BSc MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY

REGULATION, SCHEME AND SYLLABUS

Centre for Health Sciences

University of Calicut
 BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY

Regulations, scheme and syllabus for the degree of

Bachelor of Science in Medical biochemistry

Objectives of the course:

At the end of the course the candidates shall be:

1. Aware of the principle underlying the organization of a clinical laboratory.

2. Able to do routine and special investigative procedures pertaining to Medical Biochemistry

laboratory practice.

3. Provide a good theoretical and practical education who plan to work with in the
field of Medical Biochemistry and science.

4. Develop knowledge and skill in accordance with the society’s demand in Medical
Biochemistry.

5. Qualify the students for official approval as medical Biochemist

6. Able to operate and maintain all equipments used in clinical laboratory.

7. Able to establish and manage a clinical or Research laboratory.

Programme description :

The course of study enhances student’s knowledge and skills in several major categorical
areas of Medical Biochemistry. The degree in Medical Biochemistry provides advanced skills to
practicing professionals in health administration, leadership, quality assurance and health
informatics.

Name of the course

Name of the course shall be the

“BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY” – BSc (MB)

Duration of the course

The duration of the course shall be eight semesters extending over a period of four
years. Each semester shall be of six months duration , with each academic year spread over a
period of 240 working days

Eligibility for admission

Candidates who have passed Higher Secondary examination of the Board of Higher
Secondary Education, Kerala, or examinations recognized equivalent (regular course of study)
thereto, with 50% marks in Biology separately, and 50% marks in Physics, Chemistry and
Biology put together, are eligible. Relaxation in minimum marks for eligibility allowed by the
Government of Kerala to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and other Backward Classes
shall be made.

Candidates with higher qualifications are also eligible for admission, provided they
possess the minimum qualification mentioned in the draft syllabus.

Course structure
The course shall comprise of both theory and practical studies in different branches of
Medical Microbiology and its related subjects such as :

1. Anatomy
2. Physiology
3. Biomolecules and bio physical chemistry
5. General Methodology
6. General microbiology
7. Parasitology and clinical microbiology
8. instrumentation& Clinical biochemistry
9. Metabolism and inborn errors of metabolism
10. nutrition
11. Immunology , immunochemistry & serology
12. cell biology, molecular biology and genetics
13.Pathology & blood banking
14. diagnostic biochemistry
15.laboratory organisation and management

In addition to these regular subject papers like Special English, Health education, Community
medicine, Biostatistics and computer applications are included as these are important elements
in epidemiology, diagnostic and research field.

Teaching/Learning methods

- Regular clinical Laboratory posting to pick up practical skill and practice techniques on
laboratory responsibility and supervision.
- Lecture and practical classes.
- Students should present seminars in various subjects in medical microbiology to attain
presentation skill

Internal assessment marks

Internal assessment marks shall be awarded to the candidates in each paper as detailed
in the scheme of examinations. The award shall be on the basis of the assessment made by
the teachers from the candidate’s performances in the terminal/semester examinations
conducted by the department, class tests, laboratory work and record work, etc. during the
course of study.
The marks secured by the candidates in each paper/subject shall be forwarded to the
University at the end of the course for the examinations. The failed candidates will be allowed
a separate internal assessment for both theory and practical.

Compulsory clinical internship

Every candidate admitted to BSc Medical Biochemistry degree course shall undergo six(6)
months of compulsory internship in the institution as recognized by the university, and those
who successfully complete the internship as evidenced by the attendance statement and
conduct certificate issued by the hospital authorities , shall only be allowed to attend the final
year examination .
Students should also submit a report regarding the routine diagnostic procedures done in the
laboratory during the internship period.

Attendance requirements

Regarding attendance requirements it will be 80% with the provision for cantonment up to
10% on medical grounds.

University examinations

There shall be University examinations at the end of every two semesters as detailed in
the scheme of examinations. Candidates who fail to secure a pass in any particular paper shall
appear for that paper in order to secure a pass, in the subsequent regular examination.

Candidates who fail in one or more papers in an examination need appear for only those
papers for securing complete pass in the examination. All the students who complete the
course in prior to the examination and register for the examination shall be promoted to the
subsequent semester.

Candidates who complete the course of study and secure pass in all the papers of the
four examinations shall be declared to have qualified for the degree. Such candidates shall be
placed in the second class.

Candidates who qualify for the degree passing all the examinations in the first attempt
securing not less that 65% marks of the aggregate of all University examinations and internal
assessment take in together shall be declared to passed in the first class and those who secure
not less than 75% of the aggregate marks shall be declared to have passed in first class with
distinction.

Provisions for ranking students.

1. Up to third ranks for an intake of 25 students

2. Up to fifth ranks for an intake of 50 students

There shall be no provision for improvement of results in any examinations

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Scheme of question paper – Theory (3hrs duration)
first year examination ( 1& 2nd semester )
1 ANATOMY Section A
2 PHYSIOLOGY & CLINICAL HAEMATOLOGY Section A & B
3 GENERAL BIOCHEMISTRY (BIOMOLECULES AND BIO PHYSICAL Section A
CHEMISTRY)
4 GENERAL METHODOLOGY Section A &B
5 SPECIAL ENGLISH, HEALTH EDUCATION, COMMUNITY -------------
MEDICINE, BIOSTATISTICS &
COMPUTER APPLICATION

second year examination ( 3& 4th semester )

6 METABOLISM I-- CARBOHYDRATE ,LIPID AND AMINO ACID Section A
METABOLISM
7 ENZYMOLOGY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY Section A
8 CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY Section A &B
9 ANALYTICAL METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION Section A

third year examination ( 5& 6th semester )

10 METABOLISM—II ( NUTRITION, HEME AND NUCLEOTIDE Section A
METABOLISM )
11 IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNO HEMATOLOGY Section A
12 DIAGNOSTIC BIOCHEMISTRY –I Section A

13 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETICS Section A

fourth year examination ( 7& 8th semester )
14 DIAGNOSTIC BIOCHEMISTRY_--II (ORGAN FUNCTION TESTS) Section A
15 ORGANIZATION OF LAB AND LAB MANAGEMENT Section A
 CURRICULAM, CREDIT HOURS AND COURSE DURATION

PAPER SUBJECT YEAR THEORY PRACTICAL TUTORIAL TOTAL

Paper I ANATOMY I year 180 120 40 340
Paper II PHYSIOLOGY AND CLINICAL I year 180 120 40 340
HEMATOLOGY
Paper III GENERAL BIOCHEMISTRY I year 180 80 40 300
(BIOMOLECULES AND BIO
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY)
Paper IV GENERAL METHODOLOGY I year 180 80 200

Paper V SPECIAL ENGLISH, HEALTH I year 140 40 180

EDUCATION, COMMUNITY
MEDICINE, BIOSTATISTICS
&
COMPUTER APPLICATION
Paper VI METABOLISM I-- II year 160 40 400
CARBOHYDRATE LIPID AND 200
AMINO ACID METABOLISM
Paper VII ENZYMOLOGY AND II year 200 140 40 380
ENDOCRINOLOGY
Paper CLINICAL PATHOLOGY II year 160 120 40 320
VIII MICROBIOLOGY
Paper IX ANALYTICAL METHODS AND II year 160 40 200
INSTRUMENTATION
HOSPITAL LABORATORY II year 140
POSTING AT THE END OF one
SECOND YEAR month
Paper X METABOLISM—II, III year 140 40 380
NUTRITION,HEME AND 200
NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM
Paper XI IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNO III year 160 120 40 320
HEMATOLOGY
Paper XII D DIAGNOSTIC III year 200 160 40 400
BIOCHEMISTRY –I

Paper MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND III year 200 200

XIII GENETICS

HOSPITAL LABORATORY 140

POSTING AT THE END OF one
THIRD YEAR month
Paper DIAGNOSTIC IV year 200 140 40 380
XIV BIOCHEMISTRY_--II
(ORGAN FUNCTION TESTS)
Paper XV ORGANIZATION OF LAB AND IV year 200 100 40 340
LAB MANAGEMENT

