Introduction to

Methods of
Riches L. Tortola,

PhD Research
EDUC 202 Instructor
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 Objectives:
A. Define Research: Introduce clear understanding of
research principles and processes;
B. Determine Relevance: Assess significance and
applicability of research;
C. Know Research Types: Identify and comprehend various
research methodologies; and
D. Understand Researcher Characteristics: Analyze traits
necessary for successful research.
 Introduction
Re + Search = Research

Research – Research is a process to discover new knowledge. Part

of research process involves testing hypothesis, and then examining
results of the tests as they relate to both hypothesis and world around
you. When a researcher forms a hypothesis, this acts like a map
through research study.

Research Methodology – is a way to systematically solve

a research problem. It is a science of studying how research is done
scientifically. Essentially it is the procedure by which researchers go
about their work of describing, evaluating and predicting
phenomenon. It aims to give the work plan of research.
WHY RESEARCH?

Introduction to Research Methods

 • To learn about a subject
• To test a theory or hypothesis
• To improve knowledge
• To make discoveries
• To establish facts
• To revise existing understanding
• To test opinions
Meaning and Definition of Research

• Research is defined as the creation of new knowledge and/or use of

existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new
concepts, methodologies and understandings.
 An example is a project where scientists try to find a cure for AIDS.

• Research is a careful and organized study or gathering of

information about a specific topic.

An example is the information a high school student tracks down for

a school report.
Objectives of Research

• Defining and redefining problems

• Research discovers solutions to problems

• Collecting, organising, analysing and evaluating
data

• Carefully testing conclusions to determine

whether they fit the formulating hypotheses

• To accurately describe characteristics of a

specific individual OR a group of
situations/problems
 Characteristics of Research Objective
Research objective should be Relevant, Feasible, Logical,
Observable, Unequivocal (very clear) & Measurable.

Importance of Research
• A tool for building knowledge and for facilitating learning
• Means to understand various issues and increase public awareness
• An aid to business success
• A way to prove lies and to support truths
• Means to find, gauge, and seize opportunities
• A seed to love reading, writing, analysing, and sharing valuable
information
• Nourishment and exercise for the mind
 Types of Research

• Descriptive Research: Means description of the state of affairs as

it exists at present. Researcher only reports what has happened
and what is happening.
• Applied Research: Amis at finding solutions for an immediate
problem facing a society or an industry/business organisation.
• Quantitative Research: Based on the measurement of quantity or
amount.
Applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of
quantity.
• Conceptual Research: Related to some abstract ideas or theory.
Used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or re-
interpret existing ones.
• Empirical Research: Relies on experience or observations alone,
often without due regard for system and theory.

• Qualitative Research: Concerned with qualitative

phenomenon,
i.e. phenomenon relating to or involving or kind.

• Fundamental Research: Mainly concerned with generalizations

and with the formulation of a theory.
 Introduction to Research Methods

• Analytical Research: Researchers has to use facts on information

already available and analyse these to make a critical evaluation of
the material.
TYPES OF RESEARCH
• Primary Research –
Quantitative
– Qualitative

• Secondary
Research
Introduction to Research Methods

PRIMARY RESEARCH
Collecting original data and
information, generated by
yourself:
• Surveys
• Interviews
• Focus group
• Documentary photography
• Observations
• Experiments
Introduction to Research Methods

• Testing samples

SECONDARY RESEARCH
Collecting and analysing
information or data produced by
someone else:
• Books
• Magazines, newspapers and
journals
• Websites
Introduction to Research Methods

• Television and radio

programmes
• Films
• Other digital sources
• Exhibitions

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Collecting a high volume or
large quantity of data:
• Surveys and questionnaires
Introduction to Research Methods

• Large sample size

• Structured - closed
questions
• Measurement
• Numerical data
• Structured observations

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Collecting descriptive data
with greater depth:
• Interviews
Introduction to Research Methods

• Focus groups • Discussions

• Observations
• Surveys with open-ended
questions
• Descriptive data
 RESEARCH METHODS
• The process you use to conduct your
research is called a research
methodology
• You should use research methodology
that is appropriate to your subject
• You should try to use a variety of sources
and ensure that they are reliable (valid)
 Research Methods VS Research Methodology

“Research Methods refers to the tools and techniques researchers use

in undergoing a research.”
“Research methods are the tools and techniques by which
you research a subject or a topic.”

Research methodology: It may be understood as a science of

studying how research is done scientifically. In it we study various
steps adopted by researcher in studying research problem along with
logic behind them.
Research methodology involves learning of various techniques to
conduct research and acquiring knowledge to perform tests,
experiments, surveys, and critical analysis.
Type Method Technique
Library i. Analysis of historical
Research records
Recording of notes, Contents analysis, Tape and
ii. Analysis of documents
listening analysis.
Statistical compilation and manipulations, references
and abstract guides, contents analysis.

Laboratory Small groups study of Small groups study of random behaviour, play and ro
Research random behaviour, play analysis
and role analysis
Difference between Methods and Techniques
Difference between Methods and
Techniques
Field i. Non- iv. Mail questionnaire v.
participant Opinionative
Research direct vi. Personal interview
observation vii. Focused interview
ii. viii. Telephonic survey
Participant ix. Case study and life
observation history
iii. Mass Observation of behavioural scales, use of
observation score cards etc. Interactional recording
possible use of tape recorders, photo
graphic techniques. social and economic background of
recording mass respondents, use of attitude scales,
behaviour, interview projective techniques, use of sociometric
using independent scales, interviewer uses a detailed schedule
observers in public with open and closed questions.
places, identification of
Criteria of a good research

1. Significance to the discipline

2. Originality
3. Feasibility
4. Administrative support
5. Peer support
6. Availability of subjects
7. Researcher’s comparability
8. Ethical considerations
9. Solvable/Researchable
10. Current
11. Interesting
12. Clear & unambiguous References:

Simbulan, Sol G. (2011). Methods of Research.

Bukidnon State University Press. City of Malaybalay,
Bukidnon, Philippines
Dr. Shukla. (2022). Types of Research Methods
[Slideshare slides]. SlideShare.
https://www.slideshare.net/DrShukla3/types-of-
research-method s-230828082?from_search=3