their HCF and LCM are ‘C’ and ‘D’ respectively, the product of those
two numbers is the product of HCF and LCM.
☞ LCM of a number will always be divisible by HCF.
☞ HCF of numbers × LCM of numbers = Product of numbers
8
Quants Formulae
Simplification
VBODMAS RULE
V Vinculum
B Bracket
O Of
D Division
M Multiplication
A Addition
S Subtraction
The above operations are arranged from higher precedence to lower precedence.
Fractions
a
☞ A fraction is usually written in b form, where a is called the numerator and b the denominator.
2 4 5 4
☞ E.g. 5 , 9 , 3 , 2 5 etc.
☞ Fractions can be mainly classified into 3 types
▪ Proper fraction
▪ Improper fraction
▪ Mixed fraction
Proper fraction
☞ A fraction where the numerator is less than the denominator is known as a proper fraction.
3 4
☞ E.g. 5 , 7 etc.
Improper fraction
☞ A fraction where the numerator is greater than the denominator is known as an improper fraction.
9 17
☞ E.g. 5 , 13 etc.
Mixed fraction
☞ A mixed fraction is the combination of a natural number and fraction. It is basically an improper fraction.
3 7
☞ Eg: 2 7 , 5 9 etc.
Recurring fraction
☞ A recurring decimal is a number thatkeeps repeating forever after the decimal point.
1 2
☞ E.g.: 3 = .333 … , 3 = .666 … etc.
a
☞ All recurring decimals can be represented as fractions in b form.

Quants Formulae
Continued fraction
In mathematics, a continued fraction is an expression obtained through an iterative process of representing a
number as the sum of its integer part and the reciprocal of another number, then writing this other number as
the sum of its integer part and another reciprocal, and so on.
1
a0 +
1
a1 + 1
a2 + .
.
.
1
.+a
( n)
Squares and Cubes
Formulas Based on Squares

☞ (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
☞ (a − b)2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab
☞ (a + b)2 + (a − b)2 = 2(a2 + b2 )
☞ (a + b)2 − (a − b)2 = 4ab
☞ (a + b)2 = (a − b)2 + 4ab
☞ (a − b)2 = (a + b)2 − 4ab
☞ (a2 − b2 ) = (a + b)(a − b)
Formulas Based on Cubes
☞ (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b)
☞ (a − b)3 = a3 − b3 − 3ab(a − b)
☞ a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 + b2 − ab)
☞ a3 − b3 = (a − b)(a2 + b2 + ab)
☞ a3 + b3 + c 3 − 3abc = (a + b +c)(a2 + b2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ac)
1
☞ = (a + b + c) (2 ((𝑎 − 𝑏)2 + (𝑏 − 𝑐)2 + (𝑐 − 𝑎)2 ))
☞ If a + b + c = 0 then a3 + b3 + c 3 = 3abc
☞ If a = b = c ,then a3 + b3 + c 3 = 3abc
Surds and indices

Law of Surds
☞ am × an = am+n
am
☞ = am−n
an
☞ (am )n = amn
☞ (ab)n = an bn
a n an
☞ (b) = bn
☞ a0 = 1
10
Quants Formulae
Percentage
☞ A percentage is a number or ratio that can be expressed as a fraction of 100.

☞ If we have to calculate the per cent of a number, divide the number by whole and multiply by 100. Hence,
the percentage means a part per hundred.
☞ The word per cent means per 100. It is represented by the symbol ‘%’.
Percentage to Fraction
𝑥
☞ To express x% as a fraction, divide x by a hundred, i.e. 100.
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
☞ To express 𝑏 as a percentage, multiply 𝑏 with 100, i.e. 𝑏 × 100.
Fraction Percentage (%) 1 1

11
9 9
1
100 1
1 10
10
1
50 1 1
2 9
11 11
1 1
33 1 1
3 3 8
12 3
1
25 1 9
4 7
13 13
1
20 1 1
5 7
14 7
1 2
16 1 2
6 3 6
15 3
1 2
14 1 1
7 7 6
16 4
1 1
12
8 2

Quants Formulae
1 15 1 6
5 4
17 17 22 11
1 5 1 8
5 4
18 9 23 23
1 5 1 1
5 4
19 19 24 6
1 1
5 4
20 25
1 16
4
21 21
Comparing Two values
Comparing Two values using Percentage

𝑅
☞ If A is R% more than B, then B is less than A by ((100+𝑅) × 100)%
𝑅
☞ If A is R% less than B, then B is more than A by ((100−𝑅) × 100)%
Comparing Two values using Fraction

𝑎 𝑎
☞ If A is more than B, then B is less than A by .
𝑥 𝑥+𝑎
𝑎 𝑎
☞ If A is less than B, then B is more than A by .
𝑥 𝑥−𝑎
Net Per Cent Change

☞ The concept of successive percentage changes deals with two or more percentage changes applied to
quantity consecutively. In this case, the final change is not the simple addition of the two percentage
changes (as the base changes after the first change).
☞ Suppose a number N undergoes a percentage change of x % and then y%, the net change is:
𝑥𝑦
☞ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + %
100
Price and Consumption

☞ If the price of a commodity increases by R%, then the reduction in consumption so as not to increase the
𝑅
expenditure is: ((100+𝑅) × 100)%
☞ If the price of the commodity decreases by R%, then the increase in consumption so as not to decrease
𝑅
the expenditure is: ((100−𝑅) × 100)%
12
Quants Formulae
Venn Diagram
A B
☞ 𝑛 ( 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑛(𝐴 ) + 𝑛 ( 𝐵 ) − 𝑛 ( 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
Income, Expenditure and Savings
☞ Income = Expenditure + Savings
Population and Depreciation
Population
☞ If the population of a town P increases at the rate of R% per annum, then:
𝑅
☞ Population after n years = 𝑃(1 + 100)𝑛
𝑃
☞ Population n years ago = 𝑅 𝑛
(1+ )
100
Depreciation
☞ If the value of machine P decreases at the rate of R% per annum, then:
𝑅
☞ Value of a machine after n years = 𝑃(1 − 100)𝑛
𝑃
☞ Value of a machine n years ago = ( 𝑅 𝑛 )
(1− )
100

Quants Formulae
Profit and Loss
☞ Profit = Selling Price - Cost Price

☞ Loss = Cost Price - Selling Price
☞ Discount = Marked Price - Selling Price
(Selling price−Cost price)
☞ Profit % = × 100
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
(Cost price−Selling price)
☞ Loss % = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
× 100
(Marked price−Selling price)
☞ Discount% = 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
× 100
(Marked price−Cost price)
☞ Mark-up %= 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
x100
☞ If the profit calculated on cost price is R%. Then, the profit calculated on selling price will be
𝑅
100+𝑅
× 100%
☞ If the profit calculated on selling price is R%. Then, the profit calculated on cost price will be
𝑅
100−𝑅
× 100%
𝑅
☞ If the loss calculated on cost price is R%. Then, the loss calculated on selling price will be 100−𝑅 × 100%
𝑅
☞ If the loss calculated on selling price is R%. Then, the loss calculated on cost price will be 100+𝑅 × 100%
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
☞ Dishonest Seller, Profit percentage = ( )x100
𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
14
Quants Formulae
Average
☞ Average = (𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠) / (𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠)

(𝑝 +𝑞 + 𝑟+ 𝑠)
☞ Average = 4
𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟+𝐿𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
☞ Average of ‘n’ consecutive numbers = 2
𝑛(𝑛+1)
☞ Sum of first ‘n’ natural numbers= 2
☞ Run rate = Runs scored/Overs faced

☞ Average of bowler= Total runs/Number of wickets
𝑛(𝑛+1)
☞ Average of first ‘n’ natural numbers = 2𝑛
☞ Sum of first ‘n’ even numbers = n (n +1)

☞ Average of first ‘n’ even numbers = (n + 1)
☞ Sum of first ‘n’ odd numbers = 𝑛2

Quants Formulae
Ratio and Proportion
Ratio
Ratio is a comparison of two numbers (quantities) by division. The ratio of ‘a’ to ‘b’ is written as ‘a:b’. In the
ratio a:b, a and b are terms of the ratio, a is the antecedent and b is the consequent.
Proportion
☞ A proportion is an expression which states that two ratios are equal.

☞ Each quantity in a proportion is called its term or proportional. The first term and the last term are called
extremes, whereas the second and third terms are called middle terms (or means). When four quantities
are in proportion, the last quantity is said to be the fourth proportion to the other terms and also we find,
Product of middle terms = product of extreme terms

☞ If a:b = x:y, then
☞ bx = ay
☞ 2nd term × 3rd term = 1st term × 4th term
Dividing a given Number in the given Ratio

☞ Let A be the given number. The given ratio is a:b. Here, A is to be divided in the ratio of a:b.
☞ It implies that A is divided in to two parts such that the value of first part: value of second part = a:b
a
☞ ∴ First part = a+b × A
∑ of parts
☞ = first term of ratio × ∑ of terms of ratio
b
☞ Second part = a+b × A
∑ of parts
☞ = second term of ratio× ∑ of terms of ratio
☞ Since A is divided into two parts, so, first part + second part = A
Dividing a Number into more than three ratios

☞ When a number A is divided in more than one ratio like a:b:c:d:….
its related term
☞ Value of any part = a+b+c+d+⋯
× A
c
☞ E.g. Third part = ×A
a+b+c+d+⋯
Comparisons of Ratios
☞ Let a:b and c:d are two ratios, then
☞ If 2nd term × 3rd term = 1st term × 4th term,
☞ then the ratios are called proportions.
☞ They are equal.
16
Quants Formulae
☞ If 2nd term × 3rd term > 1st term × 4th term,

☞ then the 1st ratio is greater than the 2nd ratio.
☞ If 2nd term × 3rd term < 1st term × 4th term,
☞ then the 2nd ratio is greater than the 1st ratio.
Two Important Results

Result 1:
☞ Addition of same positive integer to both terms of the ratio
𝑎 𝑎+𝑥 𝑎
☞ If 𝑏 = 1, then 𝑏+𝑥 = 𝑏 = 1
a a+x a
☞ If > 1, then <
b b+x b
a a+x a
☞ If b
<1, then b+x > b
Result 2:
a a−x a
☞ Subtraction of same positive integer from both terms of the ratio If b = 1, then b−x = b = 1
a a−x a
☞ If b > 1, then b−x > b
a a−x a
☞ If <1, then <
b b−x b
Continued Proportion
☞ Three quantities a, b, c of the same kind are said to be in continued proportion, when a:b = b:c.
☞ In this case, the last term is said to be third proportional to the other two terms.
☞ The middle term (b) is said to be a mean proportional to the extreme terms.
☞ So, b2 = ac
☞ i.e. (middle term)2 = first term × last term
Formulae
☞ If three quantities or numbers A, B and C are such that the ratio of the first two quantities or numbers A
and B is a:b and the ratio of last two quantities or numbers B and C is c:d, then the first, the second and
the third quantities or numbers will be in the ratio of ac : bc : bd.
𝑎𝑥
☞ If two numbers are in the ratio of a:b and the sum of these numbers is x, then these numbers will be 𝑎+𝑏
𝑏𝑥
and 𝑎+𝑏 respectively.
☞ If two numbers are in the ratio of a:b and the difference between these numbers is y, then these numbers
will be,
𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑦
(i) (𝑎−𝑏) and (𝑎−𝑏) respectively (where a > b)
𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑦
☞ (ii) (𝑏−𝑎) and (𝑏−𝑎) respectively (where a < b)
☞ If three numbers are in the ratio of a:b:c and the sum of these numbers is x, then these numbers will be
𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑥 𝑐𝑥
, ,
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
respectively.
Types of ratio

Quants Formulae
Compound ratio
☞ The ratio compounded of the two ratios a : b and c : d is ac : bd.
☞ For three ratios,
☞ a : b , c : d and e : f,
𝐚× 𝐜× 𝐞
☞ Compound ratio = 𝐛× 𝐝× 𝐟
Duplicate and Sub-Duplicate ratio

☞ A ratio compounded of itself is called its duplicate ratio.
☞ The duplicate ratio of a : b is a2 : b2.
☞ The sub-duplicate ratio of a : b is √a ∶ √b.
Triplicate and Sub-Triplicate ratio

☞ The triplicate ratio of a : b is a3 : b3.
☞ The sub-triplicate ratio of a : b is 3√a : 3√b.
Fourth, Third and mean proportions
Fourth proportion
☞ d is called the fourth proportional to a, b, c.
☞ If a : b = c : d are in proportion, then ad = bc.
Third proportion
☞ c is called the third proportion to a and b.
☞ If a:b = b:c, then
b2
☞ c= .
a
Mean proportion
☞ Mean proportional between a and b is √ab.
☞ a: x = x: b x = √ab
Problems based on Coins
☞ Total Amount = Number of coins X Value of coins
Total Amount
☞ Number of coins =
Value of coins
Total Amount
☞ Value of coins =
Number of coins
☞ If there are notes of ‘x’ rupees, ‘y’ rupees and ‘z’ rupees in a box in the ratio m : n : r and the total value
of notes is ‘R’, then
m
☞ Number of notes of ‘x’ rupees = (xm+yn+zr) x R
n
☞ Number of notes of ‘y’ rupees = (xm+yn+zr) x R
r
☞ Number of notes of ‘z’ rupees = (xm+yn+zr) x R
18
Quants Formulae
Mixture and Alligation
☞ Weighted average = Sum of weighted terms/Number of terms

𝑁1𝐴1+𝑁2𝐴2
☞ Am =
𝑁1+𝑁2
𝑁1 𝐴2−𝐴𝑚
=
𝑁2 𝐴𝑚−𝐴1
Profit Percentage
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡
☞ Profit % = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 × 100
Time, Speed and Distance
☞ Distance = Speed x Time
☞ Number of persons = Total amount/Value