HOSPITAL LABORATORY IV year 720

POSTING AT THE END OF 6 months
SIXTH SEMESTER
 SCHEME OF EXAMINATION

I B.Sc.(Medical Biochemistry) Examiantion ( At the end of second semester)

Paper Subject Duration Max. Marks Min. for pass

I Anatomy
Theory 3 hrs 50 20
Practical 3 hrs 50 20
Orals 50 -
Internal Assessment 50 -
Total Marks 200 100
II Physiology and clinical
hematology 3 hrs 50 20
Theory 3 hrs 50 20
Practical 50 -
Orals 50 -
Internal Assessment 200 100
Total Marks
III General Biochemistry
(Biomolecules and bio
physical chemistry)
Theory
3 hrs 50 20
Practical 3hrs 50 20
Orals 50 -
Internal Assessment 50 -
Total Marks 200 100
IV General Methodology
Theory 100 40
Internal Assessment 3 hrs 50 -
Total Marks 150 75
V Special English, Health
Education, Community
Medicine, Biostatistics and
Computer Applications 100 50
Internal Assessment
(Theory and Practical)
 II B.Sc(Medical Biochemistry) Examination (At the end of fourth semester)

Paper Subject Duration Max. Marks Min. for pass

VI Metabolism I--
Carbohydrate lipid and
amino acid metabolism
Theory 3 hrs 100 40
Practical 6 hrs 100 40
Orals 100 -
Internal Assessment 100 -
Total Marks 400 200
VII Enzymology and Endocrinology
Theory 3 hrs 100 40
Practical 6 hrs 100 40
Orals 100 -
Internal Assessment 100 -
Total Marks 400 200
VIII Clinical Pathology and
microbiology
Theory 3 hrs 100 40
Practical 6 hrs 100 40
Orals 50 -
Internal Assessment 50 -
Total Marks 300 150
IX Analytical methods and
instrumentation
Theory 3 hrs 100 40
Internal Assessment 50 -
Total Marks 150 75
 III B.Sc (Medical Biochemistry) Examination (At the end of sixth semester)

Paper Subject Duration Max. Marks Min. for pass

X Metabolism—II, nutrition,
heme and nucleotide
metabolism
Theory 3 hrs 100 40
Practicals 6 hrs 100 40
Orals 100 -
Internal Assessment 100 -
Total Marks 400 200
XI Immunology and immuno
hematology
Theory 3 hrs 100 40
Practicals 6 hrs 100 40
Orals 50 -
Internal Assessment 50 -
Total Marks 300 150
XII Diagnostic biochemistry –I
Theory 3 hrs 100 40
Practicals 6 hrs 100 40
Orals 100 -
Internal Assessment 100 -
Total Marks 400 200
XIII Molecular biology and
Genetics
Theory 3 hrs 100 40
Internal Assessment 50 -
Total Marks 150 75
 IV B.Sc (Medical Biochemistry) Examination (At the end of eighth semester)

Paper Subject Duration Max. Marks Min. for pass

XIV diagnostic biochemistry_--II
(organ function tests)
Theory 3 hrs 100 40
Practicals 6 hrs 150 60
Orals 100 -
Internal Assessment 100 -
Total Marks 450 225
XV Organization of Lab and lab
management
Theory 3 hrs 100 40
Practicals 6 hrs 100 40
Orals 100 -
Internal Assessment 100 -
Total Marks 400 200
 1st YEAR(1st & 2nd semester)

PAPER 1 – ANATOMY

Unit 1 Introduction to the course and the subject of anatomy. Orientation to:
systems of the body, anatomical terminologies, learning methodologies in
anatomy, embryology. Microscopic anatomy: Structure of cell, types of tissues,
cell cycle and division introduction to genesis.

Unit 2 Respiratory system: Embryology, parts of the system gross and

microscopic structure of the lungs, applied aspects. Circulatory system:
Embryology with emphasis on fetal circulation, parts, Microscopic anatomy of
vessels, gross and microscopic structure of heart, blood vessels both arteries and
veins, attachment and relations of major vessels to the heart, distribution and
tributaries of major arteries and veins, applied aspects.

Unit 3 Digestive system: Embryology, location, parts and functions of the system
– gross and microscopic structure, location of digestive glands – gross and
microscopic structure applied aspects.
Urogenital system: a) Reproductive system: Developmental considerations of
the male and female systems, gross and microscopic parts of both male and female
systems, primary and secondary sexual organs and function, applied aspects.
b)Urinary system: Developmental considerations, parts – gross kidney in detail –
gross and microscopic structure applied aspects.

Unit 4 Musculo skeletal system: Classification, location of the bones and muscles
in the body, muscle attachment to bones – only brief description, gross features of
bones and parts, microscopic features of muscle and bone, joints, classification,
bones involved, movements and muscles that produce movements, applied
aspects.

Unit 5 Nervous system: Developmental considerations, parts and division into

central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, autonomic nervous system,
gross and microscopy of brain and spinal cord, naming of cranial nervous,
functions served by each of them brief account of degeneration and regeneration
of nerves, applied aspects.

Unit 6 Endocrinology: Brief saline of location and function of the endocrine

glands. Special senses: Eye, ear, nose, tongue. Miscellaneous topics: Skin and
appendages (microscopic structure) General considerations of upper limb, lower
limb, head and neck, thoracic and abdominal cavities, pelvic cavity.

PRACTICALS

3. Demonstration of systems of the body.

4. Microscopic demonstration for histology,
5. Osteology demonstration
6. Practical and applied anatomy demonstration depending on the
topic

Recommended books

1. B D Chaurasia's Human Anatomy (VOL 1-3)

Regional and Applied

2. Gray's Anatomy for Students

Author : Richard L. Drake, A. Wayne Vogl , Adam W. M. Mitchell

3. Textbook Of Human Histology With Colour Atlas

Author : Inderbir Singh

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------
 PAPER – II – PHYSIOLOGY& CLINICAL HAEMATOLOGY

Unit 1 Blood: Composition of blood, structure and functions of RBC, WBC, and
platelets blood coagulation, blood groups, reticulo endothelial system, structure
and function of spleen, Jaundice, Anemia

Unit 2 Cardiovascular system: Structure and properties of cardiac muscles, nerve

supply to hear, structure and function of blood vessels, cardiac cycle and pressure
changes, heart sounds, cardiac output, heart rate, cardiovascular reflexes, blood
pressure hemorrhage, ECG, changes in muscular exercises.

Unit 3 Respiratory system: Physiological anatomy, mechanism of respiration,

lung volumes and capacities, breath sounds, types of respiration, artificial
respiration, transport of blood gases, regulation of respiration, hypoxia effects of
exercise.

Unit 4 Digestive system: Digestion in mouth, stomach, intestine, digestion of

carbohydrates, fats and proteins, control of secretion, absorption, structure and
functions of liver. Excretory system: Structure (gross and minute) of kidney,
formation of urine, OTR, tubular function, renal function tests, micturition.

Unit 5 Muscle: Structure of muscle, muscle contraction. Nervous system:

Structure of nervous, nerve impulse, structure and function of spinal cord, spinal
reflexes and pathways, structure, and function of different parts of brain,
autonomic nervous system, neurohumoral transmission CSF, physiology of touch,
smell, taste, hearing, and vision – reflexes.

Unit 6 Endocrine system: Structure and functions of pituitary, thyroid, adrenal

glands, thymus and pancreas. Reproductive system: Sex determination and
development, puberty, structure and function of male and female reproductive
system, pregnancy, parturition, location, and foetal circulation.

Clinical Hematology :

Unit 1 Introduction – composition and function of blood .Normal and abnormal

blood cell morphology - erythrocytes, leukocytes. platelets and reticulocyte count.
Knowledge about anemia and leukemia.

Unit 2 Collection of specimen, difference between capillary and artery and venous
blood specimens. Preparation (smear preparation, staining methods including
 buffers and special stains), examination and interpretation of thin , thick and wet
blood films .

