Knowers and Knowledge in East-West

Philosophy: Epistemology Extended

1st Edition Karyn L. Lai (Editor)
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookmass.com/product/knowers-and-knowledge-in-east-west-philosophy-epi
stemology-extended-1st-edition-karyn-l-lai-editor/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Between Psychology and Philosophy: East-West Themes and

Beyond 1st Edition Michael Slote

https://ebookmass.com/product/between-psychology-and-philosophy-
east-west-themes-and-beyond-1st-edition-michael-slote/

Socially Extended Epistemology J. Adam Carter

https://ebookmass.com/product/socially-extended-epistemology-j-
adam-carter/

Buddhist Feminism: Transforming Anger against

Patriarchy (Palgrave Studies in Comparative East-West
Philosophy) 1st ed. 2020 Edition Sokthan Yeng

https://ebookmass.com/product/buddhist-feminism-transforming-
anger-against-patriarchy-palgrave-studies-in-comparative-east-
west-philosophy-1st-ed-2020-edition-sokthan-yeng/

Knowledge, Belief, and God: New Insights in Religious

Epistemology Matthew A. Benton

https://ebookmass.com/product/knowledge-belief-and-god-new-
insights-in-religious-epistemology-matthew-a-benton/
What's the Point of Knowledge?: A Function-First
Epistemology Michael Hannon

https://ebookmass.com/product/whats-the-point-of-knowledge-a-
function-first-epistemology-michael-hannon/

Culture from the Slums: Punk Rock in East and West

Germany Jeff Hayton

https://ebookmass.com/product/culture-from-the-slums-punk-rock-
in-east-and-west-germany-jeff-hayton/

Knowledge Development in Nursing: Theory and Process

11th Edition Peggy L. Chinn

https://ebookmass.com/product/knowledge-development-in-nursing-
theory-and-process-11th-edition-peggy-l-chinn/

Clinical Herbalism: Plant Wisdom from East and West

Rachel Lord

https://ebookmass.com/product/clinical-herbalism-plant-wisdom-
from-east-and-west-rachel-lord/

European Integration Beyond Brussels: Unity in East and

West Europe Since 1945 Matthew Broad

https://ebookmass.com/product/european-integration-beyond-
brussels-unity-in-east-and-west-europe-since-1945-matthew-broad/
PALGRAVE STUDIES IN
COMPARATIVE EAST-WEST PHILOSOPHY

Knowers and Knowledge

in East-West Philosophy
Epistemology Extended

Edited by
Karyn L. Lai
Palgrave Studies in Comparative East-West
Philosophy

Series Editors
Chienkuo Mi
Philosophy
Soochow University
Taipei City, Taiwan

Michael Slote
Philosophy Department
University of Miami
Coral Gables, FL, USA
​ he purpose of Palgrave Studies in Comparative East-West Philosophy is
T
to generate mutual understanding between Western and Chinese philoso-
phers in a world of increased communication. It has now been clear for
some time that the philosophers of East and West need to learn from each
other and this series seeks to expand on that collaboration, publishing
books by philosophers from different parts of the globe, independently
and in partnership, on themes of mutual interest and currency.
The series also publishs monographs of the Soochow University
Lectures and the Nankai Lectures. Both lectures series host world-
renowned philosophers offering new and innovative research and thought.

More information about this series at

http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/16356
 Karyn L. Lai
Editor

Knowers and
Knowledge in East-­
West Philosophy
Epistemology Extended
Editor
Karyn L. Lai
UNSW Sydney
Sydney, NSW, Australia

ISSN 2662-2378     ISSN 2662-2386 (electronic)

Palgrave Studies in Comparative East-West Philosophy
ISBN 978-3-030-79348-7    ISBN 978-3-030-79349-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79349-4

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2022
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the
­publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to
the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The
publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
­institutional affiliations.