Quants Formulae
Simple Interest
Simple Interest (S.I.) is the method of calculating the interest amount for a particular principal amount of money
at some rate of interest.
Terms used:
☞ Principal: Initial given or taken amount

☞ Rate of Interest: Percentage of interest paid on principal
☞ Amount: Principal with interest or total paid money
☞ Time: Duration for which money is given or taken
𝑃𝑅𝑇
☞ SI =
100
☞ Total Amount (A) = Principal (P) + Interest (I)

☞ If a certain sum becomes ‘n’ times of itself in T years on Simple Interest, then the rate percent per annum
is
𝑛−1
R% = × 100
𝑇
☞ If a certain sum becomes n1 times of itself at R1% rate and n2 times of itself at R2%, rate then
𝑛2−1
R2 = 𝑛1−1 × 𝑅
☞ If a certain sum becomes n1 times of itself at T1 yrs and n2 times of itself at T2 yrs, then
𝑛2−1
☞ T2 = 𝑛1−1 × 𝑇1
☞ If a certain sum P amounts to Rs. A1 in T1 years at a rate of R% and the same sum amounts to Rs. A2 in
T2 years at the same rate of interest R%, then
A1 −A2
☞ R=A × 100
2 T1 −A1 T2
A2 T1 −A1 T2
☞ P= T1 −T2
Instalment and True Discount

𝐷𝑢𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑡×100
☞ Installment = 𝑟×𝑡×(𝑡−1)
100𝑡+
2
20
Quants Formulae
Compound Interest
𝑟
☞ A = P [1+100]n
☞ A= CI + P
☞ A= amount
☞ P= principal
☞ R= rate of interest
☞ n= number of times interest is compounded per year or it is the number of years when compounded
annually
☞ CI= A- P
☞ Compound interest when the rate is compounded half-yearly
𝑟
▪ 2
Amount = P [1+ 100 ]2n
☞ Compound interest when the rate is compounded quarterly
𝑟
▪ 4
Amount = P [1+ 100 ]4n
☞ Difference between CI and SI for 2 years
𝑅
▪ CI – SI = P(100)2
☞ Difference between CI and SI for 3 years
𝑅 𝑟
▪ CI – SI = P( )2 (3 + )
100 100
INSTALLMENT
☞ x = Value of each instalment

Quants Formulae
Time, Speed and Distance
Units of Time, Speed and Distance
☞ Time - (hrs, min, sec)

☞ Distance - (km, m)
☞ Speed - (km/hr, m/sec, m/min)
☞ Distance = Speed x Time
☞ Conversion Formula
18
☞ Km/hr = 5
m/sec
5
☞ m/sec = 18km/hr
3
☞ km/hr = m/min
50
50
☞ m/min = 3 Km/hr
Remember
☞ m/sec km/hr
☞ 1. 10 36
☞ 2. 15 54
☞ 3. 20 72
☞ 4. 25 90
☞ 5. 30 108
Relationship between Time, Speed and Distance
☞ Time 𝛼 Distance
1
☞ Speed 𝛼 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
☞ Relative speed of 2 bodies = Sum of their individual speeds if they are moving in the opposite directions
☞ S = S1 + S2
☞ Relative speed of 2 bodies = Difference of their individual speeds if they are moving in the same direction
☞ S = S1 - S2
☞ If two persons A and B start at the same time from two points P and Q towards each other and after
crossing they take T1 and T2 hours in reaching Q and P respectively, then
☞ Problems Based on Change in Speed
22
Quants Formulae
𝑆1×𝑆2
☞ D = 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 × 𝑇𝑑
☞ Td = Difference in time
☞ Problems Based on Trains
☞ Length of train = Speed x Time
☞ Problems Based on Stoppages
☞ A train travels a certain distance at a speed of x km/hr without stoppage and it covers same distance with
stoppage at a speed of y km/hr. The stoppage time per hour is given by
𝑥−𝑦 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑠
☞ 𝑥
= 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 ℎ𝑟𝑠
☞ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 > 𝑦
Boats and Streams

Terms used
☞ Stream – The moving water in a river is called a stream.

☞ Upstream – If the boat is flowing in the opposite direction to the stream, it is called upstream. In this
case, the net speed of the boat is called the upstream speed.
☞ Downstream – If the boat is flowing along the direction of the stream, it is called downstream. In this
case, the net speed of the boat is called downstream speed.
☞ Still Water – Under this circumstance the water is considered to be stationary and the speed of the water
is zero.
☞ Let x km/hr be the speed of the boat in still water and y km/hr be the speed of the stream. Then
☞ Speed of the boat with stream = Downstream
☞ speed = u km/hr = (x + y) km/hr
☞ Speed of the boat against stream = Upstream
☞ speed = v km/hr = (x - y) km/hr
1
☞ Speed of the boat in still water = 2 (𝑢 + 𝑣)𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
1
☞ Speed of the stream = 2 (𝑢 − 𝑣)𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
☞ Distance downstream = (x + y) x T km
☞ T is the travel time
☞ Distance upstream = (x - y) x T km

Quants Formulae
Time and Work
☞ Work done = Time taken(T) x Efficiency(E)

☞ Men x Time x Efficiency = Total work
☞ M 1 T 1 E1 = M 2 T 2 E2
𝑀1𝐷1 𝑀2𝐷2
☞ 𝑊1
= 𝑊2
☞ If A takes a days more than A and B to complete a work and B takes b days more than A and B to complete
the work. Then A and B would complete the work together in √𝑎𝑏 days.
☞ Inlet: An inlet is a pipe which is connected to fill a tank with water. This is the positive type of work done.
☞ Outlet: This indicates a negative type of work done. It may also be referred to as ‘leak’ in the question.
Here, the efficiency is negative.
1
☞ If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours, then part filled in 1 hr = 𝑥
1
☞ If a pipe can empty a tank in y hours, then part filled in 1 hr = 𝑦
☞ If a pipe can fill a tank in a hrs and the another pipe can empty the full tank in b hrs, then the net part
1 1
filled in 1 hr, when both the pipes are opened =[ − ]. Time taken to fill the tank, when both the pipes
𝑎 𝑏
𝑎𝑏
are opened =
𝑏−𝑎
☞ If a pipe can fill a tank in a hrs and another can fill the same tank in b hrs, then the net part filled in 1 hr,
1 1 𝑎𝑏
when both pipes are opened = [𝑎+𝑏] ∴ Time taken to fill the tank = 𝑎+𝑏
24
Quants Formulae
Data Interpretation
Types of Charts
☞ Pie Chart
☞ Line Graph
☞ Simple Bar Diagram
☞ Horizontal and Divided Bar Diagram
☞ Multi Bar Diagram
☞ Histogram
☞ Table
Pie Chart
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Degree of any component part = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
× 360°
Line Graph
☞ The line graph comprises of two axes known as ‘x’ axis and ‘y’ axis.
☞ The horizontal axis is known as the x-axis.
☞ The vertical axis is known as the y-axis.
Bar Diagram
☞ Types of Bar Diagrams

☞ Simple Bar Diagram
☞ Sub-divided Bar Diagram
☞ Percentage Bar Diagram
☞ Multiple Bar Diagram
Histogram
It consists of a set of continuous bars drawn adjacent to each other. It is generally used to represent frequency
distribution among different class intervals of the data presented in tabular form. Areas of bars are proportional
to the corresponding class frequencies.
Tables
☞ Tables are often used to represent numerical data.

Quants Formulae
☞ Tabulation is one of the most important device for the presentation of data in a condensed and
comprehensive form. It attempts to furnish the maxi-
☞ mum information contained in the data in a minimum space possible without minimising the quality and
usefulness of the data.
26
Quants Formulae
Algebra
Polynomial:
Polynomial is defined as an expression which is composed of variables, constants and exponents. These
polynomials can be combined using addition, subtraction, multiplication and division but is never divided by a
variable.
Notation
☞ The polynomial function is denoted by P(x), where x represents the variable. For example,
☞ P(x) = x 2 − 7x + 12
☞ If the variable is denoted by a, then the function will be P(a).
Terms of a Polynomial
☞ The terms of polynomials are the parts of the equation which are generally separated by ‘+’ or ‘-‘ signs.
So, each part of a polynomial in an equation is a term.
☞ For example, in a polynomial, say, x2 + 2x + 3, the number of terms will be 3. The classification of a
polynomial is done based on the number of terms in it.
Types of Polynomials
☞ Polynomials are of 3 different types and are classified based on the number of terms in them. The three
types of polynomials are:
▪ Monomial
▪ Binomial
▪ Trinomial
☞ These polynomials can be combined using addition, subtraction, multiplication and division but is never
1 1
divided by a variable. A few examples of Non Polynomials are: 𝑥+2 , 𝑥−3 , 𝑥 −3 .
Monomial
☞ A monomial is an expression which contains only one term. For an expression to be a monomial, the
single term should be a non-zero term. A few examples of monomials are:
☞ 5x, 3, 6a4, -3xy.
Binomial
☞ A binomial is a polynomial expression which contains exactly two terms. A binomial can be considered as
a sum or difference between two or more monomials. A few examples of binomials are:
☞ 5x+3, 6a4 + 17x, xy2+xy.

Quants Formulae
Trinomial
☞ A trinomial is an expression which is composed of exactly three terms. A few examples of trinomial
expressions are:
☞ 8a4+2x+7, 4x2 + 9x + 7.
Degree of a polynomial
Standard Form of Linear Equation

☞ The standard form of a linear equation in two variables is represented as
☞ ax + by + c = 0
☞ where a ≠ 0; b ≠ 0; x and y are the variables.
☞ The standard form of a linear equation in three variables is represented as
☞ ax + by + cz + d = 0
☞ where a ≠ 0; b ≠ 0; c ≠ 0; x, y, and z are the variables.
☞ Slope-intercept Form: y = mx + c
☞ Point-slope Form: y - y1 = m (x - x1)
☞ where (x1, y1) are the coordinates of the line. We can also express it as: y = mx + y1 - mx1
☞ Intercept Form
𝑥 𝑦
☞ 𝑥°
+ 𝑦° =1
☞ Two-point Form
𝑦2−𝑦1
☞ Y – y1 = [ 𝑥2−𝑥1 ] (𝑥 − 𝑥1)
Roots of Quadratic Equation

☞ If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of the quadratic equation
☞ ax2 + bx + c = 0, then
Sum of the roots 𝛼+ 𝛽= -b/a
☞ Product of the roots 𝛼 𝛽 = c/a
☞ For a quadratic equation, ax2 + bx + c = 0 where
☞ a ≠ 0, the roots will be given by the equation as
☞ If b2 = 4ac, then roots are real and equal.

☞ If b2 > 4ac, then roots are real and different.
28
Quants Formulae
☞ If b2 < 4ac, then roots are imaginary.

☞ Maximum Value and Minimum Value of a Quadratic Expression
For a quadratic equation having a positive coefficient of x2
☞ e.g. ax2 + bx + c = 0,
☞ Maximum value = ∞
4𝑎𝑐−𝑏2
☞ Minimum value =
4𝑎
☞ For a quadratic equation having a negative
☞ coefficient of x2, e.g. -ax2 + bx + c = 0,
☞ Maximum value = -∞
4𝑎𝑐−𝑏2
☞ Minimum value = 4𝑎
Roots of Cubic Equation

☞ If 𝛼, 𝛽 and 𝛾 are the roots of the cubical equation ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0, then,
𝑏
☞ Sum of the roots = 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = − 𝑎
𝑑
☞ Product of the roots = 𝛼𝛽𝛾 = − 𝑎
𝑐
☞ Sum of the product of roots 𝛼𝛽+𝛽𝛾+𝛼 𝛾 =
𝑎
Factor and Remainder Theorem:
Factor Theorem:
☞ Consider a polynomial f (x) of degree n ≥ 1. If the term ‘a’ is any real number, then we can state that;
☞ (x – a) is a factor of f (x), if f (a) = 0.
Remainder Theorem:
☞ When a polynomial, f(x), is divided by a linear polynomial (x – a), the remainder of the division process is
equivalent to f (a).
Algebraic Identities
☞ (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
☞ (a - b)2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab
☞ (a + b)2 + (a - b)2 = 2(a2 + b2)
☞ (a + b)2 - (a - b)2 = 4ab
☞ a2 - b2 = (a + b) (a - b)
☞ a2 + b2 + ab = (a + b + √𝑎𝑏)(a + b - √𝑎𝑏)
☞ a4 + b4 + a2 b2 = (a2 + b2 + ab) (a2 + b2 - ab)
☞ (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
☞ (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
☞ a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 + b2 - ab)
☞ (a - b)3 = a3 - b3 - 3ab (a - b)
☞ a3 - b3 = (a - b) (a2 + b2 + ab)

Quants Formulae
☞ a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2- ab - bc - ca)

1
= (a + b + c) 2((a - b)2 + (b - c)2 + (c - a)2 )
☞ = (a + b + c) ((a + b + c)2 - 3(ab + bc + ca))
Inverse Functions
1
☞ If (x+𝑥) = a then,
1
☞ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑎2 − 2
1
☞ 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 3 = 𝑎3 − 3𝑎
1
☞ 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 4 = (𝑎2 − 2)2 – 2
1
☞ 𝑥5 + = (𝑎2 − 2)( 𝑎3 − 3𝑎)-a
𝑥5
1
☞ If (x-𝑥) = a then
1
☞ 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑎2 + 2
1
☞ 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 3 = 𝑎3 + 3𝑎
1
☞ 𝑥 4 + 4 = (𝑎2 + 2)2 -2
𝑥
1
☞ 𝑥 5 − 𝑥 5 = (𝑎2 + 2)( 𝑎3 + 3𝑎)-a
Special Results:
1 1
☞ If x n + xn = a, then x n − xn = √a2 − 4
1 1
☞ If x n − xn = a, then x n + xn = √a2 + 4
Special Results:
1
☞ If x + x = 2 ; x = 1
1
☞ If x + x = −2; x = −1
1
☞ If x + x = 1; x 3 + 1 = 0
1
☞ If x + x = −1; x 3 − 1 = 0
1 1
☞ If x + x = √3; x 3 + x3 = 0; x 6 + 1 = 0
1 1
☞ If x + x = −√3; x 3 + x3 = 0; x 6 + 1 = 0
30
Quants Formulae
Trigonometry
Trigonometry (Circular Measure of Angles)

