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M E D I E VA L H I S TO RY A N D A R C H A E O LO G Y
General Editors
John Blair Helena Hamerow
J O A N N A S TO RY
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the
University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing
worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in
certain other countries
© Joanna Story 2023
The moral rights of the author have been asserted
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in
writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under
terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning
reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department,
Oxford University Press, at the address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same
condition on any acquirer
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Control Number: 2022948813
ISBN 978–0–19–920634–6
ebook ISBN 978–0–19–257505–0
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780199206346.001.0001
Printed in the UK by Bell & Bain Ltd., Glasgow
Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only.
Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website
referenced in this work.
For Martin, Julia, and Edward
PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
A project that has taken this long to come to fruition carries with it
many debts of gratitude, not least to the series editors, John Blair
and Helena Hamerow, and the editors at Oxford University Press
who have waited patiently. This book grew out of small project
devised to find a way to do some research in Rome. Having written
an article investigating the unique manuscript copy of a letter to
Charlemagne, written by Cathwulf in 775, I thought that focusing on
another ‘unicum’ that had also been composed by another English
scholar in the service of the Frankish king would be a logical next
step. I had come across a reference to Pope Hadrian’s epitaph in an
entry in an early Northumbrian chronicle and was intrigued to find
that the original inscription still existed in St Peter’s basilica. Donald
Bullough had published a plate of it, and he encouraged me to find
out more.
Many have helped me over the years, and, in different ways, I am
very grateful to Olof Brandt; Claire Breay; Leslie Brubaker; Judith
Bunbury; Lida Lopes Cardozo Kindersley; Erin T. Dailey; David Ganz;
Richard Gem; Eric Groessens; Florian Hartmann; Ulrike Heckner;
David Howlett; Michael Lapidge; Paolo Liverani; Rosamond
McKitterick; Paul Meyvaert; Lawrence Nees; Janet L. Nelson; Jennifer
O’Reilly; Andy Orchard; John Osborne; Mario Piacentini; Susan
Rankin; Carol M. Richardson; Sebastiano Sciuti; Julia M. H. Smith;
Roey Sweet; Francis Tourneur; Chris Wickham; Ian Wood and, most
particularly, to Pietro Zander who granted permission to examine the
epitaph and who has been unfailingly helpful with the project that
ensued. Without his help, none of this work could have happened
and I am greatly indebted to him and his colleagues at the
Reverenda Fabbrica di San Pietro in Vaticano.
Aspects of this research has been supported with generous grants
from the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC), the British
Academy and the Leverhulme Trust, as well as the University of
Leicester especially through its support for study leave. I am most
grateful to colleagues at the British School at Rome, principally Maria
Pia Malvezzi, Stefania Peterlini, and Valerie Scott, for their help in
securing permissions and access to archives and sites. Ulrike
Heckner, Gregor Kalas, Tom Knott, Paolo Romiti (via Alamy), and
Lacey Wallace have all supplied images that they have created.
Numerous libraries, archives, and museums have granted rights to
reproduce images of manuscripts and objects in their collections and
to them I am most grateful: Archives e Bibliothèque patrimoniale,
Abbeville; Archivio Fotografico dei Musei Capitolini, Rome;
Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich; Bergerbibliothek, Bern;
Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Rome; Bibliothèque nationale de
France; Bibliothèque Royale de Belgique, Brussels; Bildarchiv
Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin; The British Library Board;
Domkapitel, Aachen; Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge; Istituzione
Biblioteca Classense, Ravenna; Leiden University Libraries; the
Ministero della Cultura, via the Parco archeologico del Colosseo, the
Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo e la Documentazione (ICCD) and the
Uffizi Galleries, Florence; Musées Royaux d’Art et d’Histoire, Brussels;
National Museum of Fine Arts, Stockholm; Österreichische
Nationalbibliothek, Vienna; Pontificio Istituto de Archeologia
Cristiana, Rome; Stiftsbibliothek, Einsiedeln; Reverenda Fabbrica di
San Pietro in Vaticano; Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden;
Romisch-Germanisches Museum, Köln; Utrecht University Library;
Universitätsbibliothek, Würzburg.
The names of churches and saints are given in the linguistic style
of the country in which they are located. Thus, I refer to churches in
Rome by the names that they are known in Italian (e.g. S. Adriano,
Sta. Maria Maggiore, San Paolo fuori le Mura). Likewise, churches in
France are called by their familiar French names, normally
hyphenated to differentiate between the saint and a church
dedication (e.g. Saint-Germain-des-Près, Saint-Riquier). The
exception is St Peter’s in the Vatican. Here I use the English name
throughout for saint and church.
Finally, this book is dedicated to Martin, Julia, and Edward, with
much love and appreciation of their tolerance and patience. The last
word, however, I leave to Alcuin, the author of Pope Hadrian’s
epitaph:
List of Figures
List of Abbreviations
Edition and Translation: Alcuin’s Epitaph for Pope Hadrian I (by
David R. Howlett)