Cover illustration: Alistair Berg/Getty images

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 Contents

1 Introduction  1
Karyn L. Lai

Part I Knowing Better: More Capacious Knowledge  15

2 Knowing-To 17
Stephen Hetherington

3 The Epistemology of Mengzian Extension 43

Waldemar Brys

4 Knowledge-How Attribution in English and Japanese 63

Shun Tsugita, Yu Izumi, and Masaharu Mizumoto

5 The Problem of Forgetting 91

Chienkuo Mi and Man-to Tang

6 Illness Narratives and Epistemic Injustice: Toward

Extended Empathic Knowledge111
Seisuke Hayakawa

v
vi CONTENTS

7 The Yin/Yang 陰陽 of Pervasive Emotion139

Michael Slote

Part II Embodied Knowers in Epistemic Environments 157

8 Enacting Environments: From Umwelts to Institutions159

Mog Stapleton

9 Extended Knowledge Overextended?191

Nikolaj Jang Lee Linding Pedersen and Jens Christian
Bjerring

10 The Possibility of the Extended Knower235

Leo K. C. Cheung

11 Finding the Joy of Far-Flung Friends: Extending

Oneself Through Terrestrial, Metaphysical, and
Moral Geographies255
Sydney Morrow

12 State Epistemic Environmentalism275

Shane Ryan

13 Contextualising and Decontextualising Knowledge:

Extended Knowledge in Confucius, Mozi and Zhuangzi293
Margus Ott

14 Models of Knowledge in the Zhuangzi: Knowing with

Chisels and Sticks319
Karyn L. Lai

15 Dreyfus and Zeami on Embodied Expertise345

Katsunori Miyahara

Index367
 Notes on Contributors

Jens Christian Bjerring is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Aarhus

University. He holds a PhD from the Australian National University
(2010), and specialises in philosophical logic, formal epistemology, and
the philosophies of AI and technology. He has published in journals such
as Journal of Philosophical Logic, Philosophical Studies, Philosophical
Quarterly, Synthese, Philosophical Issues, Episteme, and Philosophy and
Technology. In 2020, Bjerring was awarded a Carlsberg Foundation Young
Researcher Fellowship for a major three-year project entitled “Algorithmic
Decision Making: Philosophical Challenges”.
Waldemar Brys is a Scientia PhD candidate at the University of New
South Wales. He specialises in epistemology and early Chinese Philosophy,
and his research involves examining the relation between knowledge and
practice in pre-Qin Confucian texts. He has previously done research
on Zhu Xi’s theoretical philosophy, and is currently involved in translating
sections of the Zhuzi Yulei.
Leo K. C. Cheung is Professor of the Department of Philosophy at the
Chinese University of Hong Kong. His research interests include
Wittgenstein, epistemology, philosophy of language, philosophy of sci-
ence, philosophy of logic, philosophy of religion, Chinese philosophy, and
comparative philosophy. He has published a number of articles on issues
in those areas in prestigious venues and a book (in Chinese), Pathfinder in
Philosophy: A Study of Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.

vii
viii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Seisuke Hayakawa is Project Associate Professor at Uehiro Division,

Center for Death and Life Studies and Practical Ethics at The University
of Tokyo. He works at the intersection of care ethics, the philosophy of
action, and social epistemology, and is currently working on a book titled
Receptivity and Human Agency.
Stephen Hetherington is Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at UNSW,
Sydney. His books include Good Knowledge, Bad Knowledge (Clarendon
Press, 2001), Self-Knowledge (Broadview, 2007), How to Know (Wiley-­
Blackwell, 2011), Knowledge and the Gettier Problem (Cambridge
University Press, 2016), and What Is Epistemology? (Polity, 2019). His
edited books include Epistemology Futures (Oxford University Press,
2006), What Makes a Philosopher Great? (Routledge, 2017), and The
Gettier Problem (Cambridge University Press, 2019). He is co-editor of
What the Ancients Offer to Contemporary Epistemology (Routledge, 2020),
and general editor of the four-volume The Philosophy of Knowledge: A
History (Bloomsbury, 2019).
Yu Izumi is Associate Professor at the Department of Anthropology and
Philosophy at Nanzan University. He studies human natural lan-
guage from both philosophical and linguistic perspectives. His previ-
ous publications include “Definite Descriptions and the Alleged
East-West Variation in Judgments about Reference” (Philosophical Studies).
Karyn L. Lai is Professor of Philosophy at the University of New South
Wales, Sydney, Australia. She specializes in comparative Chinese-Western
philosophical research and is an editor for Philosophy Compass, associate
editor of the Australasian Journal of Philosophy, and Chinese philosophy
section co-editor of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Her books
include Introduction to Chinese Philosophy (2nd ed. 2017) and Learning
from Chinese Philosophies (2nd ed. 2016).
Chienkuo Mi is Distinguished Professor and Chair of Philosophy at
Soochow University in Taipei. He has published widely in Chinese and
English on topics in epistemology, philosophy of language, philosophy of
logic, and Chinese philosophy. His recently published works include
Naturalized Epistemology and Philosophy of Science (with Ruey-lin Chen,
Rodopi 2007) and Moral and Intellectual Virtues in Western and Chinese
Philosophy: The Turn toward Virtue (with Michael Slote and Ernest
Sosa, Routledge 2015). His recent research brings together issues in
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS ix

