F ShodhKosh 732

Case Study ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts
ISSN (Online): 2582-7472
Case Study
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF JODHPUR: A RESILIENT

APPROACH TO SUSTAIN ENERGY CRISES
Abstract Sustainable architecture is the application of principles that contribute in the

evolution of building designs and processes that reduce the negative environmental effects
of construction. When contemplating Jodhpur's vernacular architecture, it becomes clear
that traditional construction methods correspond to basic green design principles such as
using energy-efficient locally available materials and resources. Many traditional aspects of
Jodhpur architecture can be easily incorporated into contemporary environments to
provide a sustainable atmosphere and natural accompaniment. This study presents the
scope of eco-friendly development of the city by using traditional construction techniques
and materials, built forms, and fabric with a thorough analysis of the hot and dry climate of
the area. It also encompasses the use of this local architecture to help create an energy-
efficient thermal comfort zone in similar climatic conditions in any part of the world. This
work is an attempt to reclaim the ideals about good architecture towards this setting, in not
only terms of identifying the hot and arid climate but also in terms of producing a design
philosophy relevant to the manner of living in a conventional city.
Keywords Jodhpur architecture, thermal comfort, hot and dry climate, vernacular
techniques, sustainable architecture.
1. INTRODUCTION
Jodhpur is a city in Rajasthan that embraces the perspective of alluvial plains, declination ridges,
and sand dunes. It is located in the western portion of the state on a sterile parcel of land covered
with huge dunes. As a consequence of the use of local natural resources as building materials, there
is integration and consistency between structures and the environment. According to the famous
Egyptian architect Hassan Fathy, a building lives in the region to which it is related(Dabaieh, 2011)
(Rajashree & Sharma Jaswant Raj, 2007). Because of its geographical location, this area is difficult to
sustain because the entire area lies to the north and north-west. These sand dunes stretch
throughout Jodhpur's west and north western regions. The area's sand dunes are classified into
three categories: transverse, longitudinal, and metaphorical, with an altitude of 10 to 40 metres.
(Gopinath Deepak, n.d.)(Dabaieh, 2011)(Jain & Jain, 2018) It is the arid-dry zone of Rajasthan,
which spans 11.60 % of the state's dry zone and also includes a piece of India's unparalleled Thar
Desert. The geography is nearly consistent and desert, with some variation in a few areas. This
vibrant city was once a hotbed of possibility and strength. It has a magnificent fort, havelis
(Mansion) palaces, cenotaph religious places, and gardens with attractive landscaping. The most
important minerals, such as sandstone and lime stone, are predominantly mined in this region. In
Jodhpur, there is a lot of cream and red-hued sandstone. Building stones, stone chunks, and
flagstones are all mined on a regular basis in the area. (Ahuja Anuvinde, R Thakur N Som, Pandit K
ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts 1

Manoj, Duraiswami A Raymond, Singh Amritpaul, Kaur Parminder, Saini Jasmeet, Gumeet,
n.d.)(Khaled A. Al-Sallal, 2016). Quartz, clays of various tones, and dolomite are among the minerals
that can be found here.
Sandstorms, high temperatures, fierce sunrays, and temperature differences are all characteristics
impacted by geological properties such as latitude, longitude, altitude, and wind direction.(India
meteorological department, n.d.)(Rao, 2009)(Pardo, 2023) The city's settlement has established in
response to these elements, rendering it compact, dense, and with narrow lanes that help shade the
buildings.
As a result, it can be concluded that the architecture of the old city evolved in response to diverse
human needs such as thermal comfort, aesthetic appeal, energy efficiency, and suitable use of
vernacular materials and methods for the city's long-term development.(Khaled A. Al-Sallal,
2016)(Vibha Upadhyaya Jakhanwal, 2015)(Pearlmutter & Berliner, 1999)
The implementation of basic passive strategies for reducing energy needs and ensuring the
survival of culture and the expansion of social gathering areas has a significant impact on people's
lives. (Baghel et al., 2022)(Pardo, 2023) This achieves a balance between the constructed forms'
energy requirements, as well as comfort in terms of temperature and humidity, and sociocultural
needs.
2. URBAN FABRIC WITH MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Jodhpur's ancient city stretches around the Meharangarh fort as visible in figure 1. The tough living
conditions in the zone are exacerbated by the hot and dry climate, which results in sparse
vegetation limited to xerophytes such as prickly Kikar(Acacia nilotica) and Khejri (Prosopis
cineraria).
Fig – 1 urban fabric of the Jodhpur city