Unit 3 Methods of measuring haemoglobin, including spectrophotometry , PCV

( Haematocrit – macro and micro methods), MCH, MCHC, MCV & ESR.Total
and differential WBC count, RBC count, absolute eosinophil – different methods,
interpretation.Platelets function, disorders, platelet count methods and
interpretation. Bleeding and clotting time - significance and estimation methods

PRACTICALS

1 . Red blood cell count

2 . Total and differential white blood cell count
3 . Platelet count
4 . Absolute Eosinophil count
5 . Calculation of Red cell indices
6 . Hemoglobin estimation
7 . Determination of ESR
8 . Determination of BT, CT.
9 . Osmotic fragility and blood groups
10. Blood smear preparation and staining
11. Measurement of BP in man.
12. Respiratory movements, methods of artificial respiration.
13. TPR charts , examination of sensory system, motor system, reflexes,
cranial nerve,
14. ECG / EEG
15. Cardiac efficiency test.

Recommended books

1. Essentials of Medical Physiology

Author : K Sembulingam , Prema Sembulingam

2.Concise Medical Physiology

Author : Sujit K Chaudhuri
3. Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology
Author : Kim E. Barrett , Susan M. Barman , Scott Boitano , Heddwen Brooks

4.Textbook of Medical Physiology

Author : Arthur C. Guyton , John E. Hall
 5. Dacie & Lewis Practical Haematology
Author: S. Mitchell Lewis BSc MD FRCPath DCP FIBMS , Barbara J. Bain FRACP
FRCPath , Imelda Bates MD FRCP FRCPath , John Dacie MD(Lond) FRCP(Lond) FRCPath
FRS , Malcolm I. Levene

6. Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology (2 Vol. Set)

Author : John P. Greer, John Foerster , John N. Lukens

7. Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods

Editor : John Bernard Henry MD , Frederick R. Davey MD , Chester J. Herman
MD PhD, Richard A. McPherson MD, Matthew R. Pincus MD PhD , Gregory A.
Threatte MD , Gail L. Woods MD .

8. de Gruchy's Clinical Haematology in Medical Practice

Author : Frank Firkin , C. Chesterman , D. Penington , B. Rush

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------

Paper III- General biochemistry-

Biomolecules and bio physical chemistry

Uint 1 Carbohydrates – functions, classification, structure of carbohydrates.
Isomerism of glucose - stereo isomerism, optical isomerism, epimerism,
anomerism, muta-rotation. general reactions of monosaccharides- oxidation,
reduction, methylation, Benedict's test, Fehling's test, Seliwanoff's test, osazone
test. Reducing and non- reducing sugars. Disaccharides- structure of maltose,
lactose, sucrose, trehalose. Derived sugars- amino sugars, glycosides.
Polysaccharides- homopolysaccharides- starch, glycogen, cellulose, agar, pectin.
Heteropolysaccharides - glycosaminoglycans- hyaluronic acid, heparin, keratin
sulphate, dermatan sulphate.

Unit 2 Aminoacids and proteins. Structure and classification of amino acids.

Classification based on structure, metabolic fate, side chain character, nutritional
importance. Isoelectric point and amphoteric nature of amino acids, general
reactions in the body- transamination, deamination, decarboxylation. Ninhydrin
reaction. Biologically important peptides. Proteins- structural organization-
primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure. Structure of insulin,
collagen and Hb. Classification of proteins- simple, conjugated and derived
proteins. Precipitation reactions of proteins – salting out, isoelectric precipitation,
precipitation by acidic and basic agents, alcohol precipitation, heat coagulation.
Denaturation of proteins.

Unit 3 Lipids – classification- simple, compound lipids, derived lipids. Structure

and functions of each class. Fatty acids –classification and structure. saturated and
unsaturated fatty acids, PUFA, essential fatty acids. Saponification number, acid
number, iodine number. Structure of phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol and
lipoproteins. Monolayers bilayers, micelles and liposomes.

Unit 4 Vitamins, heme and nucleotides. Classification of vitamins- fat soluble

vitamins –structure of A D E K. Structure of water soluble vitamins- B-complex
and vitamin C. Daily requirements and sources of water soluble and fat soluble
vitamins. Heme- structure, structure of Hemoglobin, binding sites of heme and
oxygen. Properties of heme. Heme containing proteins. Structure of purines and
pyrimidines- structure of adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil. Structure
of AMP, ADP and ATP. Properties of nucleotides.

Unit 5 Biophysical chemistry- Law of mass action and solubility product.

Colloids: properties applications in biological systems. Mechanism and biological
applications of the following- Donnan membrane equilibrium, dialysis.
Diffusion, Osmosis and osmotic pressure, Viscosity, surface tension, adsorption.
Ion channels and membrane transport.
Practicals
Reactions of amino acids
Reactions of proteins
Reactions of carbohydrates
Reactions of lipids
Analysis of unknown carbohydrates and proteins
Determination of pH of acid and bases by using pH paper, indicators and pH meter
Preparation of acetate buffer with varying pH
Preparation of phosphate buffer with varying pH
Determination of pH of buffers
Volumetric analysis
Titration of NaOH with HCl

Paper IV general methodology

Basic laboratory knowledge

Unit 1 Clinical Laboratory glasswares. Calibration of pipettes and the volumetric

apparatus. Preparation of cleaning solution for glasswares. Cleaning and care of
laboratory glassware and instruments. Storage and handling of dangerous
chemicals and agents to prevent accidents. Immediate first aid management of
minor accidents in the laboratory.

Unit 2 Methods of expressing concentration. Preparation of normal solutions and

molar solutions. Calculation of normality, molarity, milliequivalents/l, ppm.
Preparation of normal saline. Methods of measuring liquids, weighing of solids.
Volumetric analysis-method to find normality and weight per liter. Preparation of
standard solutions and reagents. Preparation and storage of distilled, double
distilled and de-inonized water. Parts and working of analytical balance, hot air
ovens, water baths, refrigerators, centrifuges and Laminar flow.
Unit 3 Cleaning and preparation of syringes and needles for sterilization
(Autoclaving). Labeling and registering of specimen. Collection, transport and
preservation of blood, CSF, urine, pleural fluid, synovial fluid. Anticoagulants,
preservatives and preparation of anticoagulant bottles for blood collection for
different parameters.

Unit 4 Acids, bases and buffers – definition of acids and bases, ionization of acids,
ionic product of water, H+ concentration, strong acids and bases, weak acids and
bases, strength of acids. Titration curves of acids and bases, PH- definition,
calculation of pH, Henderson Hasselbalch equation, measurement of pH, pH
meter. Buffers- Definition, components, weak and strong buffers. PK of buffers,
preparation of buffers, buffers in biological system, commonly used buffers in
labs.

Unit 5 Properties of commonly used acids and bases- Sulfuric acid, hydrochloric
acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, potassium hydroxide, sodium
hydroxide, sodium carbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonia. Properties of
commonly used salts- ammonium chloride, ammonium sulphate, sodium
sulphate, sodium chloride, zinc sulphate. Properties of chloroform, formalin.
Properties of commonly used solvents- Methanol, ethanol, xylene, benzene,
acetone.

MICROBIOLOGY

Unit 6 History of Microbiology. Classification of Microorganism. Morphology

of bacteria- shape and structure- plasma membrane, internal membrane systems,
cytoplasmic matrix, inclusion bodies, nucleoid, cell wall- peptidoglycan structure,
gram negative cell walls, flagella, endospore.

Unit 7 Microscopy : Optical Microscope- resolution and magnification, parts and

working of compound microscope, phase contrast microscopy dark field
microscopy, electron microscope, fluorescence microscopy. Staining methods-
Smear preparation and fixation from liquid media and solid media. Principle,
procedure and uses of- simple staining, differential staining and special staining
techniques.

