● SUBSTITUTION

BASIC HAND SIGNALS IN VOLLEYBALL -Circular motion of the forearms around each other

● AUTHORIZATION TO SERVE
-Move the hand to indicate the direction of service.

● DELAY IN SERVICE
-Raise eight fingers, spread open.

● CHANGE OF COURTS
-Raise the forearms front and back, and twist them
around the body.

● BALL NOT TOSSED OR RELEASED

-Lift the extended arm, the palm of the hand facing
upward.

● TIME OUT
-Place the palm of one hand over the fingers of the
other, held vertically (forming a “T”), and then indicate
the requesting team.

● ROTATIONAL FAULT
-Make a circular motion with the forefinger.

● BALL IN
-Point the arm and fingers toward the floor.
 ● BALL OUT
-Raise the forearms vertically, hands open, palms
toward the body.
HISTORY OF VOLLEYBALL

● DOUBLE CONTACT
-Raise two fingers, spread open.

● BALL TOUCH
-Brush with the palm of one hand the fingers of the
other; held vertically; USAV: Brush fingers of opposite
hand once over palm of vertical hand.

According to Naveen Peter, volleyball is called mintonette in

Massachusetts, USA back in 1895. It was crested by William G.
Morgan.
● CATCH
-Slowly lift the forearm, palm of the hand facing
In 1916, the YMCA and the National Collegiate Athletic
upward. Association (NCAA) came together to issue joint rules that
would become widely accepted for the sport of volleyball,
marking an important moment in the history of volleyball.

The first nationwide volleyball tournament to take place in

America was organized by the National YMCA Physical
Education Committee in New York City in 1922.

How volleyball game was formed:

ball - from bastetball
 END OF MATCH net - from tennis / badminton
- Cross the forearms in front of the chest, hands open. the use of hand - from hand boll game
sets - from baseball

Did you know?

