REVIEWER IN GEN BIO

THE DISCOVERY OF THE CELL THEORY

Zaccharias Janssen and Hans

Were a contributor on the discovery of the cell

The two are known for their invention the compound optical microscope. They invented the microscope
in 1590’s
The microscope invented by Janssen and Hans was used by Robert Hooke, the earliest scientist to study
living things under a microscope

First to View Cells

In 1665, Robert Hooke used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork

What he saw looked like small boxes so he called them “cells”
He named them “cellulae” or simply “cell”. This Latin word means “little rooms”. That was the first
discovery of the cell

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

In 1673, Leeuwenhoek was first to view organisms under a microscope

He looked at pond water & plaque he scraped from his teeth
In 1674, Anton Van Leeuwenhoek became the first to observe live cells

Development of Cell Theory

1838 – German Botanist, Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plant parts are made of cells
1839 – German Physiologist, Theodor Schwann stated that all animal tissues are composed of cells

Rudolf Virchow

In 1855, Rudolf Virchow, a German physiologist stated in German “Omnis cellula e cellula“which
means that new cells come from already existing

The Cell Theory

The cell theory holds some very basic and important claims that are essential to our concept of life
on Earth. According to this theory, the cells serve as the structural, physiological, systemic, and
organizational unit of life

All living organisms are composed of one or more cells

The basic qualification of an organism is that it must be at least a single cell, which is a unicellular
organism. Single functioning cells constitute the bacteria archaea and some fungi; thus, these are
living things. When several cells compose an organism, the it is a multicellular living organism.
Plants and animals, protist and most fungi are multicellular organism

The cell is the basic unit of structure and functioning in organism

In single-celled organisms, the cell is everything-the very structure that carries out all biochemical
activities to maintain cellular life
For multi-cellular organisms, the whole organism, first begins as one cell
This first cell undergoes a series of division to increase the number of cells
These cells further specialize leading to the formation of tissues, organs system and the whole
organism
Thus, bacterium is one-celled while a human being is about 10-trillion cell different types

All cells come from pre-existing cell

For the cell to reproduce, the requirement is a previously existing cell

Cells can come only from cells. Cells cannot come from anything. A non-cellular entity cannot
produce a living cell
All cells on Earth-past and present-arose from a single cell, an inescapable conclusion assuming no
alien intervention

Structure And Functions of Cell Organelles

Cell Organelles

Cell is the building block of life

Cell structures can only be observed under high magnification electron microscope and are
separated internally into numerous membranous compartments called organelles (little organs)

Cell Membrane

Function controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell

Cell Wall

Gives a plant cell its shape; provides structure; not found animals cells

Nucleus

Holds genetic material; controls cell functions

Nucleolus

Round body within the nucleus; where ribosomes are made

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm fills cell from the nucleus of the cell membrane; includes fluid, cytoskeleton, and all
organelles (except nucleus)

Vacuoles

Store food, waste and water and dissolved materials. Animals cell vacuoles form and reform over
and over again

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A pathway for the transport of materials throughout the cell; rough and smooth

Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell; transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP

Golgi Apparatus

Packages and secretes products of the cell

Ribosomes

They build protein; made of RNA and protein. Some are free, some attached to ER

Lysosome

Contain digestive enzymes that break down large molecules, old cells, worn-out organelles

Chromosomes

Rod-shaped bodies found in the nucleus; composed of DNA

Microtubule

Cylinders that support and give the cell shape

Flagella

Long, hairlike structures used for movement

Cilia

Short hairlike structures that enable a single-celled organism to move; also line respiratory tract

Chloroplast

Contains chlorophyll to capture light for photosynthesis site of photosynthesis

Centrioles

Involved cell division in animal’s cells

Structures of Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

All organisms (living things) are made of cells.

Most of the organisms you are familiar with are multicellular-made up of many cells.
However, some organisms can be unicellular-made up of only one cell. Its entire body is just one
super tiny cell!