Jodhpur's ancient city stretches around the Meharangarh fort as visible in figure 1. The tough living
conditions in the zone are exacerbated by the hot and dry climate, which results in sparse
vegetation limited to xerophytes such as prickly Kikar(Acacia nilotica) and Khejri (Prosopis
cineraria).

Fig – 2 Narrow alleys

The dwellings are closely packed together, with a central courtyard and only a few small openings
for movement and ventilation. (Gajjar & Bhavsar, 2019)(Fardeheb, 2007)Open spaces such as
courtyard chabutaras and chowks play an important role in providing places for people of all ages
to congregate and engage in various activities which is given in figure 3 below.
Fig – 3 Chabutara - an extended raised platform in front of the house

The units are joined by shared walls featuring small openings to minimize the number of heat
which enters the building as shown in figure 4.

Fig- 4 Closely knitted houses sharing common walls

This preserves the city's socio-cultural lifestyle and operates as respiratory places.(Vibha
Upadhyaya Jakhanwal, 2015)(Fardeheb, 2007) The arrangement of water bodies with built
structure and open areas provides basic amenities while also preserving a relaxed environment in
the neighbourhood.
2.1. TALABS
A talab is a generic buzzword for water reservoirs prevalent in valleys and natural depressions in
the location. Only the slope side of old talabs was supplied with sturdy parapet walls to hold
rainwater.[9] These talabs used to be the primary source of drinking water for the locals, but they
are now primarily utilised for cattle and irrigation as visible in figure 5. The beds are used for
agricultural purposes after the water in them runs exhausted.
Fig -5 Talab surrounded by the dense urban sprawl
2.2. BUILT WATER BODIES

Jodhpur's significant groundwater bodies are a massive amount of wells, baoris, and jhalaras. These
structures were erected with the primary intention of assuring a constant and simple supply of
water to the surrounding areas as shown in figure 6. They don't have their own catchment and
aren't connected to any river. Each one gathers the underground seepage from an upstream talab
or lake. Their shapes, sizes, depths, designs, layouts, and locations all differ significantly. To
conserve money, time, and energy, the building employed the smallest amount of space possible.

Fig -6 Baori
2.2.1. BAORIS / BERS
They are community wells in Rajasthan that are primarily intended for potable water. The
preponderance of them has been quite old and was built for the drinking water necessities of
banjara (mobile trading communities). Because the rate of evaporation is nearly non-existent in
these, they can maintain water for a long time. They're shallower than wells, but they have
magnificent arches that run the length of them.
Fig – 7 Jhalras
2.2.2. JHALARA
Jhalars are groundwater reservoirs designed to provide a steady supply of water to the surrounding
area which is illustrated in figure 7. The Jhalaras gather underground seepage from an upstream
talab or lake.(Hussain et al., 2014)(Saxena, 2017) The water from such Jhalaras was exclusively
used for communal washing and religious activities, not for drinking.
2.3. JHAROKHA
Around the aperture, a projected architectural element provides privacy, beauty, and accessibility
to the street view. In the summer, it also contributes in the filtration of sand breezes. The small
alleyways with high-rise walls in some areas provide a shadow on the street, which serves to
maintain it cooler.

