Physics: Energy

Physics Notes:Energy Motion(main unitsNewtons, Joules)

- Define Energy: Energy is the ability of an object to do work
- Unit used to measure energy is called Joule
- Definition of Joule: I joule of work is done when a force of 1 Newton is applied to an object
or moves an object through a distance of 1 metre
- Force Applied(N)= Mass(kg) x acceleration(ms-2)
- Work done(J)= mass(kg) x acceleration(1m/s squared(remember its a square))xdistance(m)
- ACCLERATION = FINAL SPEED - INTIAL SPEED
-
- Time Taken
- An object of mass 0.5 kg initially at a stop attained a speed of 8.5m/s in 5 seconds and it
moved through a distance of 6 m. Work done = 0.5 kg x 1.7 x 6 = 5.1 Joules
- BASICALLY, FORCE APPLIED(some x number of Newtons) X DISTANCE = 1 JOULE
- To do work, energy is needed. Amount of energy spent is equal to amount of work completed
- 1 GigaJoule (GJ) = 1 billion joules = 1000 Mega joules
- 1 megajoule = 1 million joules
- 1 Kilojoule = 1000 joules
- 1 microjoule = 1/1000000th of joule etc or 1 Joule = 1000000 ( 1 million, 10 6 ) microjoules
- 1 Joule = 1000 millijoules or 1 millijoule = 1/1000th of a joule (10 -3 Joule)
- 100gf =1 Newton force 1000 gf = 10 Newtons =1Kgf
- WORK DONE = MASS X ACCLERATION X DISTANCE
- Energy transfer: Is the same form of energy transferring from one deice or object to another,
example kinetic to kinetic, potential to potential
- Energy conversion: The change of energy from one type of energy to another example kinetic
energy to gravitational
- Energy is neither created nor destroyed, the total energy stays the same but changes from one
form to another
Fill in the following table
Force Distance Work Energy Total Amount % loss of %
applied moved by done in used to amount of energy efficiency
an object joules do this of energy energy
work (J) supplied Wasted
(J) (J)
300 gf(3) 1220 3.66 3.66J 400 400-3.66 99.085% 0.92%
cm(1.22) = 396.34
1 Kgf(10 25m 250 250 450 200 44% 56%
newtons)
20 N 30 metre 600 600 618.5 18.5 3% 97%
23.5 25.5 600J 600J 800J 200 25% 75%
newtons metre
30N 13.3 400J 400J 600 200 33.3% 66.7%
metre
30N 0.01km 300J 300J 485J 185 38% 62%
- Fill in information in the following table
Type of energy Describe the form Identify sources of Applications of this
this energy energy
Kinetic Radiant, thermal, Renewable energy Flying aeroplanes,
sound, electrical and sources such as the running, walking,
mechanical - ENERGY sun, wind, water and cycling & windmills
OF MOTION geothermal heat -
MOVING OBJECTS
Potential energy Energy stored due to Height above Various depending
position or state ground, compressed on the form (see
springs, chemical below)
bonds
Gravitational Energy stored due to Objects at height Roller coasters,
potential energy an object's position in (e.g., a book on a hydroelectric
a gravitational field shelf) dams, rock
climbing
Elastic potential Energy stored in Springs, rubber Trampolines, bow
energy stretched or bands and arrows, car
compressed objects suspensions

Chemical potential Energy stored in Batteries, fossil Powering vehicles,

energy chemical bonds fuels, food human
metabolism,
cooking
Nuclear energy Energy stored in the Nuclear reactors, Electricity
nucleus of atoms radioactive materials generation,
medical
treatments,
nuclear weapons
Sound energy Energy carried through Vibrating objects, Music
sound waves vocal cords, communication,
speakers medical imaging
(ultrasound)
Heat energy Energy transferred due Sun, fire, Cooking, heating
(Thermal) to the temperature geothermal heat buildings,
difference industrial process
Light energy Energy carried by Sun, light, bulbs & Illumination,
(Radiant) electromagnetic waves lasers photosynthesis,
medical
treatments with
lasers
 Electrical energy Energy carried by Power plans, Powering electrical
moving electrons batteries, lighting devices, lightning,
transportation(for
electric cars)h
- There is always some loss of energy when a task is done
- Power is the rate of doing work.
Answers

Part 1: The Two Basic Types of Energy

1. A skier at the top of the mountain - (b) Potential Energy

2. Gasoline in a storage tank - (b) Potential Energy
3. A race-car traveling at its maximum speed - (a) Kinetic Energy
4. Water flowing from a waterfall before it hits the pond below - (a) Kinetic Energy
5. A spring in a pinball machine before it is released - (b) Potential Energy
6. Burning a match - (c) Both forms of Energy
7. A running refrigerator motor - (a) Kinetic Energy

Part 2: Definitions of Energy

● ENERGY: The capacity to do work or produce change.

● KINETIC ENERGY: The energy an object possesses due to its motion.
● POTENTIAL ENERGY: The energy an object possesses due to its position or state.