virtue epistemology, philosophy of memory and forgetting, epistemology

of testimony, and Chinese philosophy.
Katsunori Miyahara is a Specially Appointed Lecturer at the Center for
Human Nature, Artificial Intelligence, and Neuroscience (CHAIN),
Hokkaido University, Japan. He explores the nature of mind and cogni-
tion drawing on phenomenology, 4E cognition, and classical Japanese
thoughts. His most recent publications include “The pragmatic intel-
ligence of habit” (with Ian Robertson, Topoi) and “What the situation
affords: Habit and heedful interrelations in skilled performance”
(with Tailer Ransom and Shaun Gallagher, in Habit: Pragmatist
Approaches from Cognitive Neurosciences to Social Sciences (Cambridge
University Press)). He is also the lead guest editor of the Synthese Topical
Collection “Minds in skilled performance”.
Masaharu Mizumoto is Associate Professor at the School of Knowledge
Science at Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology. He is the
first editor of Epistemology for the Rest of the World (Oxford University
Press) and Ethno-Epistemology ~ New Directions for Global Epistemology
(Routledge).
Sydney Morrow is an assistant professor in the History, Philosophy, and
Religious Studies Department at Nazarbayev University. Her research
takes shape as a holistic approach to formulating and applying concepts
from Chinese Philosophy. These concepts meet with contemporary
discussions about feminism, ethics, and ecology. Her recent essays,
“Are Confucian Roles Gendered?” and “Men Tell Me Paternalism is
Good”, introduce concepts from Chinese philosophy to reconfigure
current conversations about sex and gender. Her current project is in
a similar vein, elucidating and applying the novel contributions of Qing
Dynasty philosopher He Yin Zhen.
Margus Ott is researcher at Tallinn University, School of Humanities.
He has published articles on Gilles Deleuze, Terrence Deacon, Zhuangzi,
Zhu Xi, and Wang Yangming, and is finalising a book on embodi-
ment theory and Chinese philosophy. He has published six volumes
of philosophical writings in Estonian, as well as translations of
Deleuze, Bergson, Spinoza, Leibniz, Zhuangzi, Yueji, Xici, Xing zi
ming chu, and other texts. His research interests include complexity
theory, material engagement theory, temporality, biosemiotics, and
self-cultivation.
x NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Nikolaj Jang Lee Linding Pedersen is Professor of Philosophy at

Underwood International College and the founder of the Veritas Research
Center at Yonsei University, South Korea. He holds a PhD from the Arché
Research Centre at the University of St. Andrews (2006). Prior to moving
to Korea, he held a Carlsberg Foundation Postdoc Fellowship at the
University of California Los Angeles and a Senior Research Fellowship at
the University of Copenhagen. His research interests include truth, epis-
temology (including social and formal epistemology), metaphysics,
and the philosophies of logic and technology. Pedersen is a co-editor
of Epistemic Entitlement (Oxford University Press, 2020), The Routledge
Handbook of Social Epistemology (Routledge, 2019), Pluralisms in Truth
and Logic (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018), Epistemic Pluralism (Palgrave
Macmillan, 2017), Truth and Pluralism: Current Debates (Oxford
University Press, 2013), and New Waves in Truth (Palgrave
Macmillan, 2010).
Shane Ryan is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Nazarbayev
University. His research includes, but is not limited to, wisdom, epistemic
environmentalism, and paternalism. In future work he is interested in
exploring how epistemic environments might be designed to facilitate the
development of wisdom and how perceptions of epistemic coverage can
influence the consumption of fake news.
Michael Slote is UST Professor of Ethics at the University of Miami. A
member of the Royal Irish Academy and former Tanner lecturer at
Stanford and Feng Qi lecturer at East China Normal University, he is the
author of many books and articles on ethics, philosophy of mind, political
philosophy, and moral education. His 2010 Moral Sentimentalism defends
a modern-day form of sentimentalist ethics and metaethics, and his
2016 Human Development and Human Life offers a very general
psychology-­ based account of what human life is essentially and uni-
versally like. Most recently, he has argued that a proper understand-
ing of the Chinese notions of yin and yang can and should bring
about a major course correction for Western philosophical thinking.
This work is available in The Philosophy of Yin and Yang (Commercial
Press, Beijing), and will be advanced further in a book that has just been
completed and translated into Chinese.
Mog Stapleton is currently a visiting researcher in philosophy at East
China Normal University, Shanghai. Her background is in philosophy and
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xi