Fig – 8 Street section of Jodhpur

The streets are orientated east-west to diminish solar radiation transmission which is illustrated
with sectional view in figure 8, and to create an inconsistent configuration in which the wind may
be redirected and sandstorms can be controlled. The layout of the entire cluster showing
orientation and movement in shown in figure 9.
Fig -9 Cluster and street layout
2.4. MARKETS
Traditional bazaars are strategically organized and incorporated into city planning and are
employed for retail and wholesale commodity exchanges. At all levels, these are the most vibrant
hubs of social engagement. It's fundamentally a pedestrian conception, and instead of being
prepared and planned, its expansion is primarily driven by demand. (Vibha Upadhyaya Jakhanwal,
2015)(Stursa & Dolezel, 2019) Traditionally, a bazaar can be recognised as a noticeable linear
expansion pattern that denotes a major style of mobility in city life. A bazaar, like a mohalla, is
defined by socioeconomic classes of people and the kind of products provided in the area
mentioned in figure 10 below.

Fig -10 Market place in jodhpur

Cluster-based development of city with construction blocks results in a much more compacted
infrastructure network, eliminates environmental impact, and increases urban
sustainability.(CPWD, 2013)(Ka & Mahotsav, 2021) as illustrated in figure 11 diagramatically.
Sharing places and services, as well as developing a moderate, high-density development, all
contribute to this
Fig – 11 cluster planning benefits
2.5. COMPACT STREETS AND UTILITIES

The city's narrow alleys increase the effectiveness of mobility and the simplicity with which
common maintenance can be accomplished. It also minimizes the amount of pedestrian walkway on
the site, which decreases heat build - up. Integrating surrounding buildings for social amenities and
an accessible street lowers maintenance costs while increasing mobility.
3. COURTYARD
To shield against by the scorching heat, the communities in which the courtyard prevails are indeed
very packed, reduced size, and cramped, and the courtyard delivers immediate release. The
building structure is defined by shared walls which are erected one after another to defend against
the blistering sun but have only a few apertures to outside, resulting in an introspective dwelling
form. (Arya, 2021) The necessary permeability is attained by using courtyards to generate a
sponge-like bulk that is characteristic of most old Indian city centers given in figure 12. The
courtyard includes visual respite inside this congestion by reopening the constructed structure
towards the atmosphere and creating the conditions that can serve a variety of functions is

illustrated in figure 13. The courtyard has become focal point around which the building's functions
are structured.
Fig – 12 A dense urban settlement of compact built form punctuated with courtyards and terraces
in Jodhpur Rajasthan India.
Fig – 13 courtyards in cluster, Jodhpur

The kitchen in the Jodhpur household is extended into to the courtyard, which is the lighting inside
the home because the courtyard is somewhat an interpersonal and a communal location in which
the family gathers, comprising intimate friends and relatives. In this environment, the lines
between personal and social, internally and externally, blur. (Fardeheb, 2007)(Dabaieh, 2011)The
courtyard's margins are frequently comparable towards the external façade. It emphasizes the
courtyard's role as an internal outdoor place which can be seen in figure 14a and b respectively.
Wood, earth, and stone were the traditional construction materials. Their restricted extending
capacity resulted in colonnades and rooms featuring niches, doors, openings, staircases, balconies,
with Jharonkhas and other components.

Fig -14 Courtyard in Jodhpur traditional house (a) View (b) plan
Courtyards provide clean air, sunlight, and warmth or cooling. (Taleghani & Tenpierik,
1986)Because of its capacity to minimize extreme temperature changes, channelling breezes, and
modify relative humidity, they are considered as a microclimate modulator in the home.
4. ROOFS
The roof provides a wide range of solar radiation as well as being significant for solar heating,
natural lighting, and air circulation (Incorporate Solar Passive Techniques in a Building Design to
Minimise Load on Conventional Systems (Heating, Cooling, Ventilation and Lighting), n.d.)(Modi &
Baghel, 2021a). (Hernández-Pérez et al., 2014)Sandstone is used for the conventional way of
creating roofs in Jodhpur.
4.1. CONSTRUCTION
Stone panels are used to overlay the roofing, which are sustained by natural wood beams and
rafters and capped with lime mortar. Stone slabs are anchored by timber beams and joists cut to the
proper size in some areas, then covered with lime concrete and sealed with lime mortar.
4.1.1. SANDSTONE AS A STRONG MATERIAL
Sandstone is a substance composed because it is generated by the sedimentation process, which
means that flakes of sand are positioned at the top of one another in these slabs. These multiple
layers behave similarly as ply, providing the strength properties needed for flat roofs.
4.1.2. FLAT ROOFS FOR TEMPERATURE REGULATION
Flat roofs for temperature control have a lower surface area compared inclined roofs, vaulted, and
domed. (Hernández-Pérez et al., 2014) As a result, the roof's heat transfer gains are indeed lower.
Owing to the unavailability of rain, flat roofs are used to conserve water.
4.1.3. TRADITIONAL MORTAR FOR EFFECVTIVE COOLING
Surkhi, a concoction of brick bat, lime, maravajra (organic adhesive), with Antvalakai (gum fruit),
was customarily used as an impermeable covering to keep the roofing cool.(Patil, 2015) This is no
longer the majority due to a lack of competence and knowledge.