Part 3: Forms of Energy

1. Kinetic (motion) energy

○ Definition: An object's movement creates energy.
○ Type: Kinetic (KE)
○ Example: A moving car.
2. Thermal (heat) energy
○ Definition: The vibration and movement of molecules.
○ Type: Both (KE and PE)
○ Example: Boiling water.
3. Radiant energy
○ Definition: Electromagnetic waves.
○ Type: Kinetic (KE)
○ Example: Sunlight.
4. Electrical energy
○ Definition: Movement of electrons.
○ Type: Both (KE and PE)
○ Example: Power from a battery (Potential), current in a wire (Kinetic).
5. Chemical energy
○ Definition: Stored in bonds of atoms and molecules.
○ Type: Potential (PE)
○ Example: Gasoline.
6. Nuclear energy
○ Definition: Stored in the nucleus of an atom; released when nucleus splits or combines.
○ Type: Potential (PE)
○ Example: Nuclear reactor.
7. Sound energy
 ○ Definition: Vibration of waves through material.
○ Type: Kinetic (KE)
○ Example: Music from a speaker.
8. Gravitational energy
○ Definition: Energy of position or height.
○ Type: Potential (PE)
○ Example: Water in a reservoir.

Part 4: Forms of Energy Continued

1. Falling rocks from the top of a mountain - (a) Kinetic

2. Release of energy from the Sun - (d) Radiant
3. Energy released from food after it is eaten - (e) Chemical
4. Batteries - (e) Chemical
5. The energy that runs a refrigerator - (b) Electrical
6. Nuclear fission reactors - (f) Nuclear
7. The rumble of thunder from a storm - (g) Sound
8. Rubbing your hands together - (a) Kinetic, (c) Heat
9. Gasoline - (e) Chemical
10. Food before it is eaten - (e) Chemical
11. Lightning - (b) Electrical, (d) Radiant

Part 5: Transformation of Energy

1. Electric motor
○ Original Energy Form: Electrical
○ Final Energy Form: Kinetic
2. A battery that runs a moving toy
○ Original Energy Form: Chemical
○ Final Energy Form: Kinetic
3. A solar panel on the roof of a house
○ Original Energy Form: Radiant
○ Final Energy Form: Electrical
4. A person lifting a chair
○ Original Energy Form: Chemical
○ Final Energy Form: Kinetic
5. A nuclear power plant
○ Original Energy Form: Nuclear
○ Final Energy Form: Electrical
6. A toaster
○ Original Energy Form: Electrical
○ Final Energy Form: Heat
7. A church bell
○ Original Energy Form: Kinetic
○ Final Energy Form: Sound
8. Gasoline powering a car
○ Original Energy Form: Chemical
○ Final Energy Form: Kinetic
9. A light bulb
○ Original Energy Form: Electrical
○ Final Energy Form: Radiant
10. Photosynthesis
○ Original Energy Form: Radiant
 ○ Final Energy Form: Chemical

Saving Energy Notes: 20 ways to save electricity

- 1: Adjust light use, switch lights off when not in use, replacing light bulbs, let the natural light
- 2: Install Energy Efficient Light Bulbs, LED Bulbs which uses 80% less energy, incadscenet fluorescent
lights, led most commonly used in houses, LED uses little electricity to produce same amount of light,
NSW initiative to replace led bulbs for free at no cost, LED is more expensive, LED lasts longer
- 3: Switch off energy-draining appliances on standby, switch them off when not in use to conserve
energy,
- 4: Install smart power strips, a fast way to save electricity, you can configure the power strip to turn
off electrical devices not in use, some power strips have timers
- 5: Fill up your washing machines and dishwashers to the full, reduces the amount of time u use the
wash
- 6: Wash clothes in cold water, easy way to save electricity, no need for hotter water
- 7: Dry clothes and dishes outside, no need to use a dryer
- 8: Upgrade to more efficient appliances, look for triple AAA energy efficiency, more efficiency, less
energy and money
- 9: Install programmable thermostat for comfort and cost savings, use timers, help reduce the need for
ac and heaters, using less energy
- 10: Notch your refrigerator temperature down a little, turn in down a few degrees, easy way to save
energy
- 11: Eliminate air leaks to reduce droughts, look out for air leaks and repair the, use weather strips
- 12: Using ceiling fans instead of Air conditioning, ceiling fans use less energy
- 13: Use doors and curtains, keep ur living space cool using ac but on lower
- 14: Insulate your water heater
- 15: Unplug and defrost yor freezer monthly, remove all the icy things to reduce the energy used by the
freezer
- 16: Maintain Appliances Regularly
- 17: Maintain your energy-saving insulation, installing proper insulation in your home to protect your
fine in winter
- 18: Use carpets on tiles, feel warmer in the winter, saves energy by reducing insulation
- 19: Use a pressure cooker, reduce time to cook, takes less energy
- 20: Charge your car or wash clothes at night

5.1 Investigating Heat Practical Experiment

Hypothesis: I think ceramic will be the poorest conductor of heat thus the best insulator to keep a
hot drink warm
Method:
1. Have A results table
2. Carefully pour 100ml of hot water into each cup or mug. Make sure that the water poured
into eac is at the same temperature
3. Place a temperature probe or thermometer into each cup or mug
4. Record the starting temperature using the data logger or thermometer and take
measurements for 10 minutes
Results table:
Time Temperature of water in:
(Minutes)

Polystyrene Cup (oC) Metallic Mug (oC) Ceramic Coffee Mug (oC)

0 83 83 83

1 64 60 51

2 63 56 50

3 61 54 50

4 60 52 49

5 58 50 48

6 56 48 47

7 56 45 46

8 54.5 44 45

9 53 43 44

10 51 43 43

Line Graph: