AIM

EXPERIMENT-8
To find the value of v for different values of u in case of a concave mirror and to find
its focal length.
APPARATUS
Anoptical bench with three uprights, concave mirror, a miror
two holder,
optical needles (one thick ,one thin), one kni tting needle and a half metre
long
Scale

mage M

Object
image Needie
Needie

THEORY
From mirror formula

V u

SO we have S=uv
U+V

where f focal length of concave mirror

u= object distance
V= image distance

PROCEDURE (STEP WISE) the concave mirror

of a distant object on a screen by moving
Obtain the clear image
1.
Measure the distance
between the screen and the mirror to
forward and backward.
focal length. bench keeping mirror face
get its rough at zero end of the optical
holder upright
2. Fix the mirror its length.
surface perpendicular to
towards other end
of bench and

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 3. Fix the object needle (thin) on another upright and place it beyond 1.5 times of the
rough focal length from the mirror and see its inverted image in the mirror.
4. Fix the image needle (thick) on the third
upright and place it in a position on the
optical bench so that tip of the inverted image of the
needle lie on one line.(Adjust the objet and the tip of the image
5.
heights of the needles if required)
Move the image needle back and forth
to remove the
the position of index marks of the paral lax tip to tip. Then note
mirror, object needle and im age needle.
6. Move the object needle in a
step of 2cm and get three more sets of observations.
7. Find the index corrections for the
distance between pole of mirror and tip of
needle and for the distan ce between object
pole of mirror and tip of image needle.

OBSERVATmONS
Rough focal length of given concave mirror =-----cm
Actual length of the knitting needle
X= ~~-----Cm
Observed distance between the mirror and
when the knitting needle is
object needle
placed between t hem --cm
iv) Observed distance between the mirror and
when the knitting needle is image needle
placed between them Z------cm
v) Index correction for object distance u=x-y ---cm =

vi) Index correction for image distance v=x-z -----cm =

vii) Table for u and v

Serial Position of
Observed
no. Corrected Focal
distance
distance length
ConcaveObject
mirror
Image PO=u PI= V fuv
needle(0) needle()
(P) (cm) (cm) (cm) cm
(cm) (cm)
(cm) (Cm

L.

2.
f
3.

4
fa

CALCULATIONS
Mean focal length f= fitbtftfa -cm
4
RESULT
Focal length of the given concave mirror is----Cm.

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PRECAUTION

1. All the up rights should be vertical.

Tios of object and image needle should lie at the same height as the pole of the concave
mirror
3. Tip to tip parallax should be removed between the needle () and the image of the object (O).
4. To locate the position of the image eye should be at least 30em away from the needle.

EXPERIMENT 9
AIM
To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between: () and v; (i) 1/u and 1/v.

APPARATUS
An optical bench with three uprights, a convex lens with lens holder, two optical
needles(one thick,one thin), a knitting needle and a half metre long scale.

RAY DIAGRAM

2F A F 2F A]

Object Image
needle needle

THEORY
From lens formula
1-1:
V u

where f focal length of convex lens

u object distance
v image distance

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 PROCEDURE (STEP WISE)
1. Obtain the clear and sharp image of a distant
object on a screen by moving the convex lens
forward and badkward.. Measure the distance between the screen and the lens
to get its
rough focal length.
2. Fix the lens holder
upright at 50cm mark and fix the object needle (thin) on another
upright and place it beyond 1.5 times of the rough focal length from the lens near zero end
Adjust their height so that object needle tip and optical centre of lens will lie in one line.
3. Move to the other side of the
lens and see the inverted image of the
it. object needle through
4. Now fix the image needle
(thick) on the third upright and place it in a position on the
optical bench so that tip of the inverted
lie on one ine.(Adjüst the
image of the objet and the tip of the image needle
5. Move the
heights of the needles if required)
image needle badk and forth to remove the parallax tip to Then note the
position of index marks of the lens, object needle and image needle. tip.
6. Move the object needle in a
step of 2am away from the lens and get five more sets of
observations.
7. Find the index corrections for the distance
between optical centre of lens and tip of
needle and for the distance between object
optical entre of lens and tip of image neede.
OBSERVATIONS
i) Rough focal length of given convex lens tm
i) Actual length of the knitting needle
X -cm
ii) Observed distance between the lens and object needle
e n the
knitting needle is placed between them y- -cm
iv) Observed distance between the lens and image needle
when the knitting needle is plaed between them
Z- -cm
Index correction for object distance
vi Index orrection for image distance UKY=- tmn
V-Z c m
vil) Table for u and v
Position of O bserved
Corrected
distance distance
Serial
o bject Convex Image
no. needle(0| lens(L) need le (I)
OL=u LI= v
(cm) (cm) (cm) (cm (cm)
( cm) cm (cm cm

5.

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CALCULATIONS
GAAPH BETWEEN UANDv
1. Fromu-vgraph, OB =OG=2f Scale
Xxis:1cm ou
Y axis:1 cm= ..cm oV

Sof OB =---am and OC

OC-cm
2 2
Mean focal length f =f+f -cm
2

GRAPH BETWEENAN
Scale.
2. From 1-1graph,
Xaxs1cm CT' of.
Yads:1 cm C ol
OP 0Q 1
* *

***

So f 1=-cm
OP
f2 1 -cm
0Q
Mean focal length f =f+f=-cm i v . .

2
RESULT
Thefocal length of the gven corvex lers
as determined from
1) uvgraphis - c m and
2) 1-1gph is-cm
V

PRECAUTIOCN
vertical.
1. All the uprights should be optical centre of thecowe
and needleshould ie at the same height as the
2.Tips of object image
lens. needle (1)and the image of the objed
should be removed between the image
3. Tip to tip paralax from the neede.
keeping eye at least 30cm away inverted image of it is
(O) by at such a distance that only real,
should be placed
4. The object needle
formed should be applied
corection for u and v
5. Index
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