Angle:
☞ An angle is formed when two rays with the same beginning point open in different directions.
☞ ∠BAC = ∠A = ∠X = θ
Unit of Angle:
☞ Every angle has a measure. It is measured in the following three ways:
☞ Degree (°)
☞ Radian (C)
☞ Grade (g)
Circular System:
☞ In this system, the unit of measurements is ‘radian’.
arc AC AC
☞ Angle (θ) (in radian) = radius = r

Quants Formulae
One Radian:
☞ 1 radian or 1C is the angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a circle whose length is equal to the radius
of the circle.
☞ i.e. If arc = radius = r, then
r
☞ θ = r = 1, radian = 1C
☞ when arc ACB = ∏ 𝑟
Relation between degree measure and radian measure:

𝜋
☞ For changing degree into radian, we should have to multiply the degree by .
180
180
☞ Also, for changing radian into degree, we should multiply the radian by ∏
.
πx
☞ πrad = 180°----- x rad = 180 rad
180
☞ 1 rad = = 57°16′22"
3.14
∏ 22
☞ 1° = 180 radian = (7 X 180) rad
☞ = 0.01746 radian
Degree Radian Degree Radian
30° π/6 135° 3π/4
45° π/4 150° 5π/6
60° π/3 180° π
90° π/2 270° 3π/2
120° 2π/3 360° 2π
32
Quants Formulae
Relation between length of arc (l), radius (r) and angle (ᶿ) :
l
☞ If an arc of length (l ) of a circle subtends an angle θ at its centre and radius of the circle is ‘r’, then θ = r.
☞ Hence,
1
☞ when θ = r and r is constant,then θ ∝ l.
θ1 l1
☞ =
θ2 l2
l
☞ when θ = and ‘r’ is constant,then l ∝ r.
r
l1 r1
☞ =
l2 r2
l l
☞ when θ = and ‘l’ is the constant, then θ ∝ .
r r
l
☞ or r ∝ θ
θ1 r2
☞ =
θ2 r1
☞ Area of a sector (or Sectorial area)
☞ The area of the sector OAB = ½ r2 θ

☞ Here, ‘θ′ is in radian.
Basic identities of Trigonometric Ratios:
Opposite side Hypotenuse

☞ Sine ratio ⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃= Hypotenuse
↔ cosec𝜃= Opposite side
Adjacent side Hypotenuse
☞ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃= Hypotenuse ↔ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃= Adjacent side

Quants Formulae
Opposite side Adjacent side

☞ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜⇒ tan 𝜃= Adjacent side ↔ cot 𝜃= Opposite side
☞ sin θ . cosec θ = 1
☞ cos θ . sec θ = 1
☞ tan θ. cot θ = 1
1 1
☞ tan θ = cot θ ⇒ cot θ = tan θ
sin θ cos θ
☞ tan θ = cos θ ⇒ cot θ = sin θ
☞ Trigonometric Identities :-
i. sin2θ + cos2θ = 1
ii. 1 + tan2θ = sec2θ
iii. 1 + cot2θ = cosec2θ
☞ Also,
i. tan θ = sin 𝜃/cos 𝜃
ii. cot θ = cos 𝜃/sin 𝜃
iii. tan θ ∙ cot θ = 1
34
Quants Formulae
SECOND QUADRANT:
Compound angles
☞ sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
☞ sin(A − B) = sin A cos B − cos A sin B
☞ cos(A + B) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B
☞ cos(A − B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan A+tan B tan A−tan B
☞ tan(A + B) = 1−tan A tan B and tan(A − B) = 1+tan A tan B
cot A cot B−1 cot A cot B+1
☞ cot(A + B) = and cot(A − B) =
cot A+cot B cotB −cot A
Double Angle formula

☞ sin2A = 2sin A cos A
☞ cos2A = cos2 A − sin2 A
2tanA cot2 A−1
☞ tan2A = 1−tan2 A and cot 2A = 2cotA

Quants Formulae
Product into sum or difference formula

☞ 2sinA cosB = sin(A + B) + sin(A − B)
☞ 2cosA sinB = sin(A + B) − sin(A − B)
☞ 2cosA cosB = cos(A + B) − cos(A − B)
☞ 2sinA sinB = cos(A − B) − cos(A + B)
Sum into product formula
C+D C−D
☞ sinC + sinD = 2 sin ( ) . cos ( )
2 2
C+D C−D
☞ sinC − sinD = 2 cos ( 2 ) . sin ( 2 )
C+D C−D
☞ cosC + cosD = 2 cos ( 2 ) . cos ( 2 )
C+D D−C
☞ cosC − cosD = 2 sin ( 2 ) . sin ( 2 )
Subtraction to multiple formula

☞ sin2 A − sin2 B = sin(A + B) . sin(A − B)
☞ cos 2 B − sin2 A = cos 2 A − sin2 B = cos(A + B) . cos(A − B)
Three angle formula (A+B+C)
☞ sin(𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 – 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
☞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 𝑂𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 ( 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
☞ + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶 – 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐶)
☞ cos(A + B + C) = cosA cosB cosC – cosA sinB sinC – sinA cosB sinC - sinA sinB cosC Or cosA cosB cosC
(1 − tanA tanB − tanB tanC − tanC tanA)
tan A+tan B+tan C−tan A.tan B.tan C
☞ tan (A + B + C) = 1−tanAtanB−tanBtanC−tanCtanA
cot A.cot B.cot C−(cot A+cot B+cot C)
☞ cot (A + B + C) = cotAcotB + cotBcotC + cotCtanA − 1
☞ sin3A = 3sinA − 4 sin A 3
☞ cos3A = 4 cos3 A − 3cosA

3 tan A−tan3 A cot3 A − 3cotA
☞ tan3A = ( 2 ) and cot3A = ( )
1−3 tan A 3 cot2 A−1
tanA + tanB cotA + cotB
☞ tanA tanB = cotA + cotB and cotA cotB = tanA + tanB
☞ Sin4 θ+cos4 θ= (sin2 θ + cos 2 θ)2 − 2sin² θcos² θ =1 – 2sin² θcos² θ
☞ Sin6 θ+cos6 θ= (sin2 θ + cos2 θ)3 − 3sin2 θcos2 θ(sin2 θ + cos2 θ) =1 – 3sin² θcos² θ
1 + tanθ cosθ+sinθ
☞ tan (45º + θ) = 1 − tanθ = cosθ− sinθ
Half angle formula (Fraction formula)

A 1 −cos A
☞ sin 2
= √ 2
A 1 + cos A
☞ cos 2
= √ 2
A
A sin 1− cos A
☞ tan 2 = 2
A = √1 + cos A = cosec A – cot A
cos
2
A
A cos 1 + cos A
☞ cot 2
= A
2
= √1 − cos A = cosec A + cot A
sin
2
36
Quants Formulae
Fraction angle formula

sinθ θ θ
☞ θ = 4 cos 2 cos 4
sin( )
4
Trigonometric ratios of the sum of three angles
If 𝐀 + 𝐁 + 𝐂 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎° or 𝛑 (or ABC is a triangle),
☞ tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A. tan B. tan C

☞ cotA. cotB + cotB. cotC + cotC. cotA = 1
𝛑
If 𝐀 + 𝐁 + 𝐂 = 𝟗𝟎° or 𝟐,
☞ cot A + cot B + cot C = cot A. cot B. cot C
☞ tan AtanB + tan BtanC + tanAtan C = 1
If A + B = 45° or 225°,
☞ (1 + tanA)(1 + tanB) = (cotA − 1)(cotB − 1) = 2
If A + B = 135° or 315°,
☞ (1 – tanA) (1 – tanB) = (1 + cotA) (1 + cotB) = 2
If A - B = 45° or 225°,
☞ (1 + tanA)(1 − tanB) = (1 − cotA)(1 + cotB) = 2
Product of three trigonometric signs

☞ a sin2 α + b cos 2 α If (a > b)
☞ Max value = a
☞ Min value = b
☞ a sinθ + b cosθ
☞ a sinθ + b cosθ = ± √a2 + b 2
☞ Maximum value = +√a2 + b 2
☞ Minimum value = −√a2 + b 2
☞ Sinn θ cos n θ
1 𝑛
☞ y max = (+ 2) (power n = odd)
1 𝑛
☞ y mini = (− 2)
1 𝑛
☞ y max = (+ 2) (power n = even)
☞ y mini = 0
☞ Multiple of a pair of trigonometric signs is 1.

Quants Formulae
☞ a tan2 θ + b cot2 θ= y
☞ y max = ∞
☞ y mini= 2√ab
☞ a sin2 θ + b cosec2 θ= y
☞ y mini = a+b if b ≥ a
☞ y mini= 2√ab
☞ a cos2 θ + b sec2 θ= y
☞ y mini = a+b if b ≥ a
☞ y mini = 2√ab
☞ a sec2 θ + b cosec2 θ= y
☞ y mini = (√a + √b) 2
Trigonometric Ratios of some specific angles:
Trigonometric ratios of (45°- 90°- 45°)
38
Quants Formulae
Trigonometric ratios of (30°- 90°- 60°)
Sign/Angle 𝟎° 𝟑𝟎° 𝟒𝟓° 𝟔𝟎° 𝟗𝟎°
1 1 √3
𝐬𝐢𝐧 0 1
2 √2 2
√3 1 1
𝐜𝐨𝐬 1 0
2 √2 2
1
𝐭𝐚𝐧 0 1 √3 ∞
√3
1
𝐜𝐨𝐭 ∞ √3 1 0
√3
2
𝐬𝐞𝐜 1 √2 2 ∞
√3
2
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 ∞ 2 √2 1
√3
Quadrant System:
☞ For 90°, 270° … . (odd multiple of 90°)

☞ sin 𝜃 is changed intocos 𝜃 , tan 𝜃 is changed into cot 𝜃 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 is changed into sec 𝜃

Quants Formulae
☞ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎

☞ 𝐹𝑜𝑟 0°, 180°, 360° … . (even multiple of 90°).
☞ All the trigonometric ratios remain same.
☞ For e.g. sin 𝜃 remains sin 𝜃 , cos 𝜃 remainscos 𝜃 and 𝑠𝑜 𝑜𝑛.
Change in signs will be in the following manner:
☞ sin θ → cos θ & cos θ → sin θ

☞ tan θ → cot θ & cot θ → tan θ
☞ sec θ → cosec θ & cosec θ → sec θ
Quadrant - I (𝟎° ≤ 𝛉 ≤ 𝟗𝟎°)
☞ sin(90° − 𝜃) = cos θ
☞ cos (90° − θ) = sin θ
☞ tan(90° − θ) = cot θ
☞ cot (90° − θ) = tanθ
☞ sec (90° − θ) = cosec θ
☞ cosec (90° − θ) = sec θ
Quadrant – II (𝟗𝟎° ≤ 𝛉 ≤ 𝟏𝟖𝟎° )
☞ sin(90° + θ) = cos θ
☞ cos (90° + θ) = −sinθ
☞ sin (180°− 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
☞ cos (180°− 𝜃) = – 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
☞ tan(90° + θ) = − cot 𝜃
☞ cot(90° + θ) = − tan 𝜃
☞ tan (180°− 𝜃) = – 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
☞ cot (180°− 𝜃) = − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃
☞ cosec(90° + θ) = sec 𝜃
☞ sec(90° + θ) = −cosec θ
☞ cosec (180° − θ) = cosec 𝜃
☞ sec(180° − 𝜃) = −𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃
Quadrant - III (𝟏𝟖𝟎° ≤ 𝛉 ≤ 𝟐𝟕𝟎° )
☞ sin(180° + 𝜃) = − sin 𝜃
☞ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (180° + 𝜃) = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
☞ tan(180° + θ) = tan θ
☞ cot (180° + θ) = cot θ
☞ sec(180° + 𝜃) = − sec 𝜃
☞ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (180° + 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃
☞ sin(270° − θ) = − cos θ
☞ cos(270° − θ) = − sin θ
☞ tan(270° − θ) = cot θ
☞ cot(270° − θ) = tan θ
40
Quants Formulae
☞ sec(270° − 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃
☞ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (270° − 𝜃) = − sec 𝜃
Quadrant - IV: (𝟐𝟕𝟎° ≤ 𝛉 ≤ 𝟑𝟔𝟎° )
☞ sin(270° + θ) = −cos θ
☞ cos(270° + θ) = sin θ
☞ tan(270° + θ) = −cot θ
☞ cot(270° + θ) = −tan θ
☞ sec(270° + 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃
☞ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (270° + 𝜃) = − sec 𝜃
☞ sin(360° − 𝜃) = − sin 𝜃
☞ cos(360° − 𝜃) = cos 𝜃
☞ tan(360° − 𝜃) = − tan 𝜃
☞ cot(360° − 𝜃) = − cot 𝜃
☞ cosec(360° − θ) = −cosec θ
☞ sec(360° − θ) = sec θ
☞ If sum of two angles (α + β) = 90°,
☞ If α+β are complimentary