Volleyball was initially termed as two words.
Volley — ball
Volleyball was officially
selected to spell as a single word in 1952.
Morgan saw that basketball required too much running and
jumping for the older participants. He had an idea to create an
alternative activity that does not require as much energy as
basketball. In his search of an appropriate game, tennis came
to his mind but it requires a lot of equipments such as rackets,
balls, and a net. He liked the idea of nets so he decided to
incorporate that into the game he wanted to create, so the net
was raised to be above the head of an average man. The
game needed a ball and among the balls he tried, he used the
basketball bladder, but he found it too light and slow. He also
tried the basketball itself, but it was too big and too heavy.
Size of the Volleyball ball
● The size of the volleyball is the diameter of 8.15”-
8.39” (20.7-21.3 cm) and circumference of 22.59”-
26.34” (65-67 cm).
Men’s net height
● 7 ft 11 3/8 in (2.43m)
Woman’s net height
● 7 ft 4 1/8 in (2.24m)
In the early 1900s, during the American regime, volleyball was
introduced to the Philippines. From 1900 through 1930s,
Americans continued to be the leaders in volleyball growth,
and interest in the sport began to extend beyond the school
walls and into the surrounding communities
Who introduced volleyball in the Philippines?
In 1910, Elwood S. Brown, the Young Men's Christian
Association (YMCA's) Physical Director, brought volleyball to
the Philippines.
The Philippine style of volleyball inspired the Americans to
create the three-hit limit. Prior to the rule, Philippine volleyball
teams would occasionally let every player hit the ball before
passing it to the opposite team.
History Equipments & Dimensions of Volleyball
Volleyball
- Volleyball is a non-invasive sports
game of a net type where there are
two competing teams of six members who control the
ball with parts of their body. There are both offensive
and defensive tasks and one game event may result
in both winning and losing points. The duration of the
match depends on gaining a given number of points
in sets and winning a certain number of sets.
- is a sport where two teams compete to score points
by sending a ball over a net and into the opposing
team's court. The objective is to make the ball land in
the opponent's court in a way that they cannot return
it. It's typically played on a rectangular court divided
by a net.
William G. Morgan
- Volleyball was invented in 1895 by William
- G. Morgan, physical director of the Young Men’s
Christian Association (YMCA) in Holyoke,
Massachusetts. It was designed as an indoor sport for
businessmen who found the new game of basketball
too vigorous. It was originally called “mintonette,” until
a professor from Springfield College in Massachusetts
noted the volleying nature of play and proposed the
name of “volleyball.”
Volleyball Equipments
Volleyball Balls
- Volleyballs are primarily made from synthetic leather
or composite materials, with an inner bladder of
rubber to maintain shape and air retention. They
feature a circumference of 65-67 centimeters (25.6-
26.4 inches) and weigh 260-280 grams (9.2-9.9
ounces), adhering to official size and weight
regulations for competitive play. The materials and
construction provide durability, grip, and the spherical
shape necessary for the sport.
Volleyball Shorts
- Volleyball shorts are typically made of spandex, a
material prized for its super-stretchability, ensuring
supreme comfort and unrestricted movement.
Additionally, many players prefer shorts with
moisture-wicking properties to maintain dryness
during games.
Volleyball shirts, and shoes
- Shirts: Volleyball shirts are typically made from
lightweight, breathable materials such as polyester or
moisture-wicking fabrics. They are designed to keep
players cool and comfortable during intense physical
activity.
- ​
- Shoes: Volleyball shoes offer traction and support on
indoor courts with features like non-marking rubber
outsoles for grip and herringbone patterns for agility.
They also provide cushioning in the midsole to absorb
impact and reduce the risk of injuries, while
lightweight, breathable uppers keep players cool
during play.
Volleyball Poles and Net
- An official volleyball net will measure 32 feet long by
39 inches tall. For men's volleyball, it will be
suspended eight feet off the ground, while for women
it will be seven feet and four inches. The net is held
up by poles. Typical volleyball net poles will measure
between 10.5 feet and 16 feet in height. Made from
steel or aluminium, they are designed to withstand
 any strains and tension throughout the course of the
match.
Volleyball Penal Cards
- Yellow cards are issued to warn players of bad
conduct without a penalty being enforced. Continual
misconduct will lead to a red card and a sanction
being applied. This may be for their team to lose the
point or to lose service if they have possession. If the
referee holds up both the red and yellow card, then
this is a dismissal and the player must leave the court
for the rest of the set.
The playing court is 18m long and 9m wide and is surrounded
by a free zone 3m wide on all sides.
The space above the playing area is known as the free playing
space and is a minimum of 7m high from the playing surface.
All lines on the court are 5cm wide and are a light colour
different from the colour of the floor.
The net is 2.43m high for men and 2.24m high for women. It is
placed vertically over the centre line. It is 1m wide and
9.5m‑ -10m long and is 10cm square black mesh.
Mechanics of
Volleyball Game
A VOLLEYBALL GAME CONSISTS OF TWO TEAMS OF
SIX PLAYERS EACH, SEPARATED BY A NET. THE
SIXVOLLEYBALL COURT POSITIONS ARE SETTER,
MIDDLE BLOCKER, OUTSIDE HITTER, OPPOSITE HITTER,
LIBERO ANDSERVING SPECIALIST
TO START, FLIP A COIN TO DETERMINE WHICH TEAM
SERVES THE BALL FIRST
THEN THE TWO TEAMS WILL RALLY—OR HIT THE BALL
BACK AND FORTH OVER THE NET—UNTIL A FAULT
OCCURS.THERE IS A MAXIMUM OF THREE HITS PER
SIDE.
THE OBJECTIVE IS TO SCORE POINTS BY SENDING THE
BALL OVER THE NET, GROUNDING IT INTO
THEOPPONENT’S COURT.
Volleyball matches are made up of sets, typically three or five
sets
Three-set matches are two sets to 25 points and a third set
to 15 points. Each set must bewon by two points. The first
team to win two sets is the winner of the match
Three-set matches are two sets to 25 points and a third set
to 15 points. The team must winby two points unless
tournament rules dictate otherwise. The first team to win two
sets is the winner.
MECHANICS OF VOLLEYBALL
A volleyball game consists of two teams of six players each,
separated by a net. The six volleyball court positions are setter,
middle blocker, outside hitter, opposite hitter, libero and
serving specialist.
To start, flip a coin to determine which team serves the ball first.
Then the two teams will rally—or hit the ball back and forth
over the net-until a fault occurs.
There is a maximum of three hits per side.
The objective is to score points by sending the ball over the net,
grounding it into the opponent's court.
Volleyball matches are made up of sets, typically three or five
sets.
Three-set matches are two sets to 25 points and a third set to
15 points. Each set must be won by two points. The first team
to win two sets is the winner of the match.
Three-set matches are two sets to 25 points and a third set to
15 points. The team must win by two points unless tournament
rules dictate otherwise. The first team to win two sets is the
winner.
WHAT ARE THE RULES AND REGULATIONS IN
VOLLEYBALL?
VOLLEYBALL RULES
● Only 6 players on the floor at any given time: 3 in the
front row and 3 in the back row
● Players may not hit the ball twice in succession
● A ball hitting the boundary line is in.
● A ball is out if it hits an an antennae, if the floor
completely outside the court, any of the net, or cables
outside the antennae
● It is legal to contact the ball with any part of a player’s
body.
● Stepping on or across the service line when serving
while making contact with the ball.
● Failure to serve the ball over the net successfully.
● Ball-handling errors and contacting the ball illegally
(double touching, lifting, carrying, throwing, etc.)
 ● Touching the net with any part of the body while the 2. Always roll the ball under the net – don’t throw it
ball is in play. 3. Always shake hands at the end of the game