cognitive science with a particular focus on embodied, enactive, and affec-

tive cognition. She is currently working on developing connections
between 4E cognition and contemporary approaches to Chinese
Philosophy.
Man-to Tang is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Sun Yat-sen
University (Zhuhai) under the Hundred Talent Program. He was a post-
doctoral research fellow at the University of Macau under the UM Macao
Talent Program. He has previously taught at several universities such
as the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Baptist
University, the Macau University of Science and Technology, and the
Community College at Lingnan University. Dr. Tang’s main fields of
interest are phenomenology, comparative philosophy, and philosophy
of memory and forgetting. His research specifically explores the con-
ceptions of forgetting in different cultures and their functions in our way
of living. Dr. Tang’s works have appeared in several journals including
Meta, Kritike, Existentia, Journal of Daoist Studies, and the Journal of
Philosophical Analysis (in Chinese).
Shun Tsugita is JSPS research fellow at Graduate School of Informatics,
Nagoya University. He studies epistemology and the philosophy of psy-
chology. His research interests are information flow and naturalisation of
intentionality.
 List of Figures

Fig. 4.1 Infelicity Judgements about knowledge-how lacking ability 70

Fig. 4.2 Infelicity judgements about ability lacking knowledge-how 85

xiii
 List of Tables

Table 4.1 The results of our Google queries 74

Table 4.2 The comparison of the Japanese results with the English results 75
Table 4.3 The results for the “knowing how to write” constructions in
Japanese and English 76
Table 5.1 3 stages of memory with 3 corresponding stages of forgetting 108

xv
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Karyn L. Lai

Recent investigations into how knowers are enabled by their knowledge

have extended epistemological debates. The discussions in this volume
offer a broad range of arguments from eastern and western philosophical
traditions to enrich and diversify our present conceptions of knowledge.
The contributors extend contemporary Western epistemology in novel
directions, through investigating and questioning entrenched, often main-
stream, conceptions of knowledge. Many of these discussions were pre-
sented at the fifth East West Philosophers’ Forum, held at the University
of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, in May 2019. Indeed, some of the
ideas here have arisen in conversations between members of the group
over the years.
How is knowledge extended? Three meanings of extension are
employed across the volume’s chapters. First, we challenge prevailing con-
ceptions of knowledge in Western epistemology. Within this tradition,
some entrenched conceptions of knowledge include the idea of

K. L. Lai (*)
UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
e-mail: k.lai@unsw.edu.au

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature 1

Switzerland AG 2022
K. L. Lai (ed.), Knowers and Knowledge in East-West Philosophy,
Palgrave Studies in Comparative East-West Philosophy,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79349-4_1
2 K. L. LAI

knowledge as justified true belief; of knowledge’s (or the knower’s) cer-

tainty; and of knowledge-how and knowledge-that as fundamentally ade-
quate for understanding human knowledge. Our discussions ask whether
these foundational and still-prevalent views of knowledge sufficiently
reflect knowledge’s place in human life.
A second way we have extended knowledge takes its cue from recent
debates on extended cognition and extended knowledge. Their primary
thrust is that cognition and perception are not processes that occur solely
in the mind or brain—or within the skull, so to speak—but also in and by
an organism’s body located in specific environments. According to this
view, generally, to have knowledge is not (only) to have ideas cogitating in
the mind, but (also) to perceive, feel, act and respond by engaging the
body in specific environments.
Third, and finally, the interaction between intellectual traditions,
Eastern and Western, help diversify our discussions about knowledge.
Examples from the Chinese and Japanese traditions raise fascinating ques-
tions about knowledge in practice as, on the whole, they take a more
empirically focused view of knowledge. The scenarios we evoke here chal-
lenge western epistemology’s predominantly theoretically bound concep-
tions of knowledge. The Chinese and Japanese approaches to
knowledge—embodied—prompt us to attend to the question of knowl-
edge’s place in a life lived well. The cross-tradition engagement is an
important feature of the volume’s methodological approach that enriches
our discussions and fosters the broadening of our epistemological horizons.
This volume’s chapters are organised in two parts. Part I’s discussions,
“Knowing Better: More Capacious Knowledge”, stretch Western episte-
mology’s traditional conceptions of knowledge. The chapters in Part II,
“Embodied Knowers in Epistemic Environments”, explore embodied
knowledge, conceptually and in practice.

