Peace And Violence In Brazil:

Reflections On The Roles Of State,

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Edition Marcos Alan Ferreira
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RETHINKING PEACE AND CONFLICT STUDIES
SERIES EDITORS: OLIVER P. RICHMOND · ANNIKA BJÖRKDAHL
GËZIM VISOKA

Peace and Violence

in Brazil
Reflections on the Roles of State,
Organized Crime and Civil Society

Edited by
Marcos Alan Ferreira
Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies

Series Editors
Oliver P. Richmond
University of Manchester
Manchester, UK

Annika Björkdahl
Dept of Political Sci
Lund University
Lund, Sweden

Gëzim Visoka
Dublin City University
Dublin, Ireland
This agenda-setting series of research monographs, now more than a
decade old, provides an interdisciplinary forum aimed at advancing inno-
vative new agendas for peace and conflict studies in International Relations.
Many of the critical volumes the series has so far hosted have contributed
to new avenues of analysis directly or indirectly related to the search for
positive, emancipatory, and hybrid forms of peace. Constructive critiques
of liberal peace, hybrid peace, everyday contributions to peace, the role of
civil society and social movements, international actors and networks, as
well as a range of different dimensions of peace (from peacebuilding, state-
building, youth contributions, photography, and many case studies) have
been explored so far. The series raises important political questions about
what peace is, whose peace and peace for whom, as well as where peace
takes place. In doing so, it offers new and interdisciplinary perspectives on
the development of the international peace architecture, peace processes,
UN peacebuilding, peacekeeping and mediation, statebuilding, and local-
ised peace formation in practice and in theory. It examines their implica-
tions for the development of local peace agency and the connection
between emancipatory forms of peace and global justice, which remain
crucial in different conflict-affected regions around the world. This series’
contributions offer both theoretical and empirical insights into many of
the world’s most intractable conflicts, also investigating increasingly sig-
nificant evidence about blockages to peace.

More information about this series at

http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14500
 Marcos Alan Ferreira
Editor

Peace and Violence

in Brazil
Reflections on the Roles of State, Organized
Crime and Civil Society
Editor
Marcos Alan Ferreira
Department of International Relations
Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB)
João Pessoa, Brazil

ISSN 1759-3735     ISSN 2752-857X (electronic)

Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies
ISBN 978-3-030-79208-4    ISBN 978-3-030-79209-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79209-1

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2022
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the
publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect
to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
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Cover illustration © MC Richmond

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
To Talieh, Lua, and Anissa
 Acknowledgments

This book gathers reflections on peace and conflict in Brazil that emerged
during the project “Challenges for Peace in democratic societies: Public
security, crime and violence in South America”, which was funded by
Newton Fund Mobility Grant, number #NMG2R2\100064. Also, the
book edition had support from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento
Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq—Brazilian National Council for Scientific
and Technological Development), grant Bolsa Produtividade Nível 2,
number #302285/2019-9. We are grateful to the British Academy,
Newton Fund, and CNPq for supporting this research.
I am very grateful to Prof. Oliver Richmond for all of his dedication
and partnership in this project, as well as for opening doors for participa-
tion in new ones. His support and vast analytical perspective on peace and
international relations inspire us to continue working for a more peaceful
world at all levels.
I have greatly benefited from two stays as Visiting Academic at the
University of Manchester in 2018 and 2019. Special thanks to Val
Lenferma, Ingri Buer, and Roberta Maschietto. In particular, thanks to
Jasmin Ramovic for all the support and patience with a Brazilian scholar
completely lost in Manchester!
At Universidade Federal da Paraíba, I am very grateful to the students
Anna Beatriz R. Gonçalves, Mirelle Lages, Aluizio Pessoa Neto, and dear
Lucas Barbosa (in memoriam). All of you were crucial to organizing the
Workshop “Challenges to Peace in South America” in February 2019.

vii
viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thanks to all my colleagues that contributed to this manuscript.