Unit 8 Control of microbial growth -Sterilization and disinfection- definition,

Physical methods- different methods- by dry and moist heat, factors influencing
and mechanism of killing. Radiation- ionising and non-ionising, mode of action.
Filtration- technique of filtration, different filters like membrane, HEPA and
candle filters. Disinfection- characteristics of ideal disinfectant, different classes
of disinfectants in detail. Disinfectant testing.
Unit 9 Bacterial growth and nutrition- nutritional requirements-carbon, nitrogen,
hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, phosphorus, other elements and growth factors.
Nutritional classification. Bacterial Growth curve. Measurement of growth- cell
mass, total count, viable count and cell constituents. Physical factors influencing
growth- oxygen, CO2 pH osmotic pressure, light, mechanical and sonic stress.

Unit 10 Culture media- common ingredients, classification, preparation of

important culture media in microbiology. Cultivation of microbes- culture
methods- streak, stroke, lawn, stab, pour plate, sweep plate and anaerobic culture
methods.

Unit 11 Safety precautions in Microbiology lab, Lab associated infection, safety

codes of laboratory practice. The care and Management of Laboratory animals-
basic knowledge of feeding, housing, breeding and care of the following animals:
Rabbit, Mouse, Guinea pig, Rat sheep, Fowls, Monkeys etc. Collection of blood
samples- Killing of animals and postmortem examination. Different routes of
animal inoculation. Animals house records.

Practicals

Familiarity with the use of simple autoclaves, incubator, hot air oven, water
bath, steamer, laminar flow. Preparation of culture media sterilization
methods.
 PAPER –V

SPECIAL ENGLISH, HEALTH EDUCATION, COMMUNITY MEDICINE,

BIOSTATISTICS AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS.

SPECIAL ENGLISH
(English for Medical Sciences)
Students of professional courses have a tendency to neglect the language content.
The paper “English for special purpose” is introduced with a view to developing
the communication sills of the participants in written and spoken English. The
emphasis will be fully on the practical aspects of language use, and not on
literature. The course content may also help the students to take up overseas
examinations in English proficiency like the TOEFL.

1. Writing skills
Composition
Writing effective paragraphs ability to describe objects, people,
process and ideas and narrating incidents – note taking / making
summaries. Writing telegrams, advertisements preparing laboratory
reports.
Letter writing
Business letters applying for a job for higher studies preparing
curriculum vitae subscribing to a journal requesting for information
ordering equipments – letters to the Editor

2. Foundation English

Revision of basic grammar, common errors in English, Language

functions in medical writing use of passive voice particularly in
scientific and official writing, expressing obligation use of must should
ought expressions of possibility, likelihood, certainly degrees of
comparison, expression of necessity must, have to need to expressions of
generalization and emphasis.

3. Vocabulary
The language of doctor and patient, general description and medical
description medical terminology roots, prefixes and suffixes, medical
abbreviations.

4. Spoken English
A course in speech and conversation with focus not on phonetics and
grammar, but on developing their ability to talk about object and
experiences around them.
 Fixing appointments: Getting information managing medical
representatives telephoning in hospital. The objective is to provide
practice influent conversation. Focus is on specific expressions typical
of familiar situations in medical practice Technique of discussion at
medical meeting, making presentation.

COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. General concepts of health and diseases with reference to natural history of

disease with pre-pathogenic and pathogenic phases. The role of socio-
economic and cultural environment in health and disease. Epidemiology
and scope.
2. Public health administration: An overall view of the health administration
set up at central and state level.
3. The National Health programme – highlighting the role of social economic
and cultural factors in the implementation of the national programme.
4. Health problem of vulnerable groups – pregnant and lactating women on
infants and school going children, occupational groups (see below) genetics
5. Occupational health: Definition occupational disease, prevention of the
occupational diseases and hazards.
6. Social security and other measures for the protection of occupational
hazards, accidents and diseases. Details of compensation acts.
7. Family planning objectives of national family planning methods - A general
idea of advantages and disadvantages of the method
8. Mental health community aspects of mental health role of physiotherapists,
therapists in mental health problems such as mental retardation etc.
9. Communicable diseases: An overall view of the communicable diseases,
classification according to the principal mode of transmission, role of
insects and other vectors.
10. International Health Agencies

HEALTH EDUCATION

1. Review of benefits, values, norms, habits and taboos among practices.

More in human groups and their importance learning and change
process.
2. Review of concepts on perception, attitudes, socialization process,
learning and theories of learning, social change change process,
 motivation, needs and drive.
3. Principle and process of communication.
4. Health education philosophy, main principles and objectives. Health
education vs. propagandas.
5. Methods and tools of health education – individual and group methods A
critical evaluation of theories, tools and health education.
6. The role of profession in health education role of other personnel in
health education, co-ordination and co-operation in health with other
members of the health team.
7. Elements of planning a health education programme.

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
Course Description:

The course enables the students to understand the fundamentals of

computer and its applications.

Introduction to Data processing:

- Features of computers, Advantages of using computers. :
Getting data into / out of computers. Role of computers. What
is Data processing? Application areas of computers involved in Data
processing. Common activities in processing. Types of Data processing,
Characteristics of information. What are Hardware and Software?

- Hardware Concepts :
Architecture of computers, Classification of computers,
Concept of damage. Types of storage devices. Characteristics of disks,
tapes, Terminals, Printers, Network.Applications of networking concept
of PC System care, Floppy care, Data care.
- Concept of Software.
Classification of software: System software. Application of
software. Operating system. Computer system. Computer virus.
Precautions against viruses. Dealing with viruses. Computers in
medical electronics
- Basic Anatomy of Computers
Principles of programming Computer application - principles
in scientific research ; work processing, medicine, libraries, museum ,
education, information system.
- Data processing . .
BIOSTATISTICS

Course Description:
Introduction to basic statistical concepts: methods of statistical analysis; and
interpretation of data
Behavioural Objectives:
Understands statistical terms. Possesses knowledge and skill in the use of
basic statistical and research methodology.
I : Introduction
- Meaning, definition, characteristics of statistics.
- Importance of the study of statistics.
- Branches of statistics.
- Statistics and health science including nursing.
- Parameters and estimates.
- Descriptive and inferential statistics.
- Variables and their types.
- Measurement scales
II : Tabulation of Data
- Raw data, the array, frequency distribution.
- Basic principles of graphical representation.
- Types of diagrams - histograms, frequency polygons, smooth frequency
polygon,
- Cumulative frequency curve, ogive.
- Normal probability curve.
III : Measure of Central Tendency
- Need for measures of central tendency
- Definition and calculaton of mean - ungrouped and grouped
- Meaning, interpretation and calculation of median ungrouped and
grouped.
- Meaning and calculation of mode.
- Comparison of the mean, and mode.
- Guidelines for the use of various measures of central tendency.

IV : Measure of Variability
- Need for measure of dispression.
- The range, the average deviation.
- The variance and standard deviation.
- Calculation of variance and standard deviation ungrouped and grouped.
- Properties and uses of variance and SO

V : Probability and Standard Distributions.

- Meaning of probability of standard distribution.
- The Binominal distribution.
 - The normal distribution.
- Divergence from normality - skewness, kurtosis.

VI : Sampling Techniques
- Need for sampling - Criteria for good samples.
- Application of sampling in Community.
- Procedures of sampling and sampling designs errors.
- Sampling variation and tests of significance
.
VII : Health Indicator
- Importance of health Indicator.
- Indicators of population, morbidity, mortality, health services.
- Calculation of rates and rations of health
 II year (3rd and 4th semester)
Paper VI
Metabolism I-- Carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolism

Unit 1 Metabolism of carbohydrates: Digestion and absorption of

Carbohydrates. Major Metabolic pathways of Glucose – Glycolysis, fates of
Pyruvate, Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen metabolism, HMP shunt pathway, Uronic
acid pathway, regulation of these pathways. Inborn errors of metabolism of
carbohydrates. Glycogen storage diseases, essential fructosuria, pentosuria,
lactose intolerance, galactosuria, G6PD deficiency. Metabolism of other sugars-
Fructose, Galactose. TCA cycle. Reactions and significance.- Shuttle systems,
electron transport chain, mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation, inhibitors. High
energy compounds.