4.1.4. RAIN WATER HARVESTING

A horizontal roof area collects precipitation and transports this to an underneath reservoir/storage
tank, which is then used either by residents.
4.1.5. MOSAIC FLOORING TO REFLECT RADIATION
To reflect the majority of the daylight that shone on the rooftop, (Modi & Baghel, 2021a)a layer of
lime mortar was added to almost the same top of a building, which again was subsequently
concluded with rebounding smoother material including such shattered porcelain pots of white
wash.
4.1.6. PARAPET WITH JAALIS
Cross ventilation over through the overheated roof surface is allowed by jaalis in the rooftop
parapet, (CPWD, 2013)which helps to lower the temperature during the day and help accelerate
heat transfer during the nighttime is clearly shown in figure 15, as the air movement over the hot
roof surface comparitively cooling it down in day time and increase speed of heat loss in night time.
Fig – 15 Parapet with jalis to allow cross ventilation

4.1.7. RURAL HOUSE ROOF
The 'Kheep', a harsh desert grasses, is used for the roofing. And they're shaped like a conical or
angled to hold water out.(Anju Kumari. J. Wanti, 2020) During in the summer, it keeps the hut fresh
is also visible in figure 16 below.
Fig – 16 Traditional rural houses Mud construction

5. WALLS
In order to have stronger thermal performance, regular Houses had thick walls, floors, and roofs.
Traditional dwellings were built with locally produced materials such as clay (adobe) and
sandstone, which were preferred due to their local availability and ability to protect from the
elements. It was the primary construction resource for floors, walls, and roofs in all vernacular
types in Jodhpur, especially in hot desert regions.
5.1. THICK WALLS

Thick walls act as superior insulators against by the sun's rays. The time it would take for the
outside heat to penetrate thick wall increases.(Modi & Baghel, 2021b) Let's imagine a wall gets the
most heat at 4 p.m. in June. The walls is 40 cm thick and therefore is built of stone mortared using
lime or cement. By 3 a.m., the heat will have travelled through transmission and reached the
innermost layer. The ambient temperature would have dropped from 45 degrees C to 25 degrees C
at that time. As a result of the thick walls, the indoor temperatures are kept within a reasonable
range.
5.2. AVAILABILITY
It's more prevalent at a shallower depth, and extraction is simpler. It is a depositional environment
with layers (stratification), and it is easy to groom, sculpt, and polish so that it can be changed to
every required shape.
5.3. RURAL HOUSE WALL
A covering of cow manure is applied to the exterior of indigenous huts for heat regulation and bug
repellency. The walls will be made wider (45cm) to postpone heat exchange from either the outer
surfaces to the inside environment and sandstone is the ideal material for the job as well as a cost-
effective option.
5.4. MAINTAIN TEMPERATURE

The thermal holding capacity of the wall surfaces is significantly increased when the bulk of the
wall is increased. Throughout the day, these hold heat, maintaining the inside cool, while still at
night, the walls release the trapped radiant heat into the inner space, controlling the temperature.
6. WINDOWS
In this environment, distinct courtyard buildings' exterior have various sizes and counts of
apertures. In hot climates, the northern façade, that facing southward, as illustrated in figure 17, is
critical since it gets radiation from the sun before and after midday.