Hopefully, this work will show how important it is to consider peace in
democracies that experience an everyday direct violence intrinsically asso-
ciated with state negligence, and structural and cultural violence.
To Anissa, thanks for your smile that can change any difficult day. Lua,
thanks for your curiosity that takes daddy out of his comfort zone and gets
him to research bacteria, air conditioning, and wind directions. To dear
Talieh, any task that I do would be impossible without your support,
thanks for your love!
 Contents

Part I Understanding Challenges to Peace in Brazil:

Conceptual Debates and the Role of the State   1

1 Peace and Violence in South America: From Security

to a Peace Studies Approach  3
Marcos Alan Ferreira

2 Conflict Over Peace in the Southern Cone Borderlands:

Hybrid Formations of Security Governance from a
Brazilian Perspective 29
Camila de Macedo Braga and Rafael Antônio Duarte Villa

3 Contemporary Patterns of Violence and the Inside/

Outside Problématique: The Case of Brazil 61
Veronica F. Azzi and Kai Michael Kenkel

4 Transnational Organized Crime and the Role of the

Armed Forces in Brazil: The Case of Operation Agata 87
Augusto W. M. Teixeira Júnior and Maria Eduarda L. S. Freire

ix
x Contents

Part II Peaceful Responses to Overcome Social Violence

in Brazil 105

5 The Sustainable Development Goals as a Peace Agenda:

Some Considerations on The Brazilian Case107
Henrique Zeferino Menezes

6 Practices to Build Peace in Times of Crisis: Experiences

from Northeast Brazil123
Paulo Roberto Loyolla Kuhlmann, Edith Larissa Rodrigues do
Rêgo Souza, and Luan do Nascimento Silva

7 Favela Peace Formation in a Violent State: Perspectives

from Favelas in Rio de Janeiro147
Ingri Bøe Buer

8 Gun Policy, Violence, and Peace: Examining the Challenges

Faced by Civil Society and the State in Brazil173
André Duffles Teixeira Aranega and Kai Michael Kenkel

Index203
 Notes on Contributors

André Duffles Teixeira Aranega is Research Assistant in the Security

and Defense Studies Laboratory at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
(LESD/UFRJ) and a Masters student in the Institute of International
Relations at Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio).
His research interests include Transnational Organized Crime in Latin
America, Criminal Geopolitics, and Gun Policy.
Veronica F. Azzi holds a PhD from the Institute of International
Relations at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (IRI/
PUC-Rio) and is currently a Post-doctoral Researcher at the School of
Social Sciences at the Fundação Getulio Vargas (CPDOC/FGV). Her
research interests include militarization, pacification, state fragility, politi-
cal violence, gender, and instability.
Camila de Macedo Braga is Post-Doctoral Researcher at the Institute of
International Relations, Center for Conflict and Peace Studies, University
of Sao Paulo, Brazil and Research Associate at Centre on Conflict,
Development and Peacebuilding (CCDP)/Graduate Institute—Geneva.
Her research is supported by FAPESP and by the Laboratory Visions of
Peace, Centre for Advanced Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences
(CALAS)—Costa Rica (2019–2020).
Ingri Bøe Buer is a PhD candidate at the Humanitarian and Conflict
Response Institute, University of Manchester (HCRI/UoM). From
2019–2020, she conducted fieldwork in Rio de Janeiro’s favelas in order
to understand peace activities by local social actors.

xi
xii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Marcos Alan Ferreira is an Associate Professor in the Department of

International Relations at Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB). He is
also Visiting Professor at Universidad Núr (Bolivia), a Senior Research
Associate at the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological
Development (CNPq) and a Member of Global Initiative against
Transnational Organized Crime (GTOC).
Maria Eduarda L. S. Freire is Research Associate at Center for Studies
on Strategic Studies and International Security at Federal University of
Paraíba (GEESI/UFPB). Her research interests are: Strategic Studies;
Defense; Brazilian armed forces and militarization.
Kai Michael Kenkel is Associate Professor at the Institute of International
Relations of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (IRI/
PUC-Rio), where he heads the Center on Armed Forces and Democracy
(NEDEFA). He holds degrees from The Johns Hopkins University
and the Graduate Institute in Geneva. He is an associate researcher at
the German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA) in
Hamburg.
Paulo Roberto Loyolla Kuhlmann is Associate Professor in the
Department of International Relations at State University of Paraíba
(UEPB). He is also coordinator of Center for Studies on Peace and World
Security at UEPB and Project Universidade Ação (PUA). He is a Social
clown and collaborator of Clown Without Borders (Brazil).
Henrique Zeferino Menezes is Assistant Professor in the Department of
International Relations at Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB). He is the
coordinator of Center for Public Policy and Sustainable Development—
NPDS/UFPB. He is also a Research Associate at the National Institute of
Science and Technology for Studies on United States (INCT-INEU).
Luan do Nascimento Silva is a PhD candidate in the Institute of
International Relations at Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro
(PUC-Rio). He is Research Associate at Center for Studies on Peace and
World Security at State University of Paraíba (GEPASM/UEPB). His
research interests include aesthetic and peace, and arts and peace.
Edith Larissa Rodrigues do Rêgo Souza is Research Associate at the
Center for Studies on Peace and World Security at State University of
Paraíba (GEPASM/UEPB). Her research interests include Peace
Education, Children, and Peace.
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xiii