VOLLEYBALL VIOLATIONS IMPORTANCE

- Familiarizing yourself with the rules of volleyball (and
SERVE basically anything) will help you understand the game
● SERVER MUST SERVE FROM BEHIND THE better. And rules ensure that a game is played fair
RESTRAINING LINE (END LINE) UNTIL AFTER and in proper terms. It also helps ensure the safety of
CONTACT the players preventing serious injuries. Without rules,
● BALL MAY BE SERVED UNDERHAND OR the game could result to chaos.
OVERHAND
● BALL MUST BE CLEARLY VISIBLE TO Officiating and Scoring in Volleyball
OPPONENTS BEFORE SERVE
● SERVED BALL MAY GRAZE THE NET AND DROP The Officers
TO THE OTHER SIDE FOR POINT ● First Referee
● SERVE MUST BE RETURNED BY BUMP ONLY. NO ● Second Referee
SETTING OR ATTACKING A SERVE ● Line Judges
● Scorekeepers
ROTATION ● Assistant Scorekeepers
● TEAM WILL ROTATE EACH TIME THEY WIN THE FIRST REFEREE
SERVE - The first referee is positioned at the side of the court
● PLAYERS SHALL ROTATE IN A CLOCKWISE across from the team.
MANNER - Official in charge,
● THERE SHALL BE 4-6 PLAYERS ON EACH SIDE . - They start by whistling and signaling the server to
serve the ball.
DURING THE GAME
● MAXIMUM OF THREE HITS PER SIDE Second Referee
● BALL MAY BE PLAYED OFF THE NET DURING A - Concerned with matters such as timekeeping,
VOLLEY AND ON SERVE assisting the first referee in making calls,
● A BALL TOUCHING A BOUNDARY LINE IS GOOD administering substitute players, and verbally
CARDS communicate with team coaches.
● YELLOW CARD IS WARNING
● RED CARD IS EQUALS TO 1 POINT AND SERVICE Line Judges
TO OTHER TEAM - It’s main responsibility is to make signals to help out
the referees in judgment calls.
RULES & REGULATIONS OF VOLLEYBALL - They use flags to make signals.