☞ α+β = 90
☞ α = 90° - β
☞ sin α = cos β
☞ cos α = sin β
☞ sec α = cosec β
☞ cosec α = sec β
☞ tan α = cot β
☞ cot α = tan β
☞ If sinα. secβ = 1, then α + β = 90°.
☞ If cosα. cosecβ = 1, then α + β = 90°.
☞ If cotα. cotβ = 1, then α + β = 90°.
If sum of angles is 90 degree, then,
☞ sin2 θ + sin2 (90 − θ) = 1
☞ cos 2 θ + cos2(90 − θ) = 1
☞ sec 2 θ − cot 2(90 − θ) = 1
☞ cosec 2 (90 − θ) − tan2 θ = 1

Quants Formulae
☞ cosec 2 θ − tan2 (90 − θ) = 1

Basic identity: Using Pythagoras theorem
☞ sin2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1
☞ sin2 θ = 1 − cos 2 θ = (1 + cos θ)(1 − cos θ)
☞ cos 2 θ = 1 − sin2 θ = (1 + sin θ)(1 − sin θ)
☞ sec 2 θ = tan2 θ + 1
☞ (secθ + tanθ)(secθ − tanθ) = 1
1
☞ (secθ + tanθ) = (secθ−tanθ)
1
☞ If (secθ + tanθ) = a & (secθ − tanθ) =
a
1 a2 +1
☞ 2 secθ = a + a = a
a2 +1
☞ secθ =
2a
☞ sec 2 θ − 1 = tan2 θ
☞ tan2 θ = (secθ + 1)(secθ − 1)
☞ Cosec 2 θ − cot 2 θ = 1
☞ (cosec θ + cotθ)(cosecθ − cotθ) = 1
1
☞ (cosec θ + cotθ) = (cosecθ−cotθ)
1
☞ 𝐼𝑓 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃) = 𝑎 & (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃) =
𝑎
1 a2 +1
☞ 2 cosecθ = a + a = a
a2 +1
☞ cosecθ =
2a
42
Quants Formulae
2. Basic Identity
☞ If a sinθ + b cosθ = c ,
☞ a cosθ − b sinθ = d then,
☞ a2 + b2 = c 2 + d2
☞ Put a = b = 1
☞ sinθ + cosθ = x
☞ sinθ − cosθ = y
☞ 12 + 12 = x 2 + y 2
☞ x 2 + y 2 = 2 ⟹ y = √(2 − x 2 )
3. Basic Identity
☞ asecθ − btanθ = c
☞ atanθ − bsecθ = d
☞ or
☞ asecθ + btanθ = c
☞ atanθ + bsecθ = d
☞ ⇒ a2 − b2 = c 2 − d2
Basic Identity
☞ acosecθ − bcotθ = c
☞ acotθ − bcosecθ = d
☞ or
☞ acosecθ + bcotθ = c
☞ acotθ + bcosecθ = d
☞ ⇒ a2 − b2 = c 2 − d2
Based on value putting
TYPE 1:.
☞ sin2 α + sin2 β = 2 or sinα + sinβ = 2 when α = β = 90°

☞ sin2 α + cos2 β = 2 or sinα + cosβ = 2 when α = 90° & β = 0°
☞ cos 2 α + cos2 β = 2 or cosα + cosβ = 2 when α = β = 0°
TYPE 2:.

Quants Formulae
☞ sin2 α + sin2 β = 0 when α = β = 0

☞ sin2 α + cos2 β = 0 when α = 0 & β = 90°
☞ cos 2 α + cos2 β = 0 when α = β = 90°
Height and Distance

☞ Angle of Elevation: If an object is above the horizontal, then the angle between the view line and the
horizontal is called angle of elevation.
☞ Angle of Depression: If an object is below the horizontal, then the angle between the view line and the
horizontal is called angle of depression.
Trigonometric Ratios of some specific angles:

☞ Trigonometric ratios of (45°- 90°- 45°)
44
Quants Formulae
☞ AB: BC: CA = 1 ∶ 1 √2
☞ Trigonometric ratios of (30°- 90°- 60°)
☞ AB: BC: CA = 1 ∶ √3 ∶ 2
☞ AB: BC: CA = √3 ∶ 1 ∶ 2
Based on the change in Angle : Angle changed from 30 ° to 45°
☞ Ratio of the other side = AB : BC : CD = 1 ∶ √3 ∶ √3 − 1
☞ Ratio of the other side = AD : BD : DC : BC = 1 ∶ √3 ∶ 1 ∶ √3 + 1

Quants Formulae
Angle changed from 45° to 60°
☞ Ratio of the other side = AB : BC : CD = √3 ∶ √3 ∶ √3 − 1
☞ Ratio of the other side = AD : BD : DC : BC = √3 : √3 ∶ 1 ∶ √3 + 1
Angle changed from 30° to 60°
☞ Ratio of the other side = AB : BC : CD = √3 ∶ 3 ∶ 2
☞ Ratio of the other side = AD : BD : DC : BC = √3 : 3 ∶ 1 ∶ 4
46
Quants Formulae
Both are complementary to each other Sum of the two angles = 90°
☞ θ, (90° − θ) are complementary angles.
☞ h = √ab
Angle changed from θ to 2θ
☞ Triangle ACD is an isosceles triangle.

☞ AC = CD and ∠A = ∠D
☞ The angle of elevation of the top of two poles, one on each side of a road from a point on road are θ1
and θ2. If the width of road is ‘a’, then the height of the pole is
a
☞ h = cotθ
2 cot θ1
+
There are two towers. one tower is of height ‘a’ . From the top and bottom of this tower, the angles
of elevation of top of other tower are θ2 and θ1 respectively. Find the height of other tower.

Quants Formulae
acotθ2
☞ h = cot θ
2 - cot θ1
☞ Concept of shadow At a particular time, for all objects, the ratio of height and lengths of shadow are the
h1 h2
same. tan θ = x1 = x2
☞ A balloon of radius ‘r’ makes an angle α at the eye of an observer and the angle of elevation of its centres
α
is ‘β’, then height of its centre from horizontal (H) is H = r cosec 2 sin β
☞ The angle of elevation of a cloud at height ‘h’ above the level of water in a lake is θ and the angle of the
depression of its image in the lake is Ф . Then, the height of the cloud above the surface of the lake is
cot θ + cot Ф
☞ H = h (cot θ − cot Ф)
48
Quants Formulae
Geometry
Lines and Angles

Collinear Points
In geometry, two or more points are said to be collinear if they lie on the same line. Points A, P and R are
collinear points.
Non-collinear Points
☞ The points which do not lie on the same line are called non-collinear points.
☞ Points D, P and B are non-collinear points.
☞ Intersecting Lines (Crossing at One Point)

☞ Intersecting lines form four angles.
☞ Two pairs of equal vertical angles
☞ (∠2 = ∠4 and ∠1 = ∠3)
☞ Four pairs of supplementary angles
☞ (∠1 + ∠2) = (∠2 + ∠3) = (∠3 + ∠4) = (∠4 + ∠1) = 180°

Quants Formulae
Concurrent Lines (Crossing at One Point)

☞ Three or more lines that pass through a single point.
Angle
☞ An angle is formed when two rays with the same beginning point open in different directions.
Types of Angles
Acute Angle
☞ An angle whose measure is less than 90° is called an acute angle, 𝑖. 𝑒 0° < 𝜃 < 90°.
Right Angle
☞ An angle whose measure is 90° is called a right angle, i.e. θ = 90°.
Obtuse Angle
☞ An angle whose measure is more than 90° but less than 180° is called an obtuse angle, i.e. 90°< θ < 180°.
50
Quants Formulae
Straight Angle
☞ An angle whose measure is 180° is called a straight angle.
Reflex Angle
☞ An angle whose measure is more than 180° is called a reflex angle, i.e. 180° < θ < 360°.
Adjacent Angles
☞ Adjacent angles are two angles that have a common vertex and a common side but do not overlap.
☞ ∠A and ∠B are adjacent angles.
Complementary Angle
☞ Two angles, whose sum is 90°, are called complementary angles.

☞ e.g. (θ , (90-θ)), (40°,50°), (45°,45°), (35°,55°), etc.
Supplementary Angles
☞ Two angles, whose sum measures 180°, are called the supplementary angles. e.g. (θ , (180-θ)), (120°,60°),
(100°, 80°), etc.

Quants Formulae
Linear Pair of Angles

☞ Two adjacent angles are said to form a linear pair of angles if their non-common arms are two opposite
rays.
Transversal
☞ The definition of a transversal is a line that intersects a system of lines. A line that cuts across a series of
two parallel lines is an example of a transversal.
Important Points – Lines
☞ There is one and only one line passing through two distinct points.
☞ Two or more lines are said to be coplanar if they lie in the same plane, otherwise they are said to be non-
coplanar.
☞ The intersection of two planes is a line.
Vertically opposite angles

☞ ∠7 = ∠5 ∠6 = ∠8
☞ ∠1 = ∠4 ∠2 = ∠3
Corresponding angles
☞ ∠1 = ∠7 ∠4 = ∠5
☞ ∠3 = ∠6 ∠2 = ∠8
Exterior opposite angles
☞ ∠1 = ∠5 ∠3 = ∠8
52
Quants Formulae
Interior opposite angels

☞ ∠2 = ∠6 ∠4 = ∠7
Sum of consecutive interior angels is 180°
☞ ∠7 + ∠2 = 180°, ∠4 + ∠6 = 180°
Angle Sum at Corner Points
☞ In the given figure, L1 || L2 then,
☞ Sum of the right side angles = Sum of the left side angles
☞ ∠𝑎 + ∠𝑏 + ∠𝑐 + ∠𝑑 = ∠𝑝 + ∠𝑞 + ∠𝑟 + ∠𝑠
Basics Of Triangle
☞ Vertices – A, B, C
☞ Angles – ∠A, ∠B, ∠C

Quants Formulae
☞ Sides – a, b, c
Important Theorems
☞ The sum of the three internal angles of a triangle is always 180°.

☞ In ∆ABC,
☞ ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
☞ An exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the opposite interior angles and the sum of all
exterior angles of a triangle, i.e. 3600.
The conditions for the formation of a triangle are:

☞ The formation of a triangle is possible if the sum of the length of any two sides of a triangle is always
greater than the length of the third side.
☞ The difference of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is always smaller than the length of the third
side.
☞ In ∆ABC with sides a, b and c,
☞ |b − c| < a < |b + c|
☞ |a − c| < b < |a + c|
☞ |b − a| < c < |a + b|
The cosine and sine rule:
☞ c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab(cos C)
a b c
☞ = = = 2R (circumradius)
sin A sin B sin C
Area of a triangle:
☞ If in a triangle, two sides and the angle between those sides are given
☞ then,
1 1
☞ Area = 2 × Product of the two sides × sin θ = 2 ab(sin θ)
54
Quants Formulae
☞ The angle formed by the internal bisector of one base angle and the external bisector of the other base
angle of a triangle is equal to one-half of the vertical angle.
∠A
☞ ∠BEC = 2
☞ The angle between the perpendicular between drawn by a vertex to the opposite side and the angle
bisector of the vertex angle is half of the difference between the other two remaining vertex angles.
☞ In ∆PQR,
☞ PS is the bisector of ∠QPR and PT ⊥ QR.
☞ Then,
|∠Q − ∠R|
☞ ∠TPS = (∠Q > ∠R)
2
Equilateral Triangle
☞ A triangle in which all three sides are equal is called an equilateral triangle.
☞ ∆ABC is equilateral, if (a = b = c).
√3 2
☞ Area = 𝑎
4

Quants Formulae
☞ Perimeter = 3a
√3
☞ Height (h) = 2
a
𝑎
☞ Circumradius (R)=
√3
𝑎
☞ In radius (r) = 2
√3
Acute Triangle
☞ An acute triangle is a triangle with all three internal angles less than 90° . All three internal angles are
acute.
☞ If a, b and c are the sides of a triangle such that a > b > c,

☞ If a2 + b2 > c 2, then the triangle is an acute triangle.
Obtuse Triangle
☞ A triangle with one angle greater than 90°, i.e. obtuse angle, is known as an obtuse-angled triangle.
☞ If a, b and c are the sides of a triangle and c > a, c > b and if a2 + b2 < c 2 , then the triangle is called an
obtuse-angled triangle.
Congruent Triangle
☞ The corresponding elements of congruent triangles are equal.
☞ If ∆ABC ≅ ∆ DEF, then,

☞ AB = DE
☞ BC = EF
56
Quants Formulae
☞ AC = DF
☞ ∠A = ∠D
☞ ∠B = ∠E
☞ ∠C = ∠F
Sufficient conditions for congruence of triangles:
☞ SAS (Side – Angle – Side)

☞ ASA (Angle – Side – Angle)
☞ AAS (Angle – Angle – Side)
☞ SSS (Side – Side – Side)
☞ RHS (Right angle – Hypotenuse – Side)
Similarity of Triangles
☞ Two triangles, ∆ABC and ∆PQR are similar, if the corresponding angles have the same measures and if
the lengths of the corresponding sides are proportional.
☞ If ∆ABC ≃ ∆PQR,
☞ Then,
AB AC BC
☞ PQ
= PR = QR
Area perimeter and side concept:
☞ So, if ∆ABC ~∆PQR,

☞ Then,
AB BC AC h1 M1 R1 r1 P1
☞ = = = = = = =
PQ QR PR h2 M2 R2 r2 P2
∆1
☞ = √∆2
☞ Where h1 is height, R1 is circumradius, M1 is median, r1 is in radius, P1 is perimeter and ∆1 is the area of

∆ABC.
☞ h2 is height, R 2 is circumradius, M2 is median, P2 is the perimeter, r2 is radius and ∆2 is the area of ∆PQR.