1   Part I: Knowing Better—More

Capacious Knowledge
The chapters in this part expose how restricted and restrictive some exist-
ing views of knowledge are. The first three chapters (Chaps. 2, 3, and 4)
in this part pose questions about the traditional distinction between
knowing-how and knowing-that. Together, they challenge its fundamen-
tal assumptions and wonder if another concept, knowing-to, is required to
 1 INTRODUCTION 3

enhance our understanding of knowledge. The next three chapters (Chaps.

5, 6, and 7) continue to push the boundaries of knowledge, contending
that it should be more inclusive and capacious. They ask if there is a place
for forgetting in memory-building; whether we should listen more care-
fully to “chaos narratives” instead of rejecting them as epistemically unreli-
able; and whether our delineation between knowledge and belief is too
neat, forcing us (typically) to see belief as inert, as far as actions are con-
cerned. Perhaps belief is action-oriented too?
Chapter 2 considers whether our categories of knowing-how and
knowing-that adequately explain human knowledge. Questions about the
natures of knowing-how and knowing-that, and the relation between the
two, have generated vigorous philosophical debates since Gilbert Ryle
made an influential case for the conceptual distinctness of knowing-how
(Ryle 1946). Contemporary intellectualists maintain the reducibility of
knowing-how to knowing-that. In contrast, anti-intellectualists, including
Hetherington, make a case for the irreducibility and perhaps primacy of
knowing-how (e.g., 2011: Chap. 2). Yet, underlying these tensions, there
remains a gap that knowing-how or knowing-that, or even the two taken
together, cannot fill. In other words, the maximal degree of the required
know-how, together with all the required know-that, might not ensue in
intelligent action (of the Rylean sort). Knowing how to drive a car (even
to drive a car well), and having all the right kinds of information about
driving (including traffic rules), does not guarantee that a driver will even
drive when she should, let alone never cause an accident. What more is
needed? In “Knowing-To”, Stephen Hetherington proposes knowing-to
as a conception of knowledge that is metaphysically distinct from both
knowing-how and knowing-that. Knowing-to’s locus—a specific moment,
in particular circumstances—has an immediacy that draws together knowl-
edge and action. This, Hetherington suggests, addresses knowledge-how
and knowledge-that’s insufficiencies in relation to knowledge’s manifesta-
tion. Knowing-to is an activation—even if not a completed manifesta-
tion—of knowing-how, generating an action that is a completed
manifestation of the knowledge-how. It is not identical with either or both
of knowledge-that and knowledge-how. It is, distinctively, a kind of knowl-
edge present within acting. Finally, one most telling facet of knowing-to’s
promise in opening up new lines of inquiry is its measure, not of truth, but
of success.
Chapter 3 continues with the theme of successfully exercising knowl-
edge. This question is ever more urgent for people in power. In the
4 K. L. LAI

Mencius, a fourth-century BCE Chinese text, Mengzi (c. 385 BCE-c. 312
BCE), a prominent Confucian thinker, has difficult conversations with
kings about their effectiveness in protecting the people. In Mencius 1A7,
Mengzi has an extended discussion with King Xuan of Qi about “extend-
ing” (tui 推) kindness in order to protect the people. The puzzle in this
story concerns why King Xuan, who takes action to prevent an ox from
being slaughtered for a sacrificial ritual, is not taking action to protect the
people. Waldemar Brys presents a fresh interpretation of the intriguing
idea of “extension” in this story. In “The epistemology of Mengzian
extension”, Brys resists the dominant interpretation of extension as pri-
marily associated with King Xuan’s application of his compassion for the
ox (analogously) in the case of the people. He proposes that “extension”
in Mencius 1A7 is an epistemic term; it relates not to having emotions or
applying them, but to exercising knowledge. Specifically, it is the exercise
of knowing-to: the king’s protecting the people consists in his knowing-to
take particular actions in specific situations to alleviate their suffering or
enhance their welfare.
In Chap. 4, Shun Tsugita, Yu Izumi, and Masaharu Mizumoto, destab-
lise our assumptions about knowing-how. Their study, “Knowledge-How
Attribution in English and Japanese”, discusses how, for Japanese lan-
guage users, attributions of know-how (e.g., knowing how to swim) does
not require the relevant corresponding physical ability (e.g., swimming),
nor does having the physical ability require that a person be considered as
having or possessing know-how. This decoupling of attributions of know-
ing how and the relevant physical ability among speakers of Japanese,
poses challenges for epistemologists, irrespective of their intellectualist (or
otherwise) leanings. More generally, it prompts us to consider the differ-
ences between Japanese and English speakers’ attributions of know-how.
Are there semantic, or pragmatic, or merely contingent, reasons? Whatever
the case may be, are Anglophone epistemologists guilty of linguistic—and
conceptual—chauvinism, in assuming that know-how and ability (in rela-
tion to practical activities) are closely intertwined or related by entailment?
Or, could there be a plurality of knowing-how’s and, if so, how might this
expand our conceptions of knowledge?
Forgetting is often perceived as epistemological deficit, or as a loss of
knowledge or of memory. Contesting this view, Chap. 5 creates a space for
forgetting in epistemology. Chien-kuo Mi and Man-to Tang interrogate
the commonplace negativity about forgetting, held by a majority of epis-
temologists and reflected in the lack of scholarly work on this topic. In
 1 INTRODUCTION 5