Fig – 17 Jharokhas in over narrow streets
Fig – 18 Shading by Jharokhas and Sun
Fig – 19 A Typical projected Jharokha
6.1. JHAROKHAS
Jharokhas are a regional structural treasure that provides good shadowing given in figure 18. The
east-west sunlight is however blocked by a Jharokha window on the southern edge, a typical
example of it is shown in figure 19.
6.2. SMALL WINDOW

A narrow window on a large wall, as seen in typically extremely desert & hybrid constructions,
enables the airflow to move into the structure with more strength. When wind with a higher

velocity penetrates a larger space, it expands quickly, maintaining the temperature of the building's
interior spaces.
6.3. JAALI
It is a critical component in hot dry area architecture and therefore is utilised extensively. But at the
other hand, it promotes seclusion and regulates ventilation while reducing the temperature of
indoor rooms. (Patil, 2015)When the sun is shining brightly outside during the day, the interior
spaces are also not easily seen externally, but the dispersed light spreads all throughout interiors as
shown in figure 19. A cut-out is given at eye level allowing the observer seated on the floor to enjoy
a clear external view is illustrated in figure 20a and b respectively.
Fig – 19 Shading of window and wall surface by Jaali screens
Fig – 20 (a) Small window used to view in forts (b) window for view and jali for ventilation
6.4. TRADITIONAL SHADING METHODS

Environmental conditioning can be accomplished by blocking the sun's rays, lowering solar heating,
and delaying conduction of heat. Sunshades shield not just the windows but also the walls from the
sun's rays(Anju Kumari. J. Wanti, 2020). Deep and inclined sun screens are more beneficial in
vernacular architecture because they protect a larger surface area as shown in figure 21a and b.
Extensive sculpting on building exterior walls creates reciprocal shadowing during the day and
evening, as well as the increased surface area allows for more convection heat transmission to the
atmosphere(Heidari et al., 2021).
Fig – 21 (a) Shading of building surface by surface texture (b) shading of building surface by
architectural projections

6.5. CEILING HEIGHT

In conventional homes, the ceiling pitch is usually kept elevated. Higher overhead levels, ranging
from 14 to 18 feet, increase the volume of the room while also reducing the impact of solar
radiation. It also enhances summertime state of the environment by allowing warm temperature to
move (Ghafari & Heidari, 2018)(Ratajczak et al., 2023).In comparison to structures with modest
height ceilings, this elevation increases the volume of the enclosed space, requiring more time for
the interior air to heat up. Increased room height also allows for the installation of suitable
ventilators for effective room ventilation by removing hot air and boosting air movement and
ventilation.
7. OTHER SUSTAINABLE FEATURES

7.1. LOCATION OF WATER BODIES
Water is an excellent microclimate modulator. Evaporative cooling absorbs a huge amount of heat
and provides substantial cooling, specifically in hot and dry climates. (Rai & Mishra, 2023)The
positioning of water features such as Jhalras at periodic intervals around the city aids in water
supply and generates a cool environment.
7.2. TAANKA
A taanka, also referred as a tanka or kunds, is a traditional rainwater gathering technology used to
supply potable water protection for a single home or a small group of families. A taanka is a
rainwater catchment system that consists of a covered, underground impermeable cistern on
shallow ground as shown in figure 22. The cistern is usually made of stone, brick, or concrete, and
lime mortar or cement plaster is used to finish it. Precipitation or subsurface drainage from
rooftops, courtyards, or deliberately constructed catchments (locally known as agor) enters the
tank through screened inlet and outlet in the pit wall. The water stored prevents people from
having to trek greater distances to get contamination of water sources on a daily basis.
Traditional family-managed taankas typically built by excavating a 3 to 4.25 metre diameter hole in
the earth and covering it with 6 mm thick lime mortar cement, accompanied by a 3mm uniform
thickness cement plaster(Chatterji P.C, N.S, Vangani, n.d.). (Gopinath Deepak, n.d.)The majority of
contemporary taankas hold roughly 21,000 litres of water, however bigger sizes can be built if
opportunities are distributed. To simplify water removal, a galvanized iron cap is built within the
covering. Taanka covers are vented, which helps to keep the water can be stored fresh. During the
monsoon, openings are expected to enable excessive moisture to pass.