Unit 2 Metabolism of Lipid: Digestion and absorption of Lipids. Oxidation of

Fatty acids – Beta, Alpha, Omega and peroxisomal Oxidation of unsaturated Fatty
acids, Odd chain fatty acids. De novo synthesis of fatty acids, chain elongation,
synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. PUFA and their importance. Elcosanoids-
classification and biological functions. Metabolism of adipose tissue. Synthesis
and break down of TAG, fatty liver and lipotropic factors- lipid storage diseases.
Synthesis of cholesterol, regulation, functions of cholesterol. Bile acids synthesis.
Ketone bodies- synthesis and utilization, ketosis.

Unit 3 Metabolism of amino acids: General reactions of amino acids-

Transamination, Oxidative Deamination, Transdeamination.- Removal of
Ammonia-sources and utilization of ammonia. Hyperammonemias. Glucogenic
and Ketogenic amino acids. Overall metabolism of different naturally occuring
amino acids. Detailed metabolism of Glycine, cysteine, methionine, Phenyl
alanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan and histidine. Creatinine, glutathione,
Catacholamines, polyamines, nitric oxide, carnitine, serotonin melanin, histamine
metabolism. Digestion and absorption of Proteins. Inborn errors of metabolism
of amino acid- hyperoxaluria, hyperglycinemia, MSUD, homocysteinuria,
cystinosis, cystinuria, homosysteinurias, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria, albinism,
hypertyrosinemia, Hartnup's disease. Clinical importance of FIGLU, VMA,
HIAA.

Practicals
Estimation of Blood Sugar by Folin Wu method.
Estimation of Blood Sugar by Glucose oxidase method.
Estimation of Serum total Cholesterol by Zak’s method
Estimation of Serum total Cholesterol by CHOD-POD method
Estimation of Serum Triglycerides
Estimation of Serum Phopholipids.
Estimation of Serum Total Proteins- Biuret method.
Estimation of Serum Total Proteins- Lowry's method.
Estimation of Serum Albumin and A/G ratio
Estimation of serum Urea.
Estimation of urine urea
Estimation of serum creatinine
Estimation of serum creatine
Estimation of urine creatinine
Estimation of serum uric acid
Estimation of serum bilirubin

Paper VII Enzymology and endocrinology

Unit 1 Properties, classification, naming of enzymes. prosthetic group, coenzyme,

cofactors , metalloenzymes and metal activated enzymes. Specificity of enzyme –
stereo-specificity, reaction specificity, substrate specificity. Factors affecting
enzyme action- temperature, pH, concentration of substrate product and enzyme,
inhibitors, co-enzyme, time.

Unit 2 Reaction rate and equilibrium of enzyme catalyzed reactions- enzyme

units, turn over number. Mechanism of enzyme action- lock and key model,
Koshland's fit model. Active site and catalytic groups. Action of chymotrypsin and
lysozyme. Enzymes kinetics- Km, Vmax, Michaeli’s Menton Law, Line weaver
Burke plot.

Unit 3 Enzyme inhibition- reversible inhibition- competitive, non-competitive and

un-competitive inhibition, irreversible inhibition- uncompetitive and suicide
inhibition, Regulation of enzyme action-allosteic regulation -K- series- V-series,
activation of latent enzymes, compartmentation, control of enzyme synthesis,
enzyme degradation.

Unit 4 Isoenzymes-properies, LDH, CK. multienzyme complex- importance, fatty

acid synthase. Ribozyme. Isolation and purification of enzymes.

Unit 5 Clinical enzymology- Functional and nonfunctional serum enzymes.

Clinical importance of the following enzymes- AsT, AlT, ALP, CK, LDH, ACP, 5-
nucleotidase, amylase, lipase, GGT. Enzyme profile in various disease conditions
like MI, liver diseases, bone diseases, pancreatic disease and Malignancies.
Therapeutic enzymes.
Unit 6 Hormones – definition, Classification of hormones based on origin.
hormone receptors- description of insulin receptor. Second messengers- cAMP,
cGMP, Ca, DAG, ITP. Mechanisms of hormone action- interaction with nuclear
chromatin, membrane receptors, stimulation of enzyme synthesis at the ribosomal
level, direct activation at enzyme level, action through second messengers.

Unit 7 Hypothalamic hormones—classification structure and site of action.

Pituitary hormones- classification structure and functions – anterior pituitary
hormones- classification- glycoprotein family, prolactin chorionic
asomatomammotropin family and corticotropin family - growth hormone,
gonadotropins, thyrotropin, corticotropin, MSH. Posterior pituitary hormones-
oxytocin and vasopressin.

Unit 8 Thyroid and parathyroid hormones- structure synthesis, transport and

mechanism of action, metabolic functions and disorders. T3, T4, reverse T3,
thyroglobulin, iodine trapping, hyper and hypothyroidism- goitre, Grave's disease,
cretinism. Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin.

Unit 9 Adrenal hormones-- classification- adrenal cortical and medullary

hormones. Brief description on synthesis , functions and disorders of mineralo
corticoids, gluco corticoids, sex corticoids and catecholamines- epinephrine, nor-
epinephrine. Gonadal hormones- Classification, site of formation and functions.
Ovarian cycle.

Unit 10 Pancreatic hormones – insulin- structure, formation, mechanism of action,

function and disorders— proinsulin, C-peptide, metabolic role in carbohydrate,
lipid and protein metabolism. Glucagon – synthesis, mechanism of action and
metabolic role. Hormones from gastro intestinal tract, kidney, thymus and pineal
gland.

Practicals
Estimation of ALP
Estimation of ACP
Estimation of Amylase
Estimation of LDH,
Estimation of CPK.
Estimation of GGT
T3, T4, TSH
I7 ketosteroids
VMA
 PAPER VIII
CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY

PATHOLOGY
Unit 1 Organization, lay out and design of cytopathology laboratory and
histopathology laboratory. Different branches of pathology. Pathological
importance of urine, stool, sputum, pleural, pericardial, ascitic fluids, CSF and
semen. Requirements in pathology lab-maintenance and use of the following:
Microscope, Automatic tissue processor, vacuum embedding bath, microtomes
(various types with working of each), hot plates, refrigerators, cryocut.

Unit 2 Histopathology techniques-Collection of samples for histopathological

examination. Preparation of samples- fixation, mordening, decalcification.
Processing of tissues- tissue processing and embedding. Preparations of sections-
technique of section cutting. Routine staining procedures in histopathology-
preparation of sections for staining. Principle and importance of hematoxylene
and eosin staining, phosphotungstic acid hematoxylene staining, PAS staining,
crystal violet staining, toluidine blue stain, grams staining. Post staining
procedures. Frozen section technique. Museum methods — mounting of
specimens, preparation of mounting medium, sealing the jars.

Unit 3 Cytological aspects of body fluids- ascitic fluid, pleural fluid synovial
fluid. Laboratory techniques in diagnostic cytology- preparation of specimens for
cytological evaluation- concentrating specimen by centrifugation. Preparation of
smear, fixation. Principles and importance of different cytological staining
techniques-papinicolaou staining, crystal violet staining. Importance of FNAC.
Preparation of thin blood smear and bone narrow smears. Morphological features
of normal cell, benign tumor cell and cancerous cells. Elementary knowledge on
fluorescent staining methods in pathology.
 MICROBIOLOGY

Unit 1 Identification of bacteria based on morphology, culture and biochemical

reactions- sugar fermentation test, urease test, nitrate test, TSI test, mannitol utility
test, oxidase, catalase and coagulase test, OF test IMV(i)C test. Importance of
staining methods in bacteriology. Inoculation and examination of inoculated
plates- importance in clinical diagnosis. Antibiotics- classification, antibiotic
sensitivity testing, basic techniques of plating and preparation of antibiotic discs.

