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Full download Applications of Computational Intelligence in Multi-Disciplinary Research Ahmed A. Elngar file pdf all chapter on 2024
Full download Applications of Computational Intelligence in Multi-Disciplinary Research Ahmed A. Elngar file pdf all chapter on 2024
Full download Applications of Computational Intelligence in Multi-Disciplinary Research Ahmed A. Elngar file pdf all chapter on 2024
Intelligence in Multi-Disciplinary
Research Ahmed A. Elngar
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Applications of Computational
Intelligence in Multi-
Disciplinary Research
EDITED BY
Ahmed A. Elngar
Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence, Beni-Suef University,
Beni-Suef City, Egypt
College of Computer Information Technology, American University in the
Emirates, United Arab Emirates
Rajdeep Chowdhury
Department of Computer Application, JIS College of Engineering, Kalyani,
West Bengal, India
Mohamed Elhoseny
College of Computing and Informatics, University of Sharjah, United Arab
Emirates
Faculty of Computers and Information, Mansoura University, Egypt
Valentina Emilia Balas
Department of Automatics and Applied Software, Faculty of Engineering,
“Aurel Vlaicu” University of Arad, Arad, Romania
Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
List of contributors
Abstract
Abbreviations
1.1 Introduction
1.8 Conclusion
References
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.4 Discussion
References
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
References
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.7 Conclusion
References
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.4 Conclusion
5.5 Future work
References
Abstract
Abbreviations
6.1 Introduction
6.6 Conclusions
References
Abstract
Nomenclature
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Background
7.3 Modeling the visual sensors
7.6 Conclusion
References
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.5 Conclusion
References
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
Conflict of interest
References
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.5 Applications
References
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.9 Conclusion
References
Index
Copyright
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Notices
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ISBN: 978-0-12-823978-0
Abstract
In this chapter, a novel feature extraction method is proposed for faster
iris recognition. This new method is a hybrid process combining three-
level Haar wavelet transform (HWT) and modified local binary pattern
(MLBP). In this hybrid method, firstly, HWT is applied to the
normalized iris image, resulting in four output images including the
approximation image known as LL subband. This LL subband is then
further decomposed using HWT into four subimages. The resultant
second-level LL is decomposed using HWT into the third-level LL
subband. The application of repeated HWT extracts the major
information-containing region, reducing the information size. Next,
MLBP is applied to the obtained LL, where MLBP includes local binary
pattern and Exclusive OR operations. The output of MLBP is a binary
iris template. The effectiveness of this proposed hybrid HWT–MLBP
method is experimentally evaluated using three different datasets,
namely CASIA-IRIS-V4, CASIA-IRIS-V1, and MMU. The proposed
HWT–MLBP method can obtain a reduced feature vector length of 1×64.
For instance, when applied to the CASIA-IRIS-V1 dataset, HWT–MLBP
can obtain an average correct recognition rate of 98.30% and a false
acceptance rate of 0.003%. Results indicate that the proposed HWT–
MLBP outperforms existing methods in terms of reduced feature length,
which ensures faster iris recognition.
Keywords
Haar wavelet transformation; modified local binary pattern; feature extraction;
iris recognition; feature length
Abbreviations
2D cepstrum with representing quefrency coordinates
2D discrete-time Fourier Transform
2D Gabor function
2D discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficient matrix
W Angular frequency
Standard deviations of x and y
The x-axis coordinate of the iris circle
The y-axis coordinate of the iris circle
r Radius of the iris circle
Gray level of the center pixel, c
Gray level of the neighboring pixel, p
Binary iris code obtained as XOR output
MLBP operator
1.1 Introduction
The concern of high security and surveillance in the present world has made
the identification of people an increasingly important issue. Among various
identification modes, biometric has been considered over the last few
decades for its reliable and accurate identification [1–5]. Commonly used
biometric features include the face, fingerprint, iris, retina, hand geometry,
and DNA identifications. Among them, nowadays, iris recognition has
attracted significant interest in research and commercialization [6–15]. Iris
recognition has several applications in the security systems of banks, border
control, restricted areas, etc. [1–3]. One key part of such a system is the
extraction of prominent texture information or features in the iris. This
feature extraction method generates feature vectors or feature codes. The
feature vectors of the unknown images are used to match those of the stored
known ones. In an iris recognition system, the matching process matches the
extracted feature code of a given image with the feature codes previously
stored in the database. In this way, the identity of the given iris image can be
known.
A generalized iris recognition scheme is presented in Fig. 1.1. There are
two major parts of Fig. 1.1, one showing the feature extraction and the other
describing the identification portion of an iris. The system starts with image
acquisition and ends with matching, that is, the decision of acceptance or
rejection of the identity. In between, there are two main stages: iris image
preprocessing and feature extraction [3,4]. Furthermore, iris image
preprocessing includes the stages of iris segmentation, normalization, and
enhancement [5,11]. In the acquisition stage, cameras are used to capture
images of the iris. The acquired images are then segmented. In iris
segmentation, the inner and the outer boundaries are detected to separate
the iris from the pupil and sclera. A circular edge detection method is used to
segment the iris region by finding the pixels of the image that have sharp
intensity differences with neighboring pixels [3]. Estimating the center and
the radius of each of the inner and outer circles refers to iris localization.
After iris segmentation, any image artifacts are suppressed. Next is the
normalization step in which the images are transformed from Cartesian to
pseudo polar scheme. This is shown in Fig. 1.1, where boundary points are
aligned at an angle. Image enhancement is then performed. As a part of
feature extraction, the important features are extracted and then used to
generate an iris code or template. Finally, iris recognition is performed by
calculating the difference between codes with the use of a matching
algorithm. For this purpose, Hamming and Euclidian are well known and
also considered in this chapter [15]. The matching score is compared with a
threshold to determine whether the given iris is authentic or not.
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