Fig – 22 a typical taanka view in rural areas
7.3. TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE

The casual, practical construction of rural dwellings in Rajasthan is known as vernacular
architecture. These homes were constructed with local materials and tailored to satisfy the needs of
local communities. These houses' constructors are untrained in conventional architectural design,
and their materials associated the incredible variety of Rajasthan's environment, locally accessible
construction materials, and complex differences in public community norms and culture.(Rathore
et al., 2018) It has been estimated that 90 percent of all buildings in Rajasthan's rural areas are
vernacular. It was made by local craftsmen for everyday usage by typical people in the area. In this
area, environmentally friendly products (mud walls and thatched roofs) were customarily used for
dwellings.
7.4. LOCAL MATERIALS

Natural stones can be found in abundance in Rajasthan's western region. The sandstone of Jodhpur
is also known as "chittar patthar." It is commonly seen in landmarks, elegant structures, and homes.
Roofing, decking, pavement, paneling, beams, columns, archway, doorway and window sills, wall
heading, lamp posts, and milestones are just a few of the applications for sandstone.
7.5. CEILING AS STONEPATTI SLAB

These could be used as stonepatti slabs rather than R.C.C. slabs because they are leveled, involve no
steel, cantering, or shuttering, and improve energy efficiency. It is less expensive than R.C.C. roofing
since stone slabs are inexpensive in Rajasthan and can be used. (Khoukhi & Fezzioui, 2012)It's also
a quicker process because the stone slabs only need to be carried to the ceiling and positioned on
the beams.
7.6. RUBBLE COURSE MASONRY

Due to the obvious massive walls, stone external walls enable greater temperature control.
(Sharma, Prateek, Sharma K. Sanjay, 2018) The development of a wall is a labor-intensive
procedure that benefits the economic growth. Dressed stonemasonry does not necessitate the use
of plaster on the walls. In Rajasthan, it is also a prevalent structural system.
7.7. STONE SLABS AS LINTELS

Small stone planks are often used as stone lintels rather than R.C.C., and no steel or concrete is
required for the lintels or the slab. To economize on cement, large stones are reinstalled into the
concrete in a rectangle frame and then hardened for two weeks before being employed in the
masonry building project.
7.8. CULTURAL HABITS AND TRADITION

Because the avenues in Jodhpur are public by character, seclusion is achieved at the home level, and
the margin requirement serves as the boundary between formal and informal space. In Jodhpur, the
social structure needs isolation from the crowded road and also assumes a significant job in
improving energy efficiency. The house's layout and placement also promote privacy. The
courtyard is the greatest beam of illumination and ventilation in Jodhpur. This multipurpose area