Unit 2 The general principles of the methods employed in identifying an

unknown organism. Mode of infection, basic pathogenicity, causative agents and
detection methods of following diseases- viral diseases- small pox, rabies, HIV,
rubella, anthrax, polio, hepatitis. Bacterial diseases-TB, leprosy, cholera, tetanus,
botulism, typhoid, dysentry, siphilis, leptospirosis.

Unit 3 Basic pathogenicity and detection methods of fungal diseases- candidiasis,

aspergillosis, histoplasmosis. Parasitological techniques and elementary
knowledge of life cycle, basic pathogenicity and lab diagnosis of common
parasites- amoeba, filaria, malaria, toxoplasmosis, schistosomiasis, worm
infections and liver fluke infections.

Practicals
Demonstration of tissue processing, block preparation, section cutting and
different staining methods.
Preparation of slide preparation for cytological examination of urine, faeces and
sputum.
Peripheral blood smear preparation.
Different microbial staining- simple staining, gram staining, acid fast staining,
spirochete staininig, endospore staining.
Biochemical tests- coagulase test, IMViC test.
Antibiotic sensitivity testing.
Demonstration of fugal culture techniques and viral culture technique.
Demonstration of parasitological methods for the detection of parasites.
 Paper IX
Analytical Methods and Instrumentation

Unit 1 Colorimetry – Properties of light, Beer Lambert’s Law, Applications of

BeerLambert’s law, Photoelectric colorimoter, Spectrophotometer, Flame
photometer, Atomic absorption spectrophotometer, Fluorimeter, Nephelometry and
Turbidimetry.

Unit 2 Chromatography: General Principles. Partition and adsorption principles

of paper Chromatography, Column Chromatography, TLC, Ion exchange
chromatography, Molecular exclusion chromatography, Affinity chromatography,
HPLC, GLC.

Unit 3 Electrophoresis: Theory and factors affecting electrophoresis. Principle,

technique and applications of paper electrophoresis. Gel electrophoresis—types of
gels, solubilizers, tracking dye, coomassie brilliant blue, flourescamine, anilino
naphthalein sulphonate, ethidium bromide, PAGE. Applications of gel
electrophoresis. Immuno electrophoresis, Iso-electric focusing.

Unit 4 Centrifugation and Sedimentation: Principle, RCF, rpm. Types of

centrifuge. Different types of rotors. Ultra centrifugation, density gradient
centrifugation, determination of molecular weight using centrifugation. Cell
fractionation by differential centrifugation. Isopycnic centrifugation or
equilibrium isodensity centrifugation. Density gradient materials, applications of
centrifugation.

Unit 5 ELISA techniques- Different methods, substrates and enzymes used for
ELISA. Applications of ELISA. RIA techniques: different methods, labeled
probes. Applications of RIA.
Unit 6 Radioactivity: Isotopes, radioactive rays, radioactive decay.
Measurement of radioactivity- Scintillation and GM counter, Use of RA isotopes
in Biochemistry and Medicine, Biological effects of radiation. General laboratory
rules for handling radioactive isotopes, radiation protection and disposal of
radioactive wastes.

Practical
Verification of Beer Lambert’s Law
Estimation proteins by Biuret method
Estimation proteins by Lowry's method
Estimation of glucose by Folin-wu method
Estimation of lipid by Zak's method
Estimation of urea by DAM method
Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography
Demonstration of electrophoresis
Demonstration of immunoelectrophoresis

III Year( 5th and 6th semester)

Paper X
METABOLISM II
NUTRITION, HEME AND NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM

Unit 1 Vitamins: Classification, metabolism and deficiency diseases of fat soluble

vitamins-A, D, E and K. Vitamin C, functions, daily requirements and deficiency
diseases. B-complex vitamins- different B-complex vitamins- their functions
daily requirements and deficiency diseases in brief. Folic acid and Vit.B12
metabolism in detail. Wald's visual cycle, xerophthalmia, bitot's spot,
keratomalacia, rickets, osteomalacia, scurvy, beri-beri, pellagra, burning foot
syndrome, megaloblastic anemia, pernicious anemia. vitamin antioxidants, anti-
vitamins.

Unit 2 Minerals: Introduction, classification of minerals- major minerals, macro

minerals, microminerals, toxic minerals. Detailed metabolism, sources daily
requirements and deficiency diseases of sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus,
iron, copper, zinc, iodine. Specific functions, sources, daily requirements and
deficiency diseases of magnesium, chloride, sulphur, selenium, manganese,
molybdenum, chromium, arsenic, cadmium, nickel, lead, mercury.

Unit 3 Nutrition: Nutrition and energy supply- energy content of foods,

calorific value RQ of food stuffs. Utilization of energy- BMR, specific dynamic
action and physical activity. Bomb calorimeter, BMI- measurement and
importance. Nutritional importance of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.
Assessment of nutritive value of proteins- PER, BV, NPU, chemical score.
Glycemic index. Importance of fiber in nutrition, Importance of PUFA, omega 3
fatty acids, essential amino acids, nitrogen balance, essential fatty acids.
Balanced diet. Deficiency disorders- Kwashiorker, marasmus. Obesity- factors
contribute obesity. Complications in obesity. Atherosclerosis. Food allergy,
preservatives, adulterants in food. Probiotics and its uses.

Unit 4 Xenobiotics: Detoxification. phase I and phase II reactions- cytochrome

450, oxidation, reduction dehalogenation, dealkylation reaction reactions in phase
I. Phase II conjugation reactions- glutathione, amino acid, sulphate, glucuronate
conjugations. Biological effects of heavy metals and pesticides. Toxic effects of
ethanol. Detoxification of ethanol.

Unit 5 Nucleotide and heme metabolism: de-novo synthesis of nucleotides.

Salvage pathway for the synthesis of nucleotides. Degradation of nucleotides.
Disorders of nucleotide metabolism- gout, orotic aciduria. Heme metabolism –
synthesis and degradation. disorders- porphyrria. Metabolism of bilirubin,
jaundice- types and biochemical features.

Practicals
Estimation of Ca, P.
Estimation of total cholesterol, HDL and LDL.
Estimation of total protein and albumin.
Estimation of urea.
Estimation of uric acid.
Estimation of bilirubin.
Estimation of Fe and TIBC.
Estimation of serum electrolytes- Na, K, Cl, Cu, Bicarbonate.
Analysis of milk.
Estimation of fructose in honey.
Estimation of lactose in milk.

Paper XI
Immunology and immunohematology

Unit 1 Infection: sources of Infection, Methods of transmission of infection.

Routes of Infection. Immunity: Innate immunity- Mechanism of innate immunity.
Acquired immunity-active and passive immunity, natural and artificial immunity.

Unit 2 Structure and functions of immune system: Lymphoid organs. Primary and
secondary Lymphoid Organs, Cells involved in immune system- Lymphocytes,
antigen presenting cells-functions, surface receptors.

Unit 3 Antigens: Characteristics, determinants of antigenicity, Antigenic

specificity–epitope-characteristics. Hapten, Adjuvants. Antibodies:Classification,
Structure and functions of immunoglobulins. Monoclonal antibodies – Their
synthesis and significance. Vaccines.

Unit 4 Immune response: Humoral and cell mediated immune response.

Complement system: General properties, components, complement activation,
classical and alternate pathway. Deficiency diseases.
Unit 5 Antigen antibody reactions: General features, Precipitation reaction,
Immunodiffusion, Agglutination, Complement fixation tests.

Unit 6 Immunodeficiency diseases: Humoral and cellular immunodeficiency

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, disorders of specific immunity, disorders
of complement, disorders of phagocytosis.

Unit 7 Hypersensitivity- classification, basic mechanism. Autoimmunity –

Mechanism of autoimmunisation, various types. MHC-classification, location
and its importance. Immune response in cancer. Immunotherapy of cancer.

Unit 8 Historical aspects of blood transfusion, composition of blood, blood group

genetics, synthesis of blood group antigens, distribution of blood group antigens
on cells & fluids. Procedure of blood collection & grouping, ABO & Rh
grouping. Laboratory tests related to blood group abnormalities- Comb’s
test/Antiglobulin test (Direct & Indirect), Titration of ABO & Rh antibodies.
Organization of camps & selection of donors. Collection of blood from donor
(Phlebotomy). Autologous blood transfusion, its indication & hazards.