Augusto W. M. Teixeira Júnior is Assistant Professor in the Department

of International Relations at Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB). He is
Associate Researcher at the National Institute of Science and Technology
for Studies on the United States (INCT-INEU) and at the Brazilian
Army’s Strategic Studies Center (CEEEx). He is also the editor of
Brazilian Journal on Defense Studies (RBED).
Rafael Antônio Duarte Villa is Full Professor in the Department of
Political Science at Universidade de São Paulo (USP). He is also the coor-
dinator of Center for Conflict and Peace Studies, University of Sao Paulo,
São Paulo, Brazil.
 List of Tables

Table 1.1 Comparing conflict and violence approaches towards South

America16
Table 2.1 Peace and conflict formation in the Southern Cone region 51
Table 5.1 Social aspects and conditions of vulnerability and
marginalization that promote/enhance violence 116

xv
 Introduction: Examining Peace and
Violence in Brazil1

Art is one of the most realistic ways for an oppressed population experi-
encing everyday violence to express its suffering. In the verses of the most
famous hip hop group in Brazil, Racionais MCs, Brazilian violence is
insightfully described in four sentences as few academics have ever done:
Since the beginning, for gold and silver / Look who’s dying and then see, it’s
you who’s killing / Receives the merit the military uniform that does the bad
/ Seeing me poor, locked up or dead it’s already cultural.2They summarize
what is behind the violence, not only direct but also structural and cul-
tural: a capitalist system represented by the search “for gold and silver.”
Subsequently, they describe who is killed—mostly the poor—and conjure
the idea of a state represented by police that receives public recognition
for keeping subalterns locked up or dead. Unfortunately, while the music
was composed in 2002, it still describes the daily lives of millions of
Brazilians and also the past grounded in violence and injustice.

1
This introduction updates discussions developed in: Marcos Alan S. V. Ferreira, “Violent
Conflicts in South America”. In: Oliver Richmond and Gezim Visoka (eds). Palgrave
Encyclopedia of Peace and Conflict Studies. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020, and; Marcos
Alan S. V. Ferreira, “Peace and Conflict in Brazil”. In: Oliver Richmond and Gezim Visoka
(eds). Palgrave Encyclopedia of Peace and Conflict Studies. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020.
2
In more than 30 years of career, the hip hop group Racionais MCs has privileged the
discussion of social issues that daily affect the peace of the Brazilian urban population. Negro
Drama song is one of the hits of the group and describes the dramas and difficulties of black
population living in urban Sao Paulo, Brazil. It was composed by two of Racionais MCs
members, Eddy Rock and Mano Brown. Link https://open.spotify.com/track/3ytXzEJFe
VydFfmUhHvti8?si=XCx4cEq0TiKRQGvN7GUy2g