serves as the heart of the home, and it has evolved its own vernacular expression that is suited for
the era and location.
The city gives several opportunities for users to interact with the building design.The
transformation of highways into open areas. Integrating with the people's local lifestyles is a
fantastic example.(Rathore et al., 2018) The city formed around in these places, with different
neighbourhoods defining the surrounding territories, which were first established as a reaction to
the terrible summer sun. Such spaces continue to operate as icebreakers and foster a sense of
neighbourhood amongst their members, notwithstanding the shift in family patterns from joint
family system to nuclear families with various backgrounds. As a result of this phenomenon, the
integrity of these areas has deteriorated, and the feeling of entitlement has decreased, affecting the
overall city.
The elevated plinths that delineated the distinction between both the formal and informal domains
served as porticoes to the individual buildings. Such a stratification of compartments can also be
seen in the walkways, wherein storefronts have higher plinths to not only serve customers in
adverse weather but also to cooling the structures' interiors. (Sridharan et al., n.d.)As a result, these
Chabutras serve as a safe haven and a point of movement between social and economic life. These
locations have received little attention in the design and development of new commercial districts
or streetscapes, in which the buildings appear abruptly and lack any transitions or barriers.
8. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This report presents a thorough examination of Jodhpur's hot and dry climate. The study of many
aspects such as solar radiation, rainfall, topography, and locally available materials for the building
of architectural form in order to enumerate the advantages over conventional design as a
sustainable strategy.
This regions' architectural design is a striking example of ecological construction. Traditional
architecture in a hot and dry climate is influenced by local and regional characteristics such as
desired and unfavourable breezes, humidity, and sunlight. The public's reaction to modern
architecture and urban planning has resulted in a renewed appreciation for the old city and its
urban shape. Local communities that accept responsibility for their own environment are more
likely to achieve sustainable development; yet, in addition to taking such play a leading role, strong
determinant should transfer to surrounding communities.
The employment of indigenous constructing technology and processes is beneficial for reducing
power requirements and increasing thermal environment in the structure, according to this study.
Stone masonry building with rubble masonry, street orientation and axis, and interaction areas like
as chabutaras and thadis all contribute to making a livable space for people and meetings. In order
to counteract increasing energy needs and assist green building development, the article
emphasizes the importance of these places and practises in the current context. This entails the
systematic use of openings such as small windows, jalis, and jharonkas, as well as over projections
such as chajjas and high ceilings for ventilators, to regulate light ingress and restrict heat intake.
Once at expense of regular maintenance, the existence of manmade water forms such as taankas
and jhalras sustains life in the neighbourhood and people gathering in places where there is no
water supply. The appropriate use of readily available construction materials such as sandstone,

lime, mud, and strong grass for various construction uses such as foundation, masonry, roofing, and
flooring decreases costs while also promoting an indigenous approach to development.
9. FUTURE SCOPE
This research will enable specialists in comparing the above-mentioned construction methods and
approaches to regions with similar climatic conditions (Tehran, Cairo) in order to attain thermally
stability and ease long-term development. Wind towers, which dates back to ancient Iran and are
now used all over the world, are an example of vernacular architecture. It is to anticipate taking into
account the local climate, conventional techniques for energy-efficient development, and
subsequent application in various locations with few or no changes as needed.
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Case Study ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts

ISSN (Online): 2582-7472

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF JODHPUR: A RESILIENT

Abstract Sustainable architecture is the application of principles that contribute in the

ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts 1

2. URBAN FABRIC WITH MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Fig – 1 urban fabric of the Jodhpur city

ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts 2

Fig – 2 Narrow alleys

Fig – 3 Chabutara - an extended raised platform in front of the house

ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts 3

Fig- 4 Closely knitted houses sharing common walls

Fig -5 Talab surrounded by the dense urban sprawl

2.2. BUILT WATER BODIES

ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts 4

ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts 5

Fig – 8 Street section of Jodhpur

Fig -9 Cluster and street layout

ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts 6

Fig -10 Market place in jodhpur

Fig – 11 cluster planning benefits

2.5. COMPACT STREETS AND UTILITIES

ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts 7

Fig – 13 courtyards in cluster, Jodhpur

ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts 8

ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts 9

4.1.4. RAIN WATER HARVESTING

Fig – 15 Parapet with jalis to allow cross ventilation

Fig – 16 Traditional rural houses Mud construction

ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts 10

5.1. THICK WALLS

5.4. MAINTAIN TEMPERATURE

ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts 11

Fig – 17 Jharokhas in over narrow streets

Fig – 18 Shading by Jharokhas and Sun

Fig – 19 A Typical projected Jharokha

6.2. SMALL WINDOW

ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts 12

Fig – 19 Shading of window and wall surface by Jaali screens

6.4. TRADITIONAL SHADING METHODS

ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts 13

6.5. CEILING HEIGHT

7. OTHER SUSTAINABLE FEATURES

ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts 14

Fig – 22 a typical taanka view in rural areas

7.3. TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE

7.4. LOCAL MATERIALS

7.5. CEILING AS STONEPATTI SLAB

7.6. RUBBLE COURSE MASONRY

7.7. STONE SLABS AS LINTELS

7.8. CULTURAL HABITS AND TRADITION

ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts 15

8. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts 16

ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts 17

ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts 18

ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts 19

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