Quants Formulae
Similarity of a right-angle triangle
☞ If in a right angled triangle, a perpendicular is drawn by right-angled vertex to hypotenuse, then the two
triangles formed by it are similar to the triangle.
☞ ∆ABC ~ ∆ADB ~ ∆BDC

☞ BD2 = AD × DC
☞ AB × BC = AC × BD
AB2 BD
☞ =
BC2 DC
AB2
☞ AD = AC
BC2
☞ CD = AC
1 1 1
☞ = +
BD2 AB2 BC2
Basic Proportionally Theorem (BPT) or Thales Theorem
☞ If DE||BC, then ∆ABC ~ ∆ADE.

AD AE DE
☞ AB
= AC = BC
AD AE
☞ Also, = .
DB EC
Mid-Point Theorem (MPT)
☞ The line segment joining the mid-points of two sides is parallel to the third side and equal to half of the
third side.
☞ If D & E are mid-points of AB & AC respectively, then DE || BC.

1
☞ DE = 2
BC
58
Quants Formulae
Interior Angle Bisector Theorem
☞ The angle bisector of an angle of a triangle divides the opposite side to the angle in the ratio of the
remaining two sides.
𝑚 𝑐
☞ 𝑛
=𝑏
☞ Length of the angle bisector
☞ AD = √(AB × AC) − (BD × DC)
☞ = √(c × b) − (m × n)
Exterior Angle Bisector Theorem
☞ The angle bisector of any exterior angle of a triangle externally divides the opposite side to the exterior
angle in the ratio of the remaining two sides.
AB BD
☞ AC
= CD
Area of the Triangle
1 1
☞ Area of a ∆ABC : Area of a ∆ACD = 2 × x × h ∶ 2
× y × h=x:y
Centres of a triangle
☞ Centroid

Quants Formulae
☞ In-centre
☞ Circum-centre
☞ Ortho-centre
Centroid
The point at which the three medians of the triangle intersect is known as the centroid of a triangle (V).
Median
☞ A line which joins the mid-point of base to the opposite vertex is called the median.
Properties of Median
☞ The median OL divides the area of a triangle into two triangles of equal area.
☞ Area of six smaller triangles formed by three medians and three sides are equal and it is equal to
1
× Area ∆ ABC.
6
1
☞ Area of the triangle formed by joining the mid-points of two sides and centroid is 12 th of the area of
1
triangle. Area of ∆OFE = Area of ∆OFD = Area of ∆OED = 12 Area of ∆ABC
☞ The centroid divides each median in the ratio 2:1.

☞ Apollonius Theorem: The lengths of the medians can be obtained from Apollonius’ theorem
60
Quants Formulae
☞ AB2 + AC 2 = 2(AD2 + BD2 )

☞ If AB = c, BC = a, AD = ma, AC = b
2b2 + 2c2 − a2 2a2 + 2c2 −b2 2a2 + 2b2 − c2
☞ ma = √ 4
mb = √ 4
mc = √ 4
☞ In a triangle, three times the sum of square of sides is equal to four times the sum of square of medians,
i.e.
☞ 3(AB 2 + BC 2 + AC 2 ) = 4 (AD2 + BE 2 + CF 2 )
☞ In a right-angled triangle, the median to the hypotenuse is equal to half the hypotenuse.
hypotenuse AC
☞ Length of the median BD = 2
= 2
AC
☞ AD = DC = BD = EF =
2
☞ In a right-angled triangle, four times the sum of square of two medians (not a right-angled vertex median)
is equal to five times the square of hypotenuse.
☞ 4(m2a + m2c ) = 5AC 2
☞ m2a + m2c = 5m2b
☞ The medians from sides of length b and c are perpendicular if and only if b2 + c 2 = 5a2
☞ Area of triangle formed by medians:

4
☞ Area of ∆ABC = Area of ∆PQR
3

Quants Formulae
☞ Area of ∆
4
☞ = 3
√Sm (Sm − m1 ) (Sm − m2 ) (Sm − m3 )
m1 + m2 + m3
☞ Where Sm = Semi median =
2
☞ If m12 + m22 = m23 ,
2
☞ Then, Area of ∆ = 3
m1 m2.
In-centre
☞ The point of intersection of the three angle bisectors of a triangle is called the in-centre, which is denoted
by ‘I’.
Properties of Incentre
☞ The angle between the lines joining the in-centre and two vertices is equal to the sum of half the third
vertex angle and right angle.
☞ The point of intersection of the internal bisector of the angles of a triangle is called the incentre.
62
Quants Formulae
𝜋 <𝐴 <𝐴
☞ < 𝐵𝐼𝐶 = 2 + 2
or 90° + 2
𝜋 <𝐵 <𝐵
☞ < 𝐴𝐼𝐶 = 2
+ 2 or 90° + 2
𝜋 <𝐶 <𝐶
☞ < 𝐴𝐼𝐵 = + 2 or 90° + 2
2
☞ The length of perpendiculars drawn from the
☞ in-centre to all the three sides are equal and it is called in-radius of a triangle.
☞ By using tangent theorem,
☞ DC = EC, BD = BF and AE = AF
☞ OD = OE = OF = In-radius of triangle ABC
☞ The ratio of the area of a triangle formed by the in-centre and three vertices is equal to the ratio of their
corresponding sides.
1 1 1
☞ Area of triangle BOC : Area of triangle AOC : Area of triangle BOA = 2 × a × r ∶ 2
× b × r: 2
×c ×r=
a:b:c
☞ Area of any triangle is the product of its in-radius and semi perimeter.
r
☞ ∆ = 2 (a + b + c) = s × r
(a+b+c)
☞ S = Semi-perimeter of triangle, ABC = 2
☞ In a right-angled triangle,
AB+BC−AC
☞ Inradius (r) = 2
☞ In-centre divides each angle bisector in the ratio of length of sum of two adjacent sides and the opposite
side.
☞ Exterior angle bisector
☞ The angle between the external bisectors of two angles of a triangle is the difference between the right-
angle and half of the third angle.
☞ Exterior Angle ∠BOC
∠A
☞ = 90˚ – 2
Circumcentre

Quants Formulae
☞ The point of intersection of the perpdndicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle is called the
circumcentre.
☞ OD ⊥ AB and AD = BD
☞ OE ⊥ BC and BE = EC
☞ OF ⊥ AC and CF = FA
☞ The point of intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle is called the circumcentre
‘O’.
Properties
☞ The angle between the line segments joining the circumcentre and two vertices is double the third vertex
angle.
☞ ∠BOC = 2∠A , ∠AOC = 2∠B , ∠BOA = 2∠C
☞ For a right-angled triangle, circumcentre is the mid-point of hypotenuse and circum-radius is half of
hypotenuse.
☞ Relation between circum-radius of the triangle and sine rule
a b c
☞ sinA
= sinB = sinC = 2R
abc
☞ Area of the triangle = Δ = 4R
☞ Distance between the circumcentre and in-centre= D = √R2 − 2Rr
☞ Orthocentre The point of intersection of the three altitudes of a triangle is called the orthocentre.
64
Quants Formulae
Properties
☞ The angle between the line segments joining the orthocentre and two vertices is equal to the difference
between the supplementary angle and the third angle.
☞ ∠BOC = 180 − ∠A
☞ ∠AOC = 180 − ∠B
☞ ∠BOA = 180° − ∠C
☞ In a triangle ABC, AD, BE and CF are altitudes intersecting at O. The product of the lengths of the segments
that the orthocentre divides an altitude is the same for all three altitudes.
☞ AO × OD = OB × OE = OC × OF
☞ Relation between the sides and heights of a triangle.

1 1 1
☞ a: b: c = h ∶ h2
∶ h3
1
CIRCLE
☞ A circle is a shape consisting of all points in a plane that are at a given distance from a given point, i.e. the
centre.
Area and Perimeter of Circle

Quants Formulae
Sector
θ
☞ Arc length or circumference (Arc PQ)= 360° × 2πr
θ
☞ Perimeter of the sector = 360° × 2πr + 2r
θ
☞ Area of the sector = 360° × πr 2
Circle
☞ In a circle, the central angle is 360°.
☞ Perimeter or circumference = 2πr

☞ Area of the sector = πr 2
Chord
☞ A chord of a circle is a straight line segment whose both endpoints lie on the circle. A chord that passes
through a circle's centre point is the circle's diameter.
Properties
☞ A perpendicular dropped from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord. It means that both the
halves of the chords are equal in length.
☞ Here,
☞ ∆OAC ≅ OBC
☞ OA = OB = R (Radius)
☞ OC ⊥ AB
66
Quants Formulae
☞ The angle in the same segment of a circle are equal i.e.
☞ <APB = <AQB = <ARB

☞ The angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a circle is double that of the angle that the arc subtends
at any other point on the circle.
☞ The angle inscribed in a semicircle is always a right angle (90°). The triangle formed by the diameter and
the inscribed angle (triangle ABC) is always a right-angled triangle.
☞ When two chords intersect each other inside a circle, the products of their segments are equal.

Quants Formulae
☞ OA × OB = OC × OD
☞ a×b = c×d
☞ If two chords of a circle of lengths, 2a and 2b, are mutually perpendicular and the distance of the point
𝑎 2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
at which the chords intersect from the centre of the circle is c, then the radius of the circle r = √ 2
.
☞ Two chords AB and CD intersect perpendicularly at point E. The length of a, b, c and d are given. The
radius of the circle (R) is:
a2 + b2 + c2 + d2
☞ Radius of the circle (R) =√ 4
☞ When two secants intersect each other outside a circle, the products of their segments are equal.
☞ PA × PB = PC × PD
☞ When a tangent and a secant intersect each other outside a circle, then
☞ PT 2 = PA × PB
68
Quants Formulae
☞ In a circle of radius ‘r’ cm, two parallel chords of lengths ‘a’ cm and ‘b’ cm are drawn. If both the chords
are on the opposite side of the centre, then the distance between the chord is given by x + y.
☞ Distance between the chords

a 2 b 2
☞ = x + y = √r 2 − ( ) + √r 2 − ( )
2 2
☞ In a circle of radius ‘r’ cm, two parallel chords of lengths ‘a’ cm and ‘b’ cm are drawn. If both the chords
are on the same side of the centre, then the distance between the chord is
☞ Distance between chords

b 2 a 2
☞ = y − x = √r 2 − ( ) − √r 2 − ( )
2 2
☞ Chords AB and CD of a circle with centre O intersect each other at P.
α+β
☞ If ∠AOD = 𝛽 and ∠BOC = 𝛼, then the value of ∠APD = 2
.

Quants Formulae
Tangent
☞ A line which touches a circle or ellipse at just one point is called a tangent.
☞ The radius to the point of tangency is always perpendicular to the tangent line.
Properties
☞ The line joining the centre of the circle and point of contact is perpendicular to the tangent.
☞ Tangent drawn from an external point (P) to a circle
70
Quants Formulae
☞ Here, ∆AOP≅∆BOP,(Side – Angle – Side)

☞ OA = OB = radius of the circle
☞ AP = BP = tangent to the circle from point (P)
☞ ∠AOP = ∠BOP = ∅ , ∠APO = ∠BPO = θ
☞ So, the line OP is the angle bisector of ∠AOB and ∠APB.
☞ Chord AB is perpendicular to OP intersecting at point C
☞ By using similarity property,
☞ ∆OAC ~ ∆APC ~ ∆OPA
☞ AC2 = OC × CP
☞ OA × AP = AC × OP
𝑂𝐴2
☞ 𝑂𝐶 =
𝑂𝑃
𝑃𝐴2
☞ 𝐶𝑃 = 𝑂𝑃
1 1 1
☞ OA2
+ AP2 = AC2
☞ P and Q are two points on a circle with centre at O. R1 is a point on the major arc of the circle, between
the points P and Q. The tangents to the circle at the points P and Q meet each other at point S. If ∠PSQ =
θ
θº, then ∠PR1Q = 90° − 2.
☞ Alternate Segment Theorem: An angle between a tangent and a chord through the point of contact is
equal to the angle in the alternate segment.
☞ If ABCD is a quadrilateral circumscribing a circle and it touches the circle at P, Q, R and S respectively,
then AB +CD = BC + AD.

Quants Formulae
☞ AB +CD = BC + AD
☞ If a circle touches the side BC of a ∆ABC at P with AB produced at Q and AC produced at R and if AQ = ‘a’
1
cm, then the perimeter of ∆ABC can be found from the expression AQ = 2 (𝐵𝐶 + 𝐶𝐴 + 𝐴𝐵).
☞ Two circles touch each other externally at P. AB is a direct common tangent to the circles touching them
at A and B. Then, the value of ∠APB = 90°.
☞ AB is a diameter of a circle. Two tangents are drawn at A & B. The tangent drawn at any point C of the
circle meet both the tangents at Q & R. Then, angle ∠RPQ = 90°.
72
Quants Formulae
☞ In the given figure, O is centre of the circle and the circle has 3 tangents. If ∠QPR = θ , then ∠QOR = 90˚
– θ/2.
Two circle
Two circles intersecting each other

☞ If two circle with centres D & B intersect each other at C & A, then the length of the common chord AC is
given by
AC 2 AC 2
☞ Distance between the centres (BD)= BE + ED = √r12 − ( ) + √r22 − ( )
2 2
☞ If AD is the tangent of circle 1 and AB is the tangent of circle 2, then ∆BAD is a right-angle triangle and AB
⊥ AD.
AB x AD
☞ AE = BD
☞ Length of common chord AC = 2AE

Quants Formulae
☞ If each circle passes through the centre of the other, then the length of the common chord is √3r.
☞ ∠A = ∠B = 60°
☞ ∠Q = ∠P = 120°
Concentric Circles
☞ Concentric circles are circles with a common centre. The region between two concentric circles of
different radii is called an annulus.
Property
☞ If PQ, a chord of the greater circle be a tangent to the smaller circle at point M, then
☞ Length of PQ = 2PM = 2 √R2 − r 2

☞ Area of concentric circle = π(R2 − r 2 ) = π × PM 2
𝐴𝐵 2 𝐶𝐷 2
☞ If length of AB and CD are given, then length of 𝑀𝑁 = 2 √( 2 ) − ( 2 )
74
Quants Formulae
Two circles touch externally

☞ If two circles touch externally, then the length of the common tangent PQ = 2√r1r2 .
☞ Three circles with radii r1, r2 and r3 (where r1 < r2 < r3) are placed as shown in the given figure, then,
☞ The value of r2 = √r1 . r3
Direct Common Tangent

☞ Length of the direct common tangent
☞ PQ= √d2 − (r1 − r2 )2 = √(Distance between centres)2 − (r1 − r2 )2
☞ Length of the transverse common tangent between the two non-intersecting circles = √d2 − (r1 + r2 )2
=√(Distance between centres)2 − (r1 + r2 )2

Quants Formulae
Cyclic Quadrilateral
☞ A quadrilateral which is circumscribed by a circle is called a cyclic quadrilateral. It means that all the four
vertices of the quadrilateral lie in the circumference of the circle.
Properties
☞ The sum of the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is supplementary.
☞ Ptolemy's Theorem : If ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, then
☞ AB × DC + BC × AD = AC × BD
☞ If one diagonal of cyclic quadrilateral bisects other diagonal then
☞ AB × BC = CD × AD
76
Quants Formulae
☞ Exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the opposite interior angle.
☞ In a cyclic trapezium, AB || CD.