“The Problem of Forgetting”, they contest the view that forgetting has
only negative impacts on navigating life. Drawing on philosophical work
from the Western and Chinese traditions, they propose a variety of impor-
tant and positive roles forgetting can play in life. First, forgetting turns our
attention to the issue of seeming to remember (for example, we may remem-
ber the experience of setting up a banking password). Such memory-­
seeming may be regarded as a source of justification for preserving a true
belief. Therefore, recognising the role of forgetting here helps highlight
the role of the experiential in the justification of belief. Second, forgetting
may be understood as the omission of irrelevant information in the mem-
ory process. It works in the justification of beliefs originating from reliable
memory processes, which include the guarantee that a person has no sig-
nificant reason to distrust his memory. In this way, forgetting contributes
to the reliable process of forming true beliefs. Third, forgetting tangential
information can lessen our cognitive load, making room for more of the
more significant details. There is a balance—a mean—between forgetting
too much and remembering too much; Mi and Tang propose that this
sense of forgetting renders it not unlike an intellectual virtue. Fourth,
forgetting entrenched norms and practices can be liberating as it can
enable more engaged and more fruitful engagements with the world. This
final type of positive forgetting is found in the ancient Chinese text, the
Zhuangzi. Mi and Tang also build on the philosophical literature on for-
getting, suggesting an interesting taxonomy inspired by Plato. The tax-
onomy affords the alignment of three types of forgetting, each
corresponding to a stage of memory formation (encoding, storing and
retrieving). This discussion opens up new space for epistemologists to give
greater consideration to a concept that has for the most part generated
anxiety due to its perceived predominantly negative impacts.
Chapter 6 continues to push at the boundaries of knowledge, making a
case for taking chaos narratives seriously in epistemology. Seisuke Hayakawa
insightfully brings out the significance of socially extended knowledge,
updated by the theme of responsibilism arising from debates in feminist
epistemology. Hayakawa shows how socially responsible knowers, and
socially responsible environments, take care to attend to those who are
differently situated. In particular, he highlights how, in the context of ill-
ness, a person in pain might express themselves primarily in chaotic bodily
narratives. Chaos narratives are typically inarticulate messages, primarily
expressed through bodily movements rather than solely in words. These
first-person narratives typically get overshadowed by medical vocabulary
6 K. L. LAI