xvii
xviii Introduction: Examining Peace and Violence in Brazil

The contours of violence in Brazil from a historical perspective show

that current trends reproduce historical patterns. Its origins go back to the
period of Portuguese colonialism and the development of the state there-
after. Violence in Brazil can only be understood from a perspective that
includes a strong emphasis on all aspects of the phenomenon (direct, cul-
tural, and structural violence) and also a look at its socio-geographic sur-
roundings, South America.
After violent colonization that enslaved Africans, killed millions of natives,
and created a long-term social inequality between European descendants,
natives, and Afro-Americans, in the nineteenth century, South American
countries were established through wars and social conflicts. In Brazil, the
re-location of Portugal’s royal family to Rio de Janeiro in 1808 to escape
from Napoleonic troops paved the path for peaceful independence in 1822.
However, the country soon experienced social convulsions like Cabanagem,
Sabinada, and the Malê Revolt—all violently repressed by the state.
The nineteenth century also witnessed bloody and brutal wars in the
sub-­continent, two of them involving Brazil. Two, in particular, can be
highlighted: the Cisplatine War (1825–1828), which opposed Brazil and
the United Provinces of the River Plate (currently Argentina and Uruguay),
and the Paraguayan War (1864–1870), a bloody conflict between Paraguay
and the Triple Alliance (composed of Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay)
which victimized 440,000 people.
Currently, Brazil and all South America are seen by some experts and
international organizations as a peaceful region, especially due to its low
number of interstate conflicts in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.3
While the region has experienced cases of tension between Colombia and
Ecuador in 2008 and a dispute between Bolivia and Chile related to mari-
time boundaries is still pending in the international courts, the South
American countries share a degree of mutual trust whereby disagreements
are discussed diplomatically.4
Although scholars and the UN consider South America as a peaceful
region if analyzed at the level of interstate disputes, looking at it domesti-
cally, its main country experiences high violence rates are far from peaceful.
Violence in Brazil is linked to social inequality weak state institutions,
including the justice system and the historical normalization of violence.

3
Kalevi Holsti. The State, War and the State of War. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press,
1996; Arie Kacowicz. Zones of Peace in the Third World: South America and West Africa in
Comparative Perspective. Albany: State of New York Press, 1998; UNGA—United Nations
General Assembly, 2003. South American zone of peace and cooperation. Resolution
adopted by the General Assembly 57/13. 8 Jan. 2003.
4
UNGA, Op. Cit.
 Introduction: Examining Peace and Violence in Brazil  xix

Violence is also fostered by transnational networks of sophisticated orga-

nized crime groups dealing with drug and arms trafficking with governance
capacities in poor urban areas. This scenario contributes to a violent social
setting, resulting in deaths and high criminality rates.5 Between 1991 and
2017, around 1.2 million people lost their lives as a result of intentional
homicides in the country,6 statistics similar to conflict zones. Even so, the
country has not been studied enough in Peace and Conflict Studies.

Examining Brazil through the Lenses of Peace

and Conflict Studies

Currently, there are few studies on the effects of violence in Brazil through
the lenses of Peace and Conflict Studies.7 Two central questions emerge
here: (1) how could we understand, through the lenses of Peace Studies,
a socio-political setting in which the state and criminal organizations are
the main perpetrators of violence, as it is seen in Brazil? and (2) what
peaceful responses can be offered by actors like the state and civil society
to overcome social violence in the country?
The responses to these questions were examined in a joint project between
the Department of International Relations of the Federal University of
Paraíba (UFPB), and the Department of Politics and the Humanitarian and
Conflict Response Institute (HCRI) of the University of Manchester. The
project was funded by the British Academy/Newton Fund and coordinated
by Oliver Richmond and Marcos Alan Ferreira. By exploring the effects of
violence perpetrated by non-state and state actors in democratic societies,

5
Carlos M. Perea. Extreme violence without war and its social reproduction implications
for building peace in Latin America. Peacebuilding, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.108
0/21647259.2019.1633105, 2019; Carlos M. Perea and Jenny Pearce. Post war and non
war violences: learning about peace and peacebuilding from Latin America, Peacebuilding,
https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2019.1632057, 2019; Sabine Kurtenbach. The limits
of peace in Latin America, Peacebuilding, https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.201
9.1618518, 2019; Marcos Alan S. V. Ferreira. Criminality and Violence in South America:
The Challenges for Peace and UNASUR’s Response, International Studies Perspectives,
18(1), 64–80, 2017; HIIK—Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research.
Conflict Barometer 2018. Heidelberg: HIIK, 2019; UNODC—United Nations Office for
Drugs and Crime. Global Study on Homicide. Vienna: UNODC, 2019.
6
UNODC—United Nations Office for Drugs and Crime. Global Study on Homicide
(Vienna: UNODC, 2020), Booklet 2, p. 26.
7
A remarkable exception is the special issue on Latin America published by the journal
Peacebuilding, 7 (3), 2019. See also Marcos Alan S. V. Ferreira, “Peace and Conflict in
Brazil”. In: Oliver Richmond and Gezim Visoka (eds). Palgrave Encyclopedia of Peace and
Conflict Studies. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020.
xx Introduction: Examining Peace and Violence in Brazil