☞ AB is a diameter,
☞ also, ∠A = ∠B, ∠C = ∠D
☞ ∠A + ∠C = ∠B + ∠D = 180˚
☞ The area of a cyclic quadrilateral with successive sides a, b, c, d are given, then
☞ Area = √(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)(s − d)

1
☞ s = 2(a + b + c + d)
☞ If PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral, PQ and RS, QR and PS are opposite sides. PR and QS are the diagonals,
then
☞ (PQ x RS) + (QR x PS) = PR x QS

Quants Formulae
Quadrilateral
☞ A quadrilateral is a closed shape formed by joining four non-linear points to each other.
☞ A quadrilateral has four sides and four angles. AB, BC, CD and AD are sides of the quadrilateral.
∠A, ∠B, ∠C and ∠D are angles of the quadrilateral. AC and BD are diagonals of the quadrilateral.
☞ Sum of all angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.
☞ ∠A + ∠B + ∠C + ∠D = 360°
Area of Quadrilateral
☞ The sum of internal angles of a quadrilateral is always 360°.
1
☞ Area = 2 d (h1+h2)
☞ If the angle between the diagonals of a quadrilateral is θ, then the area of the quadrilateral =
1
2
× d1 × d2 × sinθ.
☞ If the two diagonals AC and BD of a quadrilateral ABCD meet at a point ‘o’, then the ratio of area of
triangles is given by,
Area of ∆ADB OA
☞ =
Area of ∆BDC OC
78
Quants Formulae
☞ The diagonals of a quadrilateral are perpendicular if and only if the sum of the squares of one pair of
opposite sides is equal to the sum of the squares of the other pair of opposite sides.
☞ AB2 + CD2 = AD2 + CB 2
☞ In the quadrilateral ABCD, angle bisector of ∠D and ∠C meet at E, then 2∠DEC = ∠A + ∠B .
Parallelogram
☞ A parallelogram is a simple (non-self-intersecting) quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides. The
opposite or facing sides of a parallelogram are of equal length and the opposite angles of a parallelogram
are of equal measure.
☞ A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with opposite sides parallel.

☞ Area = Base (b) × Height (h) = bh
☞ Area = product of any two adjacent sides × sine of the included angle
☞ Area = ab × sinθ
☞ Perimeter = 2 (a + b) where ‘a’ and ‘b’ are any two adjacent sides
☞ When the parallelogram is specified from the lengths ‘a’ and ‘b’ of two adjacent sides together with the
length ‘p’ of either diagonal, then the area can be found from Heron's formula as,
☞ Area = 2 √s(s − a)(s − b)(s − p)
☞ S – Semi-perimeter
a+b+p
☞ S= 2

Quants Formulae
Properties
☞ Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
☞ The opposite angles in a parallelogram are equal.
☞ The angle bisectors of a parallelogram form a rectangle.
☞ A parallelogram inscribed in a circle is a rectangle.
☞ A parallelogram circumscribed about a circle is a rhombus.
☞ The sum of the squares of the diagonals is equal to the sum of the squares of the four sides.
☞ AC 2 + BD2 = AB 2 + BC 2 + CD2 + AD2
☞ ABCD is a parallelogram. P and Q are the mid-points of sides BC and CD respectively. Then the area of
3
∆APQ is 8 of the area of the parallelogram.
Rectangle
☞ A rectangle is a four-sided shape that is made up of two pairs of parallel lines and rectangle has four right
angles. It is especially a shape in which one pair of lines is longer than the other pair.
80
Quants Formulae
☞ AC and BD are diagonals of the same length.

☞ All angles in a rectangle are right angles. (∠A=∠B=∠C=∠D=90°)
Properties of a Rectangle
☞ The diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other and are equal.
☞ Diagonals of a rectangle are not angle bisectors
☞ Both the diagonals divide the area in four equal parts
Area of a Rectangle
☞ Diagonal = √l2 + b 2
☞ Area = (Length x Breadth) = lb = l√d2 − l2
☞ Perimeter = 2 × (Length + Breadth) = 2(𝑙+𝑏)
(l+b)2 −(l2 +b2 ) (Sum of the sides)2 −Diagonal2
☞ Area of a rectangle = lb = =
2 2
☞ If ‘O’ is any point inside or outside a rectangle ABCD, then,
☞ OA2 + OC 2 = OD2 + OB 2
Square
☞ A square is a four-sided shape that is made up of four straight sides that are of the same length and has
four right angles.
☞ The diagonals of a square are equal and bisect each other.
☞ The diagonals of a square are also angle bisectors.
☞ Diagonals of a square divide the area of square in four equal parts.

Quants Formulae
Area and Perimeter of a Square

d2
☞ Area of a square = Side × Side = Side2 = a2 = 2
☞ Perimeter of a square = 4 × Side = 4𝑎 = 2√2 x d
☞ Length of the diagonal of a square = √2 × Side = √2𝑎
☞ The length of the diagonal of a square is equal to the length of the diameter of the circumcircle, i.e. R =
d
2
.
a
☞ The length of the side of the square is equal to the length of the diameter of the in circle, i.e. r = 2.
☞ If ‘O’ is any point inside or outside a square ABCD, then,

☞ OA2 + OC 2 = OD2 + OB 2
Rhombus
☞ Rhombus is a flat shape with four equal straight sides.
☞ The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other and are perpendicular to each other.
☞ The diagonals of a rhombus also the bisect the angles at vertices.
☞ In a rhombus, the opposite angles are equal and the sum of the adjacent angles is 180°.
☞ A diagonal of the rhombus divides the area of the rhombus into two equal parts.
☞ A rhombus is a parallelogram whose diagonals are perpendicular to each other.
82
Quants Formulae
Area and Perimeter of the Rhombus
☞
1 d1 × d2
☞ Area of a rhombus = 2 × 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 the 𝐭𝐰𝐨 𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐨nals = 2
= 𝑎2 sin θ
☞ Perimeter of a rhombus = 𝟒𝐚
☞ The sum of the squares of the sides equals the sum of the squares of the diagonals, i.e. 4a2 = d12 + d22 .
☞ If the side and angle between two sides are given, then the length of the diagonals is given by:
☞ d1 = 2a sin θ,
☞ d2 = 2a cos θ.
Trapezium
☞ A trapezium is a two-dimensional geometric figure with four sides, in which one set of opposite sides are
parallel. The parallel sides are called the bases, while the other sides are called the legs.
☞ The parallel sides are AB and DC.
☞ The diagonals are AC and BD.
Isosceles Trapezium
☞ The legs or the non-parallel sides of the trapezium are of equal length in an isosceles trapezium.
Area of a Trapezium/Trapezoid
1 1
☞ Area = × Sum of parallel sides × Height = (AB + CD)h
2 2

Quants Formulae
Property of a Trapezium/Trapezoid
☞ In a trapezium, the diagonals intersect each other proportionally in the ratio of the length of parallel
sides.
☞ ∆AED ~ ∆CEB
𝐀𝐄 𝐃𝐄 𝐀𝐃
☞ 𝐄𝐂
= 𝐁𝐄 = 𝐁𝐂
☞ In trapezium ABCD, AB and CD are parallel sides. E is a point in the side CD.
☞ Find ratio of area of triangle ABE : area of trapezium ABCD.
1
Area of a Triangle ABE ×b×h b
☞ Area of Trapezium ABCD
= 12 = a+b
(a + b) × h
2
.
☞ In trapezium ABCD, AB and CD are parallel sides. E and F are the points on AD and BC. This point divides
the line AD in the ratio of a:b.
ad + bc
☞ Length of EF = a+b
𝑎𝑑 𝑏𝑐 ad − bc
☞ Length of GH = EG – EH = 𝑎+𝑏 − 𝑎+𝑏 = a+b
☞ If M and N are midpoints of sides PS and QR respectively, then
𝐚+𝐛
☞ Length of MN = 𝟐
𝐛−𝐚
☞ If X and Y are midpoints of diagonals PR and QS respectively, then Length of XY = 𝟐
☞ The sum of squares of diagonals of a trapezium is equal to the sum of squares of non-parallel sides and
twice the product of parallel sides.
84
Quants Formulae
☞ AC² + BD² = AB² + CD² + 2 (AD) (BC)

☞ The line joining the mid-point of non-parallel sides divides the trapezium into two trapeziums. Area of
(ABFE) : Area of (EFCD) = (3a + b) : (3b + a)
Polygons
A closed plane figure made up of several line segments that are joined together is called a polygon. The sides
do not cross each other and exactly two sides meet at every vertex.
Types of Polygons
☞ Regular − all angles are equal and all sides are of the same length. Regular polygons are both equiangular
and equilateral.
☞ Irregular Polygon − A polygon with an irregular shape is called an irregular polygon. It means the sides
and angles of the polygon are not equal. It is a quadrilateral with unequal sides.An isosceles triangle has
only two of its sides equal, the third side has a different measurement.

Quants Formulae
Exterior Angle of Polygon

☞ Exterior angle of polygon
☞ All the exterior angles of a polygon add up to 360°.
360°
☞ Each exterior angle must be (where n is the number of sides).
n
Interior Angle of Polygon

☞ Interior Angle + Exterior Angle = 180°
360
☞ Each Exterior angle = n
360° (n-2) x 180°
☞ Each Interior Angle = 180° − n
= n
Internal angle n−2
☞ External angle
= 2
Polygon Diagonals
n(n − 3)
☞ The number of diagonals in a polygon = 2
Outer Angles of a Star

☞ Stars are formed by extending sides of a regular polygon.
☞ Sum of the outer angles = n x 180 – two times the exterior angles
☞ =180n – (2 x 360) = 180(n − 4)
☞ N - number of vertices
☞ If n = 5, then sum of the angles = 180(5 − 4) = 180°
Properties of polygon
Area of Regular Polygon

na2 π
☞ Area of polygon = 4
cot n
☞ n – number of sides, a – side of polygon, R – circumradius of polygon, r – in-radius of polygon.
86
Quants Formulae
a π
☞ Radius of the circumcircle of a regular polygon, (R) = 2 cosec n.
a π
☞ Radius of the in-circle, of a regular polygon,r = 2 cot n .
☞ (a − side length, n − number of sides)
Regular Pentagon
☞ If a pentagon is regular, then all the sides are equal in length and five angles are of equal measures.
☞ The sum of the interior angles is equal to 540°.
☞ In the regular pentagon, the interior angle is 108° and the exterior angle is 72°.
Regular Hexagon
☞ It has six sides and six angles.
☞ Lengths of all the sides and the measurement of all the angles are equal.
☞ The total number of diagonals in a regular hexagon is 9.
☞ The sum of all interior angles is equal to 720 degrees, where each interior angle is 120 degrees.
☞ The sum of all exterior angles is equal to 360 degrees, where each exterior angle is 60 degrees.
Area and Perimeter of a Regular Hexagon

3√3a2
☞ Area = 2
☞ The perimeter of a pentagon, P = 6a units

Quants Formulae
√3a
☞ In-radius= 2
☞ Circumradius = a
Diagonals of a Hexagon
☞ Diagonal1 = √3a (smaller diagonal)

☞ Diagonal2 = 2a (larger diagonal)
Regular Octagon
☞ A regular octagon is a closed figure with sides of the same length and the same internal angles.
☞ It has eight lines of reflective symmetry and rotational symmetry of order 8.
☞ The internal angle at each vertex of a regular octagon is 135°.
☞ The central angle and exterior angle is 45°
88
Quants Formulae
Area of regular octagon
☞ The area of a regular octagon of side ‘a’ = 2a2 (1 + √2)

☞ The circumradius of the regular octagon in terms of the side length a is,
(√4 + 2√2)a
☞ R= 2
(1 + √2)a
☞ The in-radius of the regular octagon = 2
☞ Perimeter = Sum of all sides = 8a
☞ Side of square s = (1 + √2)a