WHAT ARE THE BASIC VOLLEYBALL RULES FOR Signals used by Line Judge:
PLAYING THE GAME? 1. “In”
● Each team has six starters and six alternates. 2. “Out”
● Players may be substituted at any moment, however, 3. “Touches”
they may only be switched for the player who 4. “Foot faults”
replaced them if they later return. 5. “Ball hits the antenna.”
● Before the ball must be returned, each team may hit 6. “Ball crosses outside the antenna.”
the ball a maximum of three times. 7. “Ball hits the object out of a play.”
● Up to 25 points can be scored in a game, and a win 8. “Impossible judgment.”
must be two clear points.
Scorekeepers
THE FOLLOWING WILL BE CONSIDERED VIOLATIONS: - It’s mainjob is to keep track of the scores in the score
● When serving the ball, cross the baseline. sheet at all times.
● The ball cannot be carried, palmed, or run with by any - Records the points when the team scores.
player. - Records any sanctions.
● Any portion of a player's body that touches the net is
forbidden. This is acceptable if they are claimed to Assistant Scorer
have been hit by the net rather than the opposite. - Also called “Libero Tracker” sits at the scorer’s table
● Serving out of rotation or out of order. next to the scorekeeper.
- They record the libero’s replacement in a libero
VOLLEYBALL ETIQUETTE: tracking sheet,
UNWRITTEN RULES YOU SHOULD KNOW
1. No swearing! Scoring
 - Volleyball games are played to 25 points with the
need for a two-point margin of victory. Games consist
of 5 sets, and teams must win three out of five sets to
win. the final set is first to 15 points. In some
tournaments, a score cap may be imposed by which
of a team is winning and gets to 17 points, they will
win the game regardless of the point margin.
SCORING AND
OFFICIATING
WHAT IS VOLLEYBALL?
- Volleyball is a widely popular team sport played on
a rectangular court divided evenly by a standing net.
Two opposing teams, one on each side of the net,
use primarily their hands to hit a spherical ball back
and forth over an approximate 8 ft (2.4 m) net.
Because volleyball is an actively played sport, it helps
to provide a healthy workout for all parts of the body.
SCORING IN VOLLEYBALL
- The players are allowed to use their heads or feet to
retrieve the ball. The first team who reaches 25 points
will be declared as the winner of the set. In case of
24-24 points of both teams, or deuce, a two point
advantage is needed to win the set.
OFFICIATING A VOLLEYBALL GAME
- In playing a volleyball game, the duties and
functions of officials should be defined because it is
important for each player to know the limits of the
authority and his relationship to others.
- ​
- The officials are composed of the first referee, the
second referee, the scorer, and the linesmen.
VOLLEYBALL OFFICIALS
FIRST REFEREE
● The first referee is located at one end of the net. He
carries out his functions seated or standing on a
referee’s hand
● The first referee directs the match from the start until
the end.
● He has the authority to over all officials and the
members of the teams.
● During the match his decisions are final.
● To sanction misconduct final.
● To decide upon the faults.
● He has the power to decide any matter involving the
game, including those not provided for in rules.
SECOND REFEREE
● He is the assistant of the first referee, but also his
own range of jurisdiction.
● He controls the work of the scorer.
● He checks that the actual positions of the players on
the court corresponding to those on the line up sheets.
● He supervise the team members on the team bench
and reports their misconduct to the first referee.
● He controls the numbers of time outs and
substitutions used by each team and reports the
second timeout.
● During the match, the second referee decides,
whistles, and signals:
● Positional faults
● The contact of the player with the net.
● Penetration into the opponents court space under the
net.
● The attack hit or blocking faults of the back row
players.
● The ball that crosses the net outside the crossing
space or touches the antenna on his side of the court
SCORERS
● He keeps the score sheet according to the rules,
cooperating with the second referee.
● Register the data of the match and teams, according
to procedures in force and obtains the signatures of
the captains and the coaches.
● Records the starting line up of each team from line up
sheet.
● He also records the points scored and ensures that
the scoreboard indicates the right score.
● Controls the serving order to each team.
● Records the time-outs and players substitutions.
● Notifies the referees of a request for interruptions that
is out of order.
● Announces to the referees the ends of each sets.
● Records the sanctions, warnings, and penalties.
● Record the final result. * He will signing the score
sheet.
● He writes or permits the team captain to write on the
score sheet a statement on the incident protested.
LINESMEN
● The linesmen perform their functions by using flags.
● They signal the ball “in” and “out” whenever the ball
lands their line/s.
● They signal the touches of out ball by the team
receiving the ball.
● They signal when the ball crosses the net outside the
crossing space, touching the antenna.
● The linesmen in charge of the end lines signal the foot
faults of the server.
● At the first referee’s request, a linesman must repeat
his signal.
HAND SIGNALS IN OFFICIATING A VOLLEYBALL GAME
● Authorization to serve
● Team to serve.
● Change of court.
● Time out
● Substitution
● Misconduct warning or penalty.(yellow card)
● Expulsion.(both red and yellow card)
● Disqualification (both card but separated)
● End of set.
● Ball not tossed or released at the service hit.
● Delay in service..
● Blocking fault or screening.
● Positional or rotation fault.
● Ball “in” * Ball “out”
● Held ball
● Double contact
● Four hits
● Irregular hit
● Net touched by a player or serve ball.
● Reaching beyond the net.
● Attack hit fault by a back row player or on the
opponent service. *
● Penetration into the opponents court.
● Double fault and replay.
● Ball touched.
● Ball passing outside the crossing space or servers
foot fault.
● Judgment impossible
● Delay warning
● Delay penalty