this project has shown that South America—and Brazil in particular—is far
from the so-called zone of peace that it is often portrayed as.
This collaboration also resulted in the organization of a workshop enti-
tled “Challenges for Peace in Democratic Societies: public security, crime and
violence”, held at the Federal University of Paraíba in February 2019. The
event gathered experts and graduate students engaged in research on
peace and violence in South America. During the debates and interactions,
participants decided that the ideas uncovered in these fruitful debates
should not be restricted to only the public that attended the workshop.
The idea for an edited book combining the reflections from Brazilian
scholars, analysis from experts, and contributions from talented graduate
students as co-authors emerged.
Consequently, the development of this edited book was aimed to
advance the research agenda regarding the intersections between peace,
public security, and violence under the lenses of Peace Studies. In Brazil,
the challenges to peace differ markedly from areas in regular conflict. Our
most significant obstacles include rampant inequality, a strong presence of
organized crime, extensive cultivable areas for cannabis, borders near stra-
tegic coca leaf production—which are the raw material for the production
of cocaine, one of the main drugs consumed worldwide—and a back-
ground of state violence, especially against poor populations and minorities.
The violence related to organized crime manifests as a result of a per-
manent context of inequality, prejudice, and poverty. At the same time,
given that organized crime is embedded in a socioeconomic system that is
grounded in class division within a neoliberal orientation, these groups
take advantage of structural violence against the population, reproducing
violence structurally and directly.8
Hence, not only direct violence, but also the structural and cultural
ones must be addressed. It is necessary to understand direct violence (like
crime-related homicides) as an outcome of violent processes present in the
structure of society (i.e., caused by structural violence, such as the unjust
structures that disseminate inequality and poverty in the poorest regions).
Direct violence as an outcome of structural violence is also strengthened
by cultural elements that permanently disseminate violence (which
includes prejudice against afro-descendants and peasants). The state has a
key role in this matter. Also, the civil society has the potential to overcome

8
Marcos Alan S.V. Ferreira. Transnational Organized Crime and Structural Violence in
Brazil. In: Atieno C., Robinson C. (eds) Post-conflict Security, Peace and Development.
SpringerBriefs in Environment, Security, Development and Peace, vol 13 (Cham: Springer,
2019), pp. 41–42.
 Introduction: Examining Peace and Violence in Brazil  xxi

this setting of violence experienced in Brazil at different levels, from local

to state. Some possibilities for laying a path toward overcoming violence
are explored in this book.
In this regard, the book goes beyond a “zone of peace approach” chal-
lenging the idea that Brazil is in a peaceful sub-region; yet it is not
grounded exclusively in direct violence—like homicide rates, brutal
violence from organized crime and police lethality. It is based on the idea
that, from a critical perspective, the Peace Studies approach can underline
how criminal activities and state violence are symptoms of human insecuri-
ties that emerge from underdevelopment and lack of economic
opportunity,9 as well as from a background of inequalities that normalize
violence. Furthermore, as we will see in the second part of the book, Peace
Studies can offer fresh perspectives to overcome this endemic violence,
especially looking at the latent capacities of social actors able to transform
conflict and violence and build a more peaceful society.