Quants Formulae
Mensuration
TRIANGLE
☞ = Area of triangle
1
☞ Area = × base × height (or altitude)
2
☞
1
☞ Area = 2
× 𝐵𝐶 × 𝐴𝐷
1
☞ = 2
× AC × BE
1
☞ = 2
× AB × CF
Note: Area of triangle in between two parallel lines with same base are equal.
90
Quants Formulae
☞ If XY // PQ,
☞ then,
☞ Area of ∆ABC = Area ∆ABD = Area ∆ABE
☞ If two sides and angle between the sides are given
1
☞ Area of ∆ = 2 × Product of two sides × sin (angle between sides).
1
☞ Area ∆ABC = 2 × BC × h
1
☞ = 2
× BC × AB sinB
☞ If three sides are given (Heron’s Formula)
☞ Ar = √S(S − a)(S − b)(S − c)
a+ b+ c
☞ Where S-semi perimeter =
2
☞ And a, b, c are sides of the triangle.
☞ If in-radius and perimeter of triangle are given
☞ Area = rs
☞ where r is in-radius & S is semi perimeter.
☞ If product of sides and circum-radius of triangle are given
abc
☞ Area of ∆ = 4R
☞ Area of isosceles triangles
☞ Let in isosceles ∆ABC, AB = AC = b

☞ Perimeter = a+2b
a 2
☞ Then, h = √b 2 − (2) [altitude from A bisect BC]
1
☞ = 2
√4b 2 − a2
1 1
☞ Ar ∆ABC = × a × √4b 2 − a2
2 2
a
☞ = √4b 2 − a2
4
☞ Area of equilateral triangle

Quants Formulae
a 2 √3𝑎
☞ Height h = √a2 (2) = 2
1 √3a √3𝑎 2
☞ Area ∆ABC = 2
×a × 2
= 4
1
☞ In-radius (r) = 3 of height
1 √3𝑎 𝑎
☞ = × =
3 2 2√3
2
☞ Circumradius (R) = 3 of height
2 √3 a
☞ = 3
× 2
=
√3
☞ When coordinates of vertices are given A(x1, y1)
1
☞ Area ∆ABC = 2
𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )
☞ If three medians are given – ma, mb, mc
4
☞ Area of ∆ = 3
√Sm (Sm − ma )(Sm − mb )(Sm − mc )
ma +mb +mc
☞ Where Sm = 2
☞ If m2a = 2 2
mb + mc then
☞ VST
2
☞ Area ∆ = 3
mb mc
Maximum possible area of a square that can be inscribed in a right angle triangle
(a) When one of its vertices coincide with the vertex of right angle of the triangle
92
Quants Formulae
ac
☞ Side of maximum square, x = (a + c)
ac 2
☞ So, area of the square DEFB = (a + c)
(b) If one of its side just lies on the hypotenuse of the triangle
abc
☞ Side of maximum square, x = (a2 + c2+ 𝑎𝑐)
abc 2
☞ So, area of the square DEFB = ( )
a2 + c2 + 𝑎𝑐
Special cases in an equilateral triangle
Case 1:
☞ S
☞ Side = 2x + 2r = 2√3r + 2r = 2r(√3 + 1)
☞ Perimeter of triangle = 3 × side = 6r(√3 + 1)
Note: In case of 6 rings

Quants Formulae
☞ Side = 2x + 2r = 2√3r + 4r
☞ = 2r(√3 + 2)
Case 2-
☞ Three circular rings of equal radii of r cm each are touching each other. A string runs all around the set of
rings very tightly, then the minimum length of string required to bind all the three rings in the given
manner as shown-
2πr
☞ Length of three arc = 3 × (360 × 120) = 2πr
☞ Length of string = 2𝜋𝑟 + 3 × 2𝑟
☞ = 2𝑟(𝜋 + 3)
Note: In case of six rings
☞ Length of string = 2𝜋r + 3 × 4r

☞ = 2r(𝜋 + 6)
Case 3 -
☞ (ix) Three equal circle each of radius ‘r’ are circumscribed by a larger circle.
2r r
☞ Radius of larger circle = r + = (√3 + 2)
√3 √3
Note: In case of six circle
94
Quants Formulae
4r r
☞ Radius of larger circle = r + = (√3 + 4)
√3 √3
Case 4-
☞ Consider an equilateral triangle of a side of ‘a’ length. A new equilateral triangle is formed by joining the
mid-points of one, then a third equilateral triangle is formed by joining the mid points of second. The
process is continued. The perimeter of all triangles, thus formed is,
𝑎 𝑎
☞ = 3 × a + 3 × 2 + 3 × 4 + …………….
1 1
☞ = 3𝑎 [1 + 2
+4 + ⋯…]
☞ r = second term/first term
1
☞ = 3𝑎 [ ] = 6𝑎
1
1−
2
𝑎
☞ [𝑠∞ = 𝑖𝑓 𝑟 < 1]
1−𝑟
☞ The area of all triangles
√3 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
☞ = 4
𝑎 [1 + [2] + [4] + [16] + … … . . ]
√3 2 1 1 1
☞ = 4
𝑎 [1 + 22 + 24 + 28 … … … . . ]
Circle:
☞ Formulae used:
☞ Area = 𝜋𝑟 2
☞ Perimeter = 2 𝜋r

Quants Formulae
Sector:
𝜋𝑟 2
☞ Area of sector = (360°) × 𝜃 (𝜃 in degree)
2𝜋r
☞ Arc length = ×𝜃 (𝜃 in degree)
360°
Segment:
☞ Area of segment = Area of sector – Area ΔXYZ

𝜋𝑟 2 1
☞ = x ɵ − 2 𝑟 2 sin ɵ
360°
Ring
☞ Formula used:
☞ Area of ring =𝜋(𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 )
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒−𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
☞ Width of path = R – r = 2𝜋
Quadrilaterals
96
Quants Formulae
Properties:
☞ The figure formed by joining the mid-points of a quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
1
☞ Area of quadrilateral = × one diagonal × sum of the perpendiculars drawn to the diagonals from the
2
opposite vertices.
☞ Area ABCD = Area ∆ABD + Area ∆BDC

1 1
☞ = × BD × h1 + × BD × h2
2 2
1
☞ = × BD × (h1 + h2 )
2
☞ If the diagonals intersect at right angles then sum of square of opposite sides are equal.
☞ AB2 + DC 2 = AD2 + BC 2
Types of Quadrilaterals
Parallelogram
☞ A quadrilateral whose opposite sides are equal and parallel

☞ Opposite side angles are equal (∠A=∠C) and (∠B=∠D).

Quants Formulae
☞ Sum of any adjacent angle is 180°

☞ Diagonals bisect each other.
☞ Diagonals need not be perpendicular or equal.
☞ Each diagonals divides a parallelogram into two triangle of equal area.
☞ Area of parallelogram is double the area of the triangle formed by diagonals.
☞ Bisectors of the angle of a parallelogram form a rectangle.
☞ Area of parallelogram = Base × height
☞ Sum of square of diagonals is equal to sum of square of all sides
☞ AC 2 + BD2 = AB 2 + BC 2 + CD2 + AD2 = 2(AB 2 + BC 2 )
Trapezium
Formula and properties:

1
☞ Area = 2 × sum of parallel side × perpendicular distance between parallel sides
1
☞ = 2
(AB + DC) × h
☞ Diagonals intersect each other proportionally in the ratio of length of parallel sides ∆OAB - ∆OCD ∠OAB
= ∠OCD
☞ ∠OBA = ∠ODC
OA OB AB
☞ OC
= OD = DC
☞ AC 2 + BD2 = BC 2 + AD2 + 2AB . CD
☞ Any line in a trapezium, parallel to parallel sides divides the non-parallel sides in equal ratio.
Case 1:
☞ The length of parallel side EF
98
Quants Formulae
ad + bc
☞ EF = a+ b
Case 2:
☞ If E & F are mid-point of AD & BC respectively then,
d+c
☞ a = b = EF = 2
☞ The line joining the mid-point of non-parallel sides divides the trapezium then ratio of their area.
☞
Area of Trapezium ABFE 3a + b
☞ =
Area of Trapezium EFCD 3b + a
Rectangle:
☞ A rectangle is a parallelogram whose all angles 90°.

☞ Diagonal are equal and bisect each other but not necessarily at 90°.
☞ A square has maximum area for a given perimeter of rectangles.
☞ Figures formed by joining the mid points of the adjacent side of the rectangle is a rhombus.
☞ Angle Bisectors of a rectangle intersect to form another rectangle.
Formula used:
☞ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑙 × 𝑏
☞ Perimeter = 2(𝑙 + 𝑏)
☞ Diagonal = √𝑙 2 + 𝑏 2
𝑏
☞ Radius of maximum inner circle = 2
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 √𝑙 2 + 𝑏2
☞ Circumradius (R) = 2
= 2
Type-1: Area of path:

☞ If path inside a rectangular garden
☞ Let the length and breadth of rectangular garden area L and b respectively and width of uniform path
Inside garden is x Then, area of path
☞ = 2x (L – x) (b – 2x)
☞ = 2x (L + b – 2x)
☞ If path outside a rectangular garden

Quants Formulae
☞ Area of path = (L + 2x) (b + 2x) – LB

☞ = 2x(L + B + 2x)
☞ If two path parallel to length and width intersect at centre
☞ Area of path = lx + bx – x2
☞ = x (l + b - x)
Type–2: Carpeting and tiling

☞ A carpet has fix width
☞ Let carpet of width ‘w’ covers floor of dimension l × b
☞ Area of carpet = Area of floor
☞ lc × w = l × b
lb
☞ Length of carpet required lc =
w
☞ Let in rectangular tiles of dimension (x × y) cover the floor of dimension (l × b) = Area of n tiles = Area of
floor
lb
☞ n×x×y=l×b=n= xy
☞ If floor is covered by minimum number of square tiles exactly fitting then the side of square tile is HCF of
length and breadth of floor
Type 3: Percentage Change in Area

☞ If the length of a rectangle is changed by x% and breadth changed by y% then percentage change in area
xy
☞ Percentage change in area = ± × ± y ± 100
☞ [+ ve for increase and -ve for decrease]
Square
☞ A square is a rectangle with all its side equal and all the angle equal to 90°.
☞ Diagonals are equal and bisect each other at 90°
100
Quants Formulae
☞ Figure formed by joining the midpoint of the sides of square is a square.
Formula used:
☞ Area = 𝑎2
☞ Perimeter = 4a
☞ Diagonal = √2𝑎
𝑎
☞ In radius (r) = 2
Diagonal √2a a
☞ Circumradius (R) = 2
= 2
=
√2
☞ Percentage change in area
☞ In area = 𝑎2 if side is increased or decreased by x% then,
x2
☞ Percentage change in area = ±x ± x ± 100
☞ [+ ve for increase -ve for decrease]
Square and circle

𝑎
☞ If a circle of maximum area is drawn inside of a square of side then radius of circle is 2
☞ If a square of maximum area is drawn inside a circle of radius ‘r’ then the diagonal of the square is equal
to the diameter of circle √2𝑎 = 2𝑟
2𝑟
☞ 𝑎 =
√2

Quants Formulae
Grazed/Ungrazed area
a
☞ Four cows are tied at four corners by 2 long rope each.
☞ Ungrazed area = Area of 4 sector
a 2
π( ) πa2
☞ 2
= a −4 × 2
4
= a2 − 4
22 3a2
☞ 2
= a [1 − ] =
7×4 14
3
Note: Area of ungrazed portion = 14 (Side)2
Rhombus
☞ A parallelogram having all its sides equal is a rhombus.

☞ Diagonals of the rhombus bisect each other at right angle but they are not necessarily equal.
☞ A rhombus may or may not be a square but all the squares are rhombus.
☞ Figure formed by joining the midpoint of the adjacent sides of a rhombus is a rectangle.
☞ A parallelogram is a rhombus if its diagonals are perpendicular to each other.
Formula used
1
☞ Area = 𝑑1 𝑑2 = 𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ = a h. Where θ is vertex angle and h is altitude.
2
d d 12
☞ Side (a) = √[ 21 ] + [ 21 ] = 2 √d12 + d22
☞ Perimeter = 4a
θ
☞ Longer diagonal = 2a cos where θ is smaller vertex angle
2
θ
☞ Smaller diagonal = 2a sin 2
Polygons
☞ It is a closed plane figure bounded by three or more than three straight lines. Types of Polygon:
102
Quants Formulae
Convex Polygon:
☞ A polygon in which none of its interior angle is more than 180°.
Concave Polygon:
☞ A polygon in which at-least one of its interior angle is more than 180°.
Regular Polygon:
☞ The polygon which has equal sides and equal angles.
Irregular Polygon:
☞ The one with unequal sides and angles.
Formulae used:
☞ Sum of Interior angles of a polygon = (𝑛 − 2) × 180
☞ Where, n is number of sides of polygon
☞ Sum of Exterior angles = 360o
𝑛(𝑛−3)
☞ Number of Diagonals = 2
☞ Where, n is number of sides of polygon

Quants Formulae
Different Types Of Polygons
Name Sides Interior Angle
Triangle 3 60°
Quadrilateral 4 90°
Pentagon 5 108°
Hexagon 6 120°
Octagon 8 135°
Nonagon 9 140°
Decagon 10 144°
Regular Hexagon
☞ It has 6 equal sides and 6 equal angles.