and measurements, especially as we are not adequately attuned to them. In

“Illness Narratives and Epistemic Injustice: Toward Extended Empathic
Knowledge”, Hayakawa builds on debates to emphasise that, quite fre-
quently, restitution narratives are considered normative, and people who
are suffering or in pain are also required to subscribe to this norm. The
restitution narrative—of the ill person looking up, positively, bravely and
resolutely to conquer his illness—may simply be all too much for a person
who feels hopelessness in his pain and suffering. How can we empathise
with someone who is ill? Drawing on the rich discourses in feminist epis-
temology, especially in empathy, Hayakawa urges that we exercise humility
in recognising our own vulnerabilities. These epistemic practices, he
argues, should also be manifest at the macro level, where we responsibly
empathise by cooperating with others to address institutionalised injustice
such as the marginalisation or disregard of chaos narratives. Hayakawa’s
proposal is refreshing, bringing together ethics and epistemology, to
enrich our epistemic practices as knowers, and to broaden our understand-
ing of knowledge.
Chapter 7 challenges how we sometimes draw lines between epistemo-
logical concepts that are difficult to defend. For example, we may think of
knowledge’s manifestation in the world, but belief is typically conceived of
as a more abstract and theoretical commitment. (This sharp distinction
between knowledge and belief is embedded, for example, in the traditional
view of knowledge as justified, true belief). Contesting this view, Michael
Slote proposes that the putting-into-practice aspect of knowledge may
also be relevant to belief, if we take a step back from epistemological dis-
cussions to examine how practice may be an important component of our
beliefs about the world. Might it be right to think of belief in more active
ways, in contrast to how it is generally conceived in Western philosophical
debates (as primarily inert acceptance of particular propositions)? Building
on his recent work on yin/yang, a set of complementary terms in Chinese
philosophy, Slote makes a case for beliefs that are engaged with the world.
He integrates belief into a yin/yang conceptual framework whereby beliefs
necessarily involve emotions. In “The Yin/Yang 陰陽 of Pervasive
Emotion”, yin is (the) receptive favouring (of particular propositions)
while yang is (the) active and productive (element that enacts the belief).
All beliefs have the feature of yin—that is, a person who believes p recep-
tively favours p—and all beliefs are productive (of action). Slote’s yin/yang
structure of beliefs functions both epistemically to inform action, and
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Israel in Europe
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: Israel in Europe

Author: G. F. Abbott

Release date: September 29, 2023 [eBook #71752]

Language: English

Original publication: United Kingdom: Macmillan and Co.,

Limited, 1907

Credits: Richard Hulse and the Online Distributed Proofreading

Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced
from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ISRAEL IN

EUROPE ***
 Transcriber’s Note
A larger version of the map near the end of the book may
be seen by right-clicking it and selecting an option to view it
separately, or by double-tapping and/or stretching it.
New original cover art included with this eBook is granted
to the public domain.
Additional notes will be found near the end of this ebook.
ISRAEL IN EUROPE
 ISRAEL IN EUROPE
BY

G. F. ABBOTT
KNIGHT COMMANDER OF THE HELLENIC ORDER OF THE SAVIOUR
AUTHOR OF “SONGS OF MODERN GREECE,”
“THE TALE OF A TOUR IN MACEDONIA,”
“THROUGH INDIA WITH THE PRINCE,” ETC.

LONDON
MACMILLAN AND CO., Limited
NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1907
GLASGOW: PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
BY ROBERT MACLEHOSE AND CO. LTD.
 PREFATORY NOTE
The aims and the limits of the present work are sufficiently
explained in the Introduction. Here it only remains for me to perform
the pleasant duty of recording my gratitude to Mr. I. Abrahams, of
Cambridge, for his friendly assistance in the revision of the proofs
and my indebtedness to him for many valuable suggestions. He
must not, however, be held to share all my views.
G. F. A.
 CONTENTS
PAGE
Authorities xi

Introduction xv

CHAPTER I
Hebraism and Hellenism 1

CHAPTER II
The Jew in the Roman Empire 18

CHAPTER III
Judaism and Paganism 28

CHAPTER IV
The Dispersion 34
 CHAPTER V
Christianity and the Jews 41

CHAPTER VI
Middle Ages 62

CHAPTER VII
The Crusades 83

CHAPTER VIII
Usury and the Jews 105

CHAPTER IX
The Jews in England 115

CHAPTER X
The Jews in Spain 141
 CHAPTER XI
After the Expulsion 167

CHAPTER XII
The Renaissance 178

CHAPTER XIII
The Ghetto 196

CHAPTER XIV
The Reformation and the Jews 214

CHAPTER XV
Catholic Reaction 232

CHAPTER XVI
In Holland 245

CHAPTER XVII
In England after the Expulsion 255

CHAPTER XVIII
Resettlement 275

CHAPTER XIX
The Eve of Emancipation 286

CHAPTER XX
Palingenesia 301

CHAPTER XXI
In Russia 329

CHAPTER XXII
In Roumania 379

CHAPTER XXIII
Anti-Semitism 404

CHAPTER XXIV
Zionism 482

Index 519

MAP
Approximate Density of the Jewish Population At end.
 AUTHORITIES
GENERAL

H. Graetz’s “History of the Jews.”

Dean Milman’s “History of the Jews.”
“The Jewish Encyclopedia.”

PARTICULAR
Ch. I.