Structure and Contents

To provide a comprehensive analysis, this book is organized into two
parts. In part I, Understanding Challenges to Peace in Brazil: conceptual
debates and the role of the state, we start examining in Chap. 1 the peace
and security literature on conflict and violence in South America, the sub-­
continent where Brazil is located. Looking beyond inter-intrastate ten-
sions, the Chapter shows that this sub-region is far from a zone of peace.
South America’s violence is linked to social inequality and, ultimately,
weak state institutions, especially the justice system. This scenario con-
tributes to a violent social setting, resulting in violent deaths and high
criminality rates in countries like Brazil. Subsequently, the book examines
the case of Brazil exclusively in the following chapters. In Chap. 2, Camila
Braga and Rafael Villa analyze the violence fostered by transnational net-
works that are strongly active across Brazilian borderlands, such as the
sophisticated organized crime groups that deal with drug and arms traf-
ficking and possess governance capacity in poor urban areas and borders.
The two following chapters discuss violence, the role of armed forces
and its actions against criminal organizations in Brazil. In Chap. 3, Kai
Kenkel and Veronica Azzi analyze the specificities of Brazil’s experience
with internal violence and pacification that are directly related to its posi-
tion as a state in the Global South and in Latin America, with particular
9
Paul Battersby and Joseph Siracusa. Globalization and Human Security (New York:
Rowman & Littlefield, 2009), 123.
xxii Introduction: Examining Peace and Violence in Brazil

focus on the role of the armed forces in society. Kenkel and Azzi also
explore the concerns with the exportation of a putative Brazilian para-
digm within the context of internationally led peacebuilding. In Chap. 4,
Augusto Teixeira and Maria Laryssa Eduarda Camara analyze how the use
of the military in public security has evolved to encompass joint opera-
tions and military organizational modernization. The chapter sheds light
on how, instead of conventional military power, public security opera-
tions were seen not only to be a prevailing agenda for the armed forces
but also a driving force of its organizational modernization.
Besides, the civil society and state have the potential to overcome this
setting of violence experienced in Brazil at different levels, from local to
state. Some possibilities for laying a path toward overcoming violence are
explored in Part II of the book, Peaceful Responses to Overcome Social
Violence in Brazil, covering initiatives from different actors. Chapter 5
explores challenges that Brazil faces in complying with the UN Agenda
2030, specifically the Sustainable Development Goal #16 (Peace, Justice,
and Strong Institutions). Chapter 6 presents the experiences of peace-
building from below in Northeast Brazil, a historically deprived region
and with high levels of violence. In this regard, Paulo Kuhlmann, Edith
Sousa, and Luan Silva provide a beacon of hope for those facing the vio-
lence in Brazilian society by showing the role of arts and mediation at
public schools to overcome violence through peace activism. Subsequently,
Chap. 7 authored by Ingri Buer provides an innovative approach
grounded in ethnographic research on how NGOs in Rio de Janeiro’s
favelas navigate both direct and structural violence to construct their
alternative peace, through the denunciation of state violence, conflict
mediation, youth programs, drug rehabilitation, education, and knowl-
edge production. Lastly, Chap. 8 presents the historical perspective on
how the advocacy of civil society and pressure on the state toward the
adoption of specific laws on gun policy in Brazil can help to promote a
more peaceful society.
Undoubtedly, many other issues of key importance could be developed
in a work on peace and violence in Brazil. Nevertheless, this book is
expected to be just a first step that will open new doors on these topics,
bringing fresh reflections and indicating new gaps for future research
efforts toward a less violent and more peaceful social space for Brazilians.
Another random document with
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scenes in Peking
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Title: Behind the scenes in Peking

Being experiences during the siege of the Legations

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Original publication: London: John Murray, 1911

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BEHIND THE SCENES IN
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First Edition . . . . . . . . November, 1910
Reprinted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . March, 1911
Photo, Elliott & Fry

SIR ROBERT HART

Frontispiece
 BEHIND THE SCENES IN
PEKING
BEING EXPERIENCES DURING THE
SIEGE OF THE LEGATIONS
BY MARY HOOKER

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS

LONDON
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, W.
1911
 PREFACE

It does not fall to the lot of every woman—or man, either—to go

through a siege, especially one so remarkable, and, indeed, unique
in many of its features, as that of the Legations in Peking.
The feeling that my experiences were out of the common, and
present new aspects of famous events, during which I was, to a
certain extent, at the same time on the stage and behind the scenes,
has induced me to publish the following pages. They are taken from
letters, owing to circumstances never sent, and my diary, written
spasmodically throughout the siege. While trying to introduce
something of the lighter side of life, and speaking of various
incidents, humorous and otherwise, I have endeavoured to avoid all
that can give offence or displeasure to those mentioned. If in any
case I have unwittingly failed in this endeavour, I crave pardon.
My thanks are due to Mrs. Woodward for giving permission to
reproduce her unique siege photographs.
MARY HOOKER.
September, 1910.
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