Unit 10 Compatibility testing – Major cross matching, Minor cross matching

Coomb’s cross matching, Cross matching of Universal donors. Blood components
- Preparation & storage, aphaeresis, blood & its products. Complications of blood
transfusion. Investigation in case of mismatched transfusion. Quality control &
maintenance of blood bank safety. Current developments in blood banking.
Commercial preparation of synthetic blood.

PRACTICALS

Study of antigen- antibody interactions:

Agglutination.
Precipitation.
Complement fixation.
Immunodiffusion etc.
Demonstration of phagocytosis.
Screening and diagnostic serological tests for bacterial, viral, fungal infections in
routine hematology laboratory.
Tests for diagnosing autoimmune disorders.
Delayed hypersensitivity tests.
Coombs test - direct and indirect.
Cross matching procedures for transfusion
 Paper XII
Diagnostic biochemistry I

Unit 1 Water and electrolyte balance and imbalance. Water intake and loss.
Regulation of water and electrolyte balance- renin-angiotensin system. Blood
osmolality and osmolarity, extracellular and intracellular cations and anions.
Electrolyte imbalance- dehydration and water intoxication. Acid base balance –
Blood buffers- bicarbonate, phosphate, protein buffers. mechanism of action-renal
regulation of pH, respiratory regulation of pH. Disturbances in acid base balance-
Acidosis and Alkalosis- both respiratory and metabolic. biochemical features of
acidosis and alkalosis, compensatory mechanisms, anion gap.

Unit 2 Plasma proteins- fractionation – salting out, Cohn's fractionation,

electrophoretic characterisation, pattern changes in diseases. Classification-
albumin, globulins and fibrinogen, functions and clinical importance- disease
conditions in which hyper and hypoproteinemias. Proteinurias (albuminuria )-
functional proteinuria, organic proteinuria- renal, prerenal and post renal
conditions.

Unit 3 Plasma Lipids. Transport of exogenous and endogenous lipids. Plasma

lipoprotein metabolism - chylomicrons, HDL, LDL, VLDL- structure, tissue site
of formation and functions. Apolipoproteins- classification and importance.
NEFA. Atherosclerosis- cholesterol and atherosclerosis, inflammation and
atherosclerosis, risk factors. Free radicals and antioxidants- Sources and
generation of free radicals, harmful effects of free radicals, lipid peroxidation by
free radicals. Antioxidants – their functions.

Unit 4 Diagnostic importance of CSF, pleural fluid, seminal fluid, amniotic fluid,
saliva and sweat in clinical biochemistry. Tumor markers – classification, their
importance in differential diagnosis. Bence Jone’s proteins, AFP, serotonin,
PSA, TPA, MCA, CA , CEA, Beta HCG, VMA.

Unit 5 Basic aspects of toxicological investigation and therapeutic drug

monitoring and its importance. Neurotransmitters- classification and diagnostic
importance. Theories of aging.

Practicals
Lipid profie: Serum Cholesterol, HDL, Triacyl glycerol
Estimation of total protein, albumin and A/G ratio
Analysis of CSF
Separation of Amino acids in urine by chromatography –
Glucose tolerance test
Electrophoretic separation of serum proteins
detection Bence John's proteins
Assessment of acid base status: Blood pH, Serum Electrolytes – Na.K,
Bicarbonate and Chloride.

Paper XIII
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETICS

Unit 1- Structure and functions of cell. Nucleus- structure and functions.

Organization of chromatin fibers in nucleus. Mitosis and meiosis. DNA – as
genetic material. Chargaff’s equivalence rule structure of DNA and RNA, types
of DNA and RNA. Packaging of DNA to chromosomes– nucleosomes,
histones. Euchromatin and heterochromatin lamb-brush chromosomes and
polytene chromosome. Gene, introns, exons, satellite DNA, VNTR.

Unit 2- DNA replication- DNA polymerase-types structure, functions.

Mechanism of replication. Origin of replication semiconservative replication,
discontinuous replication, Okazaki fragments, telomere and telomerases.
Transcription- RNA polymerase-types and functions, promoter. Initiation,
elongation and termination of transcription. Basic aspects of post-
transcriptional modifications. Inhibitors of transcription and replication.

Unit 3- genetic code- features, initiation codon, termination codon. Translation-

initiation, elongation and termination of translation. Ribosomes- types, structure.
trans peptidation. Basic aspects of post translational modifications and protein
targeting. Inhibitors of Protein synthesis. Regulation of gene expression- lac
operon, tryp operon, hormone responsive elements. Mutation and repair of
DNA. Biochemistry of cancer: Cell cycle, Mutagens- chemicals, viruses and
radiation. Oncogenes, onco suppressor genes.

Unit 4- Recombinant DNA technology – steps in DNA cloning, restriction

endonucleases, vectors for cloning-plasmids, phages. Applications of rDNA
technology. Gene therapy. Transgenics.Blotting techniques- western blotting,
southern blotting and northern blotting. Basic technique and applications of DNA
finger printing, PCR, DNA sequencing, RFLP, DNA microchip technology.

Unit 5- Human genetics: Mandelian laws of inheritance. Gene interactions, alleles,

dominant character, recessive character. Autosomal and X-linked inheritance
Criss cross inheritance.Chromosomal aberration, monosomy, trisomy, traslocation,
invertion, duplication, deletion. karyotypes. Human genome project.
 IVth Year (7th and 8th semester)

Paper XIV
Diagnostic biochemistry II- (Organ function test)
Unit 1 Liver function tests- tests based on abnormalities of bile pigment
metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism plasma proteins, lipids, detoxification,
excretory function, synthetic function, amino acid catabolism, drug metabolism
and serum enzyme activities. Bilirubin and VD Bergh reaction, galactose
tolerance test, hippuric acid test, fructose tolerance test, icteric index, protrombin
index.

Unit 2 Renal function tests - tests based on glomerular filteration, RPF, tubular
function and other tests. Clearance tests- urea clearance test, creatinine clearance
test, inulin clearance test, filtration fraction, cystatin. Urinalysis- urine pH, specific
gravity, 24 hour urine protein. Abnormal constituents in urine-albumin, amino
acids, ketone bodies, reducing sugars, bile salt, bile pigment-bilrubin,
urobilinogen. Analysis of urinary stones.

Unit 3 Gastric function test- gastric residuum,collection of gastric contents, FTM,

stimulation tests - histamine test, augmented histamine test, penta gastrin test,
tubeless gastric analysis, basal acid out put, total acid out put, peak acid out put,
determination of gastric acidity-total acidity, titrable acidity, combined acidity.
Pancreatic function tests – trypsin and amylase. Amylase clearance.

Unit 4 Blood sugar regulation, Diabetes Mellitus, GTT- oral glucose tolerance
test, intravenous tolerance test, physiological tolerance test, glucose challenge test.
Glycated Hb.

Unit 5 Cardiac function tests- lipid profile, cTn, CK, AsT, LDH, electrolytes,
injury markers and risk factors.

Unit 6 Thyroid function tests. Assay of hormones, binding proteins, plasma

TSH, TRH response test, cholesterol, radioactive iodine uptake, detection of
thyroid antibodies.

Practicals
Liver function tests and interpretation – Serum Bilirubin, Serum enzymes-
Alanine aminotransferase, Alkaline Phosphatase, Serum Proteins.
Renal Function tests: Urea and Creatinine Clearance.
Lipid profile, Na, K
T3,T4, TSH estimation
GTT
HbA1C
Detection of normal constituents in urine.
Detection of abnormal constituents in urine.
Analysis of urine.

Paper XV
Organisation of clinical lab and lab management

Unit 1. Laboratory planning and organization – classification of labs, lab design

space and safety, organization of work flow, laboratory operational flow- flow of
specimens, equipments and instruments understanding technology, reagents
reporting laboratory test results and record keeping. Organization in
standardization of laboratories. Clinical laboratory informatics- basic computing,
lab information system (LIS).