☞ It has 6 vertices.
☞ Sum of interior angles equals 720°.
☞ Interior angle is 120° and exterior angle is 60°.
☞ It is made up of six equilateral triangles.
☞ 9 diagonals can be drawn inside a regular hexagon.
☞ All the sides opposite to each other are parallel.
Formula used:
√3 2
☞ Area = 6 x 4
𝑎
104
Quants Formulae
☞ Perimeter = 6a
√3
☞ In-radius (r) = 2
a
☞ Circum-radius (R) = a
☞ Distance between parallel sides = √3a

Quants Formulae
MENSURATION 3D
Cylinder
☞ A right-circular cylinder is a 3-dimensional figure which has a circular base, top and has a height ‘h’ with
radius of base ‘r’. We can say a cylinder is a collection of circles (or coins) mounted one upon another
that gives it a height.
☞ CSA = 2πrh
☞ TSA = 2πrh + 2πr 2
☞ = 2πr(r + h)
☞ Volume = πr 2 h
Hollow Cylinder
☞ CSA = 2πrh + 2πRh = 2πh (R + r)

☞ TSA = 2πh (R + r) + 2π(R2 − r 2 )
☞ Volume of the material of hollow cylinder = π(R2 − r 2 )h
☞ Mass (weight) of hollow cylinder = Density × Volume of material
106
Quants Formulae
Right-Circular Cone
☞ A cone is a 3- dimensional figure which has a circular base, a pointed top and a height ‘h’.
☞ h = height of cone
☞ l = slant height of cone
☞ r = radius of cone
☞ Slant height = √h2 + r 2
1
☞ Volume = 3 × Area of base × height
1
☞ Volume = 3 πr 2 ℎ
1
☞ Curved Surface Area = 2 × Perimeter of base × slant height = πrl
☞ Total Surface Area = πrl + πr 2 = πr(l + r)
☞ If a cone is formed by sector of a circle then
☞ Slant height of cone = Radius of sector
☞ Circumference of base of cone = length of arc of sector
☞ When a sector of circle of angle as θ and radius ‘r’ is rolled to form a cone, then the radius of the New
𝜃
cone formed will be R = 360
× 𝑟.
☞ If two cones are having an equal vertex angle, then

Quants Formulae
H L R
☞ h
= l
= r
A H3 L3 R3
☞ a
= h3
= l3 = r3
B H2 L2 R2
☞ b
= h2
= l2
= r2
ℎ×𝑅
☞ Radius of sphere with a maximum area that can be inscribed in a cone is given by 𝑙+𝑅
where l, R and h
are the slant height, radius and height of the cone respectively.
☞ If a cone is formed by the sector of the circle then,
☞ Slant height = radius of the circle.
☞ Circumference of base of cone = Length of arc of sector.
☞ If a right-circular cone is separated into solids of volumes V1 : V2 : V3 by two planes parallel to the base,
which also trisect the altitude, then V1 : V2 : V3 will be 1: 7 : 19.
☞ 1 : 7 : 19
108
Quants Formulae
Frustum of cone
☞ Frustum of a cone is a piece of the given circular or right-circular cone, which is cut in a manner that the
base of the solid and the plane cutting the solid are parallel to each other.
☞ Slant height of frustum = √h2 + (R − r)2

1
☞ Volume = × π(R2 + r 2 + R × r)h
3
h
☞ Volume = 3
(A1 + A2 + √A1 A2 ) Where A1 & A2 are area of base and top.
☞ Curved Surface Area = π(R + r)l
☞ Total Surface Area = π(R + r)l + πR2 + πr 2 = π[(R + r)l + R2 + r 2 ]
Sphere
☞ A sphere is defined as a set of points in three-dimension, and all the points lying on the surface is
equidistant from the centre. When a plane cuts across the sphere at the centre or equal parts, it forms a
hemisphere. We can say, a hemisphere is exactly half of a sphere. In general, a sphere makes exactly two
hemispheres. One such good example of the hemisphere is our earth. Our earth consists of two
hemispheres, namely Southern Hemisphere and the Northern Hemisphere.
4
☞ Volume = 3 πr 3
☞ Surface Area = 4πr 2
☞ If a sphere is cut into ‘n’ equal parts, then the TSA of n parts will be equal to 4πr 2 + nπr 2 .
Hemisphere
2
☞ Volume = 3 πr 3
☞ Curved Surface Area = 2πr 2
☞ Total Surface Area = 3πr 2

Quants Formulae
Spherical Shell
4
☞ Volume of material = 3 π (R3 − 𝑟 3 )
☞ Outer Surface Area = 4πR2
Prism
☞ A Prism is a three-dimensional solid object in which the two ends are identical. It is the combination of
the flat faces, identical bases and equal cross-sections. The faces of the prism are parallelograms or
rectangles without the bases. And the bases of the prism could be triangle, square, rectangle or any n-
sided polygon. For example, a pentagonal prism has two pentagonal bases and 5 rectangular faces.
☞ Volume = Area of base × height

☞ Lateral Surface Area = Perimeter of base × height
☞ Total Surface Area = Lateral Surface Area + 2 × Area of base
Pyramid
☞ A Pyramid is a 3- dimensional figure which can have any figure as its base and a pointed top, the base can
be square, rectangle, pentagon, hexagon etc. In a way, we can say that a cone is a special pyramid which
has only a circular base.
𝟏
☞ Volume = 𝟑 × Area of base × height
𝟏
☞ 𝐋𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐒𝐮𝐫𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 = 𝟐
× 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞 × 𝐬𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭
☞ Total Surface Area = Lateral Surface Area + Area of base
Tetrahedron
110
Quants Formulae
√𝟐
☞ Volume = 𝟏𝟐 𝐚𝟑
3√𝟑 𝐚𝟐
☞ Curved Surface Area = 4
4√𝟑 𝐚𝟐
☞ Total Surface Area= = √𝟑 𝐚𝟐
4
Octahedron
√𝟐
☞ Volume = 𝟑
𝐚𝟑
☞ Total Surface Area = 𝟐√𝟑 𝐚𝟐
Cuboid
☞ A cuboid is a 3-dimensional figure. It has a rectangular base and height (h). The 3 dimensions are
☞ length(l), breadth (b) and height (h).
☞ Volume = Area of base × height

☞ Volume = 𝐥 × 𝐛 × 𝐡
☞ Volume = √𝐀𝟏 × 𝐀𝟐 × 𝐀𝟑 where 𝐀𝟏 , 𝐀𝟐 & 𝐀𝟑 are area of three adjacent faces.
☞ Diagonal = √𝐥𝟐 + 𝐛 𝟐 + 𝐡𝟐
☞ Lateral surface Area or Area of four walls = Perimeter of base × height
☞ Lateral surface area = 𝟐(𝐥 + 𝐛)𝐡
☞ Total surface area = 𝟐(𝐥𝐛 + 𝐛𝐡 + 𝐡𝐥)
☞ Total surface area = (l + b + h)2 – (diagonal)2
For a box having closed top
☞ Internal length = External length – 2 (thickness of material)

☞ External length = Internal length + 2 (thickness of material)
☞ Internal breadth = External breadth – 2 (thickness of material)

Quants Formulae
☞ External breadth = internal breadth + 2 (thickness of material)

☞ Internal height = External height – 2 (thickness of material)
☞ External height = Internal height + 2 (thickness of material)
☞ A box having open top
☞ Internal length = External length – 2 (thickness of material)
☞ External length = Internal length + 2 (thickness of material)
☞ Internal breadth = External breadth – 2 (thickness of material)
☞ External breadth = Internal breadth + 2 (thickness of material)
☞ Internal height = External height – (thickness of material)
☞ External height = Internal height + (thickness of material)
Cube
☞ Volume = a3 (a = length of side)

☞ Lateral surface area = 4a2
☞ Total surface area = 𝟔𝐚𝟐
☞ Diagonal = √𝟑𝐚
112
Quants Formulae
Statistics
Introduction to Statistics
Ungrouped Data
☞ Ungrouped data is data in its original or raw form. The observations are not classified into groups.
☞ For example,
☞ The ages of everyone present in a classroom of kindergarten kids with the teacher is as follows:
☞ 3, 3, 4, 3, 5, 4, 3, 3, 4, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 3, 27.
☞ This data shows that there is one adult present in this class and that is the teacher. Ungrouped data is
easy to work when the data set is small.
Grouped Data
☞ In grouped data, observations are organized in groups.
☞ For example, a class of students got different marks in a school exam. The data is tabulated as follows:
Mark interval 0-20 21-40 41-60 61-80 81-100

No. of students 13 9 36 32 10
☞ This shows how many students got the particular mark range. Grouped data is easier to work with when
a large amount of data is present.
Frequency
☞ Frequency is the number of times a particular observation occurs in data.
Class Interval
☞ Data can be grouped into class intervals such that all observations in that range belong to that class.
☞ Class width = upper class limit – lower class limit
Mean
☞ Finding the mean for Grouped Data when class Intervals are not given
☞ For grouped data without class intervals,
∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖
☞ Mean = 𝑥̅ = ∑ 𝑓𝑖
where is the frequency of observation
☞ Finding the mean for Grouped Data when class Intervals are given
☞ For grouped data with class intervals,
∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖
☞ Mean = 𝑥̅ = ∑ 𝑓𝑖
where is the frequency of observation
☞ Where is the frequency of class whose class mark is.

Quants Formulae
𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 + 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡

☞ Class mark = 2
Direct method of finding mean

☞ Step 1: Classify the data into intervals and find the corresponding frequency of each class.
☞ Step 2: Find the class mark by taking the midpoint of the upper and lower class limits.
☞ Step 3: Tabulate the product of class mark and its corresponding frequency for each class. Calculate their
sum
☞ Step 4: Divide the above sum by the sum of frequencies to get the mean.
☞ Assumed mean method of finding mean
☞ Step 3: Take one of the xi’s (usually one in the middle) as assumed mean and denote it by ‘a’.
☞ Step 4:
☞ Find the deviation of ‘a’ from each of the x’i s
☞ D i = xi – a
☞ Step 5: Find the mean of the deviations
☞ Step 6: Calculate the means.
The relation between Mean of deviations and mean

☞ 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑎
☞ Summing over all 𝑥′𝑖 𝑠,
☞ ∑ 𝑑𝑖 = ∑ 𝑥𝑖 − ∑ 𝑎
☞ Dividing throughout by ∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 𝑛 Where ‘n’ is the total number of observations.
Step-Deviation method of finding mean

☞ Step 3:
☞ Take one of the 𝑥′𝑖 𝑠 (𝑢𝑠𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 ) as assumed mean and denote it by ′a′.
☞ Step 4: Find the deviation of ‘a’ from each of the 𝑥′𝑖 𝑠
☞ 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑎
☞ Step 5: Divide all deviations –di by the class width (h) to get u’i s.
☞ 𝑢𝑖 = (𝑥𝑖 − 𝑎) / ℎ
☞ Step 6: Find the mean of 𝑢′𝑖 𝑠
☞ Step 7: Calculate the mean as
☞ Relation between mean of Step-Deviations (u) and mean
[∑ 𝑓𝑖 (𝑥𝑖 −𝑎)/ℎ]
☞ 𝑢̅ = ∑ 𝑓𝑖
Median
☞ Finding the Median of Grouped Data when class Intervals are not given
☞ Step 1: Tabulate the observations and the corresponding frequency in ascending or descending order.
114
Quants Formulae
☞ Step 2: Add the cumulative frequency column to the table by finding the cumulative frequency up to each
observation.
☞ Step 3: If the number of observations is odd, the median is the observation whose cumulative frequency
is just greater than or equal to (n+1)/2
☞ If the number of observations is even, the median is the average of observations whose cumulative
frequency is just greater than or equal to n/2 and (n/2)+1.
Mode
Finding mode for Grouped Data when class intervals are not given
☞ In grouped data without class intervals, the observation having the largest frequency is the mode.
Finding mode for Ungrouped Data

☞ For ungrouped data, the mode can be found out by counting the observations and using tally marks to
construct a frequency table.
☞ The observation having the largest frequency is the mode.
Finding mode for Grouped Data when class intervals are given
☞ For, grouped data, the class having the highest frequency is called the modal class. The mode can be
calculated using the following formula. The formula is valid for equal class intervals and when the modal
class is unique.
(𝑓 − 𝑓 )
☞ 1
Mode = 𝑙 + [( 2𝑓 − 0
𝑓 −𝑓 )
] ×ℎ
1 0 2
☞ Where,
☞ l = lower limit of modal class
☞ h = class width
☞ f1 = frequency of the modal class
☞ f0 = frequency of the class preceding the modal class
☞ f2 = frequency of the class succeeding the modal class.

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Quants Formulae

S.no Content Page.No

2. HCF and LCM 7

5. Profit and Loss 14

7. Ratio and Proportion 16

8. Mixture and Alligation 19

10. Compound Interest 21

11. Time, Speed and Distance 22

12. Time and Work 24

13. Data Interpretation 25

18. Mensuration 3D 106

19. Statistics 113

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Divisibility Conditions Based on Algebraic Identities

Fermat’s Little Theorem

Sum Of Natural Numbers

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☞ Sum of first n even natural numbers = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)

HCF and LCM

Important HCF and LCM Rules-

Highest Common Factor and Lowest Common Multiple

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☞ Required number (greatest divisor) = HCF of (x-a) , (y-b) and (z-c)

☞ Find the Least Number which is exactly divisible by x, y and z.

Relation between HCF and LCM:

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Squares and Cubes

Formulas Based on Squares

Surds and indices

☞ A percentage is a number or ratio that can be expressed as a fraction of 100.

Fraction Percentage (%) 1 1

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Comparing Two values

Comparing Two values using Percentage

Comparing Two values using Fraction

Net Per Cent Change

Price and Consumption

Population and Depreciation

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Profit and Loss

☞ Profit = Selling Price - Cost Price

☞ Average = (𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠) / (𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠)

☞ Run rate = Runs scored/Overs faced

☞ Sum of first ‘n’ even numbers = n (n +1)

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Ratio and Proportion

☞ A proportion is an expression which states that two ratios are equal.

Product of middle terms = product of extreme terms

Dividing a given Number in the given Ratio

Dividing a Number into more than three ratios

☞ If 2nd term × 3rd term > 1st term × 4th term,

Two Important Results

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Duplicate and Sub-Duplicate ratio

Triplicate and Sub-Triplicate ratio

Fourth, Third and mean proportions

Mixture and Alligation

☞ Weighted average = Sum of weighted terms/Number of terms