TO FACE PAGE

SIR ROBERT HART frontispiece

WHITE PAGODA IN THE TEMPLE OF LINGUA SU 2

HERBERT SQUIERS 14

RUSSIAN MARINE GUARD 16

CAPTAIN McCALLA COMMANDING THE 16

AMERICAN MARINES

CH’IEN MEN GATE 24

BARON VON KETTELER 26

BARRICADE BETWEEN THE AMERICAN AND 30

RUSSIAN LEGATIONS

READING THE SENTENCE OF DEATH TO THE 30

BOXERS CAUGHT IN THE RUSSIAN LEGATION

THE TSUNG-LI YAMEN 44

BARRICADE ACROSS THE CANAL TO THE FU 50

SANDBAG BARRICADE IN AMERICAN LEGATION 50

MRS. R. S. HOOKER 68

CAPTAIN JOHN T. MYERS 100

MRS. SQUIERS 110

LOADING THE “INTERNATIONAL” 116

AMERICAN AND RUSSIAN MARINES AT WORK ON 116

THE BARRICADE. BARON VON RAHDEN ON
THE RIGHT

SIR CLAUDE MACDONALD 120

EDWIN H. CONGER 136

A GATE INTO THE IMPERIAL CITY 154

GENERAL A. R. CHAFFEE 160

GENERAL SIR ALFRED GASELEE 176

THE RESULT OF THE SIEGE: IN THE AMERICAN 192

MINISTER’S HOUSE

THE RESULT OF THE SIEGE: FRENCH LEGATION 192

RUINS
MRS. HOOKER, MISS ARMSTRONG, LADY 196
MACDONALD’S LITTLE GIRLS, FARGO
SQUIERS, AND COLONEL ARTHUR CHURCHILL

COAL HILL 202

THE FORBIDDEN (PURPLE) CITY IMPERIAL CITY
 BEHIND THE SCENES IN PEKING

May 26, 1900.

When you were in Peking last year I don’t know whether you got
out to the hills or not. They are about fifteen miles from the imperial
city, and are the nearest point where foreigners can find relief from
the insufferable heat of the capital, which begins with an intensely
hot spring, continuing through a long, damp, sizzling summer.
Many of the diplomats have cottages and bungalows at Pei-ta-ho,
on the seashore, but its distance from Peking is a great drawback to
it as a summer residence, and they have been forced to accept the
hills, as a nearer and more practical place for their summer colony.
A large, commodious house has been built here for the British
Minister, as well as one for the officials of the Customs, both within
their respective compounds. The greater part of this colony,
however, have simply leased temples from Buddhist priests, and
converted them into the most attractive and livable summer homes,
the American and Russian Legations being the principal of these.
A huge, white pagoda, belonging to the temple of Linqua Su, in the
centre of this district, with its temples of Buddha and houses of its
priests surrounding it, is perched on the top of a hill at the base of
Mount Bruce, and for miles around is the most picturesque feature of
the landscape. In the highest point of this pagoda is hung a
wonderful bell, the only motive-power of which is the wind, and which
was placed there by the Chinese to frighten the evil spirits of the air.
When the breeze is strong, which is often the case, the bell seems to
thresh itself into a veritable fury, and again at midday, when the
breeze is light, one can just distinguish the faintest tinkle.

WHITE PAGODA IN THE TEMPLE OF LINGUA SU

High up in these hills, and built on the sides of Mount Bruce, stand
these temples with their subordinate and associated buildings, each
making up a separate community. Ours is somewhat above the
temple of Linqua Su, with its white pagoda, and is built on a most
wonderful natural shelf of the mountain-side. A terrace, edged by a
low, ivy-covered parapet, runs the length of our temple home, from
which we look right out on the world beneath us, down the valley
towards Peking; or, if we look above us, it is to see Mount Bruce rise
perpendicularly against the sky. Ancient and big are the stones that
pave the outer and inner courts of this temple, and as picturesque as
they are difficult to use are the stone steps, formed of heavy and
irregular slabs, which lead down to the valley or ascend up unto the
mountain, from which steps finally emerge innumerable tracks,
leading in their turn to shrines, homes of hermits, and temples built
on this continuous ridge. Nor is this barbaric and ancient setting for a