Unit 2. Methodology and instrumentation in clinical laboratory. Preanalysis

precollection variables, collection of sample, transport, processing and storage.
Analysis- principle of instrumentation, analytical methods and procedures, general
analytical issues and solutions. Post analysis- reference levels, diagnostic
accuracy (sensitivity and specificity), reporting of lab results, post analytical
errors, data management, units, laboratory calculations. Documentation in the
laboratory- value of documents, types, layers, structure, review and revision,
document control- lab records. Standard operating procedures- structure of SOP,
do's and don’ts on SOP.

Unit 3. Automation in biochemistry lab- introduction, types of analysers, types of

analysis. Steps in the automation system- Bar coding, specimen preparation,
handling, transport and delivery, specimen processing, sample transport and
delivery, reagent handling and storage, reagent identification and delivery,
selection of an autoanalysers.

Unit 4. Quality control, quality assurance and accreditation – international

definitions. Basic concepts and principles, total quality management, quality
control of laboratory materials and reagents, control of pre-analytical, analytical
and post- analytical variables. Quality control materials, Levey- Jenny’s chart.
Assessment of quality, quality assurance programmes, EQAS (External Quality
Assessment System), internal quality assessment. External QC programmes-
types of sera, types of errors, Quality audit and accreditation. Laboratory waste
management.

Discussion on various methods involved in the estimation of glucose, protein,

cholesterol, urea, uric acid, transaminases, phosphatases, creatine kinase, amylase,
sodium, potassium and chloride. Routine biochemical tests and special
biochemical test.

Practicals
Estimation of glucose by different methods.
Estimation of protein by different methods.
Estimation of urea by different methods.
Estimation of cholesterol by different methods.
Estimation of transaminases by different methods.
Estimation of phosphatases by different methods.
Estimation of sodium, potassium and chloride by different methods.
Calibration of flame photometer.
Calibration of UV spectrophotometer.
Calibration of semi auto analyzer.
Routine liver function tests.
Routine renal function tests.
Lipid profile.
HIV ELISA.
T3, T4, TSH estimation.
 REFERENCES

Metabolism
1. Biochemistry
Mathews, Van Holde, Ahern

2. Fundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecular Level

Donald Voet,Judith.G.Voet,Charlotte.W.Pratt

3. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry

David L. Nelson , Michael M. Cox

4. Biochemistry
Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko and Lubert Stryer

5. Principles of Biochemistry
Horton, Moran, etc. (3rd, Third Edition) by H. Robert Horton / Laurence A.
Moran Raymond S. Ochs / David J. Rawn / K. Gray Scrimgeour

6. Biochemistry
U.sathyanarayana, U.Chakrapani

7. Principles of Biochemistry with a Human Focus

Reginald H. Garrett and Charles M. Grisham

8. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations

Thomas M. Devlin

9. Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry,

Robert Murray, Victor Rodwell, David Bender and Kathleen M. Botham

10. Biochemistry: The Molecular Basis of Life

Trudy McKee and James R. McKee

11. Concepts in Biochemistry

Rodney Boyer

12. Principles of Biochemistry

Geoffrey Zubay,

13. Biochemistry
Debajyoti Das

14. Textbook of Biochemistry for Medical Students

Vasudevan, D M Publication
Physical and organic chemistry

1. Textbook of Physical Biochemistry

Upadyay, Upadhyay, Nath

2. Textbook of Organic Chemistry

Ks Tewari and Visnnoi Nk

3. Organic Chemistry
Robert Thornton Morrison and Robert Neilson Boyd

4. Organic Chemistry
Stanley H. Pine
Vitamins and minerals
1. Nutritional Biochemistry
Tom Brody

2. Nutritional Biochemistry
Ramakrishnan S

3. Textbook of Biochemistry
Vasudevan D M
Clinical biochemistry
1. Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry
Keith Wilson, John Walker

2. Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry,

Carl A. Burtis, David E. Bruns

3. Practical Clinical Biochemistry

Harold Varley

4. Scientific foundations of biochemistry in clinical practice

David Llewelyn Williams, Vincent Marks, Butterworth, Heinemann

5. Introductory practical biochemistry

S. K. Sawhney, Randhir Singh

6. Medical Biochemistry
DS Sheriff

7. Clinical Chemistry: Techniques, Principles, Correlations

Michael L. Bishop, Edward P. Fody and Larry E. Schoeff

8. Clinical Biochemistry: Metabolic and Clinical Aspects

William J. Marshall, Stephen K. Bangert

9. Medical Biochemistry, Fourth Edition

N. V. Bhagavan

10. Medical Laboratory Technology (Volume 1-3)

Kanai, L Mukherjee

11. Textbook of Medical Laboratory Technology

Praful B Godkar, Darshan P Godkar

12. Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods

Editor : John Bernard Henry , Frederick R. Davey , Chester J. Herman
, Richard A. McPherson , Matthew R. Pincus , Gregory A. Threatte , Gail L.
Woods

13. Practical Clinical Biochemistry Vol 1& 2

Alan H. Gowenlock, Harold Varley, Maurice Bell

14. Medical Biochemistry

Malligarguna Rao
15. Intoduction to Practical Biochemistry
David T Plummer

16. Qualitative Tests and Quantitative Procedures in Biochemistry

Pushpa Sunderaraj

17. Basic Medical Biochemistry

Marks,Dawn B

18. Textbook of Biochemistry

Vasudevan D M

19. Textbook of Medical Biochemistry

Chatterjea, M N
Immunology

1. Kuby Immunology
Richard A. Goldsby (Author), Thomas J. Kindt (Author), Barbara A.
Osborne (Author), Janis Immunology Kuby (Author)

2. Immunology
David Male, MA, PhD; Jonathan Brostoff, MA, DM, DSc(Med) FRCP, FRCPath;
David Roth and Ivan Roitt, MA, DSc (Oxon), Hon FRCP (Lond), FRCPath, FRS

3. Medical Immunology
Tristram G. Parslow (Author), Daniel P. Stites (Author), Abba I.
Terr (Author), John B. Imboden (Author)

4. Ananthanarayan and Paniker’s Textbook of Microbiology

Ananthanarayan, R. & Paniker, CK Jayaram

5. Janeway's Immunobiology (Immunobiology: The Immune System (Janeway)

Kenneth M. Murphy (Author), Paul Travers (Author), Mark Walport (Author)

6. Cellular and Molecular Immunology

Abul K. Abbas, Jordan S. Pober , Andrew H. Lichtman M

7. Manual of Molecular and Clinical Laboratory Immunology

Author: Volume Editors: Barbara Detrick, Robert G. Hamilton, and James D.
Folds

8. Immunology (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series)

Thao Doan MD (Author), Roger Melvold (Author), Susan Viselli
PhD (Author), Carl Waltenbaugh PhD (Author)

9. Roitt's Essential Immunology

Peter J. Delves (Author), Seamus J. Martin (Author), Dennis R.
Burton (Author), Ivan M. Roitt (Author)

10. Compendium of Transfusion Medicine- Practice of Safe Blood Transfusion

By : Dr. R. N. Makroo, M.B.B.S.; D.I.B.T., M.D.,
Lab Management

1. Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods

Editor : John Bernard Henry , Frederick R. Davey , Chester J. Herman
, Richard A. McPherson , Matthew R. Pincus , Gregory A. Threatte , Gail L.
Woods

2. Scientific foundations of biochemistry in clinical practice

David Llewelyn Williams, Vincent Marks, Butterworth, Heinemann

3. Practical Clinical Biochemistry Vol 1& 2

Alan H. Gowenlock, Harold Varley, Maurice Bell

4. Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry,

Carl A. Burtis, David E. Bruns

5. Clinical Chemistry: Techniques, Principles, Correlations

Michael L. Bishop, Edward P. Fody and Larry E. Schoeff

6. Qualitative Tests and Quantitative Procedures in Biochemistry

Pushpa Sunderaraj