E. R. Bevan’s “The House of Seleucus”; “High Priests of

Israel.”

Ch. II., IV., V.

J. S. Riggs’ “History of the Jewish People during the

Maccabaean and Roman Periods.”
W. D. Morrison’s “The Jews under Roman Rule.”
Mommsen’s “History of Rome.”
Gibbon’s “Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.”

Ch. VI., VII., VIII.

Benjamin of Tudela’s “Travels.” Transl. by Asher.

I. Abrahams’ “Jewish Life in the Middle Ages”;
“Maimonides.”
 Hallam’s “Middle Ages.”
S. P. Scott’s “History of the Moorish Empire in Europe.”
Gibbon’s “Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.”
A. Marshall’s “Principles of Economics.”

Ch. IX.

J. Jacobs’ “The Jews of Angevin England.”

B. L. Abrahams’ “The Expulsion of the Jews from
England in 1290.”
J. E. Blunt’s “History of the Establishment and Residence
of the Jews in England.”
M. Margoliouth’s “The Jews in Great Britain.”

Ch. X., XI.

A. de Castro’s “History of the Jews in Spain.”

J. Finn’s “History of the Jews in Spain and Portugal.”
E. H. Lindo’s “History of the Jews in Spain and Portugal.”
Prescott’s “Ferdinand and Isabella.”

Ch. XII.

The Cambridge Modern History: Vol. I., “The

Renaissance.”
W. Roscoe’s “The Life and Pontificate of Leo X.”

Ch. XIII.

I. Abrahams’ “Jewish Life in the Middle Ages.”

 W. C. Hazlitt’s “The Venetian Republic.”

Ch. XIV.

The Cambridge Modern History: Vol. II. “The

Reformation.”

Ch. XV.

J. Finn’s “History of the Israelites in Poland.”

The Cambridge Modern History: Vol. III., “The Wars of
Religion”; Vol. IV., “The Thirty Years’ War.”

Ch. XVI.

Motley’s “Dutch Republic.”

Ch. XVII.

J. E. Blunt’s “History of the Establishment and Residence

of the Jews in England.”
M. Margoliouth’s “The Jews in Great Britain.”

Ch. XVIII.

Lucien Wolf’s “Resettlement of Jews in England”;

“Manasseh ben Israel’s Mission to Oliver Cromwell.”
S. R. Gardiner’s “History of the Commonwealth and
Protectorate.”
J. Morley’s “Oliver Cromwell.”

Ch. XIX., XX.

 M. Samuel’s “Memoirs of Moses Mendelssohn.”
Solomon Maimon’s “Autobiography.” Transl. by H. Clark
Murray.
E. Schreiber’s “Reformed Judaism and its Pioneers.”
The Cambridge Modern History: Vol. VIII., “The French
Revolution”; Vol. IX., “Napoleon.”
Encyclopædia Britannica: Article, “Jews.”

Ch. XXI.

Prince San Donato Demidoff’s “The Jewish Question in

Russia.” Transl. by H. Guedalla.
L. Cerf’s “Les Juifs de Russie.”
Leo Wiener’s “History of Yiddish Literature in the 19th
Century.”
Beatrice C. Baskerville’s “The Polish Jew.”

Ch. XXII.

Israel Davis’ “Jews in Roumania.”

E. Sincerus’ “Les Juifs en Roumanie: Les lois et leurs
conséquences.”
A. M. Goldsmid’s “Persecution of the Jews of Roumania.”
H. Sutherland Edwards’ “Sir William White: His Life and
Correspondence.”
“Rumania and the Jews,” by “Verax.”

Ch. XXIII.

Joseph Jacobs’ “The Jewish Question.”

 “Aspects of the Jewish Question,” by “A Quarterly
Reviewer.”
Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu’s “Israel parmi les Nations.”
E. Drumont’s “La France Juive.”
Encyclopædia Britannica: Article, “Anti-Semitism.”
W. H. Wilkins’ “The Alien Invasion.”
C. Russell and H. S. Lewis’ “The Jew in London.”

Ch. XXIV.

H. Bentwich’s “The Progress of Zionism.”

R. Gottheil’s “The Aims of Zionism.”
T. Herzl’s “A Jewish State.”
“The Jewish Question,” Anon. (Gay and Bird, 1894).
“Aspects of the Jewish Question,” by “A Quarterly
Reviewer.”
Encyclopædia Britannica: Article, “Zionism.”

In addition to these main guides reference, on special points, is

made to particular authorities in the footnotes.