Cells fall into one of two categories…

Prokaryotes (prokaryotic)
Eukaryotes (eukaryotic)

Prokaryotes

Pro means ‘old,’ and karyon means ‘nucleus,’ So as the name suggest the history of the evolution of
prokaryotic cells is at least 3.5 billion years old, but they are still important to us in many aspects like
they are used in industries for fermentation (Lactobacillus, Streptococcus), for research work.
Pro means NO!

•unicellular microorganisms

•lack a distinct nucleus

•lack membrane-bound organelles

•always bacteria!!!

•very simple and small

•Prokaryotes reproduce asexually.

Organisms belonging to the Kingdom Eubacteria and Kingdom Archaea, such as bacteria, blue-green
algae, archaeans, and spirochetes, are examples of prokaryotes
Eukaryotes

Eu means ‘new,’ and karyon means ‘nucleus,’ so these are the advanced type of cells found in plant,
animals, and fungi. Eukaryotic cells have a well-defined nucleus and different organelles to perform
different functions within the cell, though working is complex to understand.
Eu means True
unicellular or multicellular organisms
have a nucleus
have membrane-bound organelles
LARGER and more complex (have more stuff inside)
Examples: animals, plants, fungi and protists

NEVER BACTERIA!!!!
Animal and Plants Tissues
1. EPITHELIAL TISSUES

These are made up of closely-packed cells arranged in flat sheet.

It forms lining of various cavities and tubes in the body such as lining of the small intestine which secretes
digestive substances and absorbed products of digestion.

•This tissue is specialized to form the covering or lining of all internal and external body surface.

• Some has special functions of absorption, secretion, excretion, sensation and respiration.
 CONNECTIVE TISSUES

Hold parts of the body together, such as bones.

The long tough fiber that holds bones onto bones are called ligaments, forming joints, while the
tissues which hold muscle to bone are called tendons.
Cartilage is another type of connective tissue, which has widely spaced cells.
Blood is regarded as specialized form of connective tissue because it originates in the bones and has
some fibers. Blood is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

MUSCLE TISSUES

Muscle tissues are for movement in animals.

a. Involuntary-muscles not under our conscious control. Example. The muscles in your stomach move
even if we do not let them do so and the action cannot be stopped either. This type of muscle is also
called visceral or smooth muscle.

b. Voluntary muscle – made up of long fibers and they move our bones. It is striated in appearance. We
can control them at will. Example. We can raise our legs if we wish. This type of muscle is called skeletal
muscle, since they are attached to the bones.
c. Cardiac muscle is a special type of muscle that make up our heart. It is an involuntary muscle that is
striated in appearance.

NERVE TISSUES

•Nerve tissues it carries electrical and chemical signals and impulses from the brain and central nervous
system to the periphery, and vice versa. These tissues are made up of specialized cells called neurons.
Brain, spinal cord and nerves are all composed of nerve tissue

PLANT TISSUES

A tissue is composed of a group of vegetative cells with one or more specific functions.

1. MERISTEMTIC TISSUES

Meristematic tissues are tissues responsible for the production of new cells. It is composed of immature
cells and regions of active in cell division. It has small, thin cell walls and rich in cytoplasm. Found in the
growing tips of roots and stems.
•a. Apical meristems. Found at the tips of stems and roots and are mainly responsible for the increase
in length of stems and roots.

•b. Lateral meristems. Found in the sides or periphery of roots and stems. Responsible of the increase
in width or diameter of stems or roots.

2. PERMANENT TISSUES

Permanent tissues are composed of mature and differentiated cells. Cells of this tissue have lost their
ability to divide and they have specialized structure to perform specific functions. These are derived from
meristematic tissues.

•a. Simple permanent tissue – consist of only one type of cells (e.g., Parenchyma)

•b. Complex permanent – consist of more than one type of cells (e.g., Xylem and phloem)

2.1 SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUES

a. Epidermis. This is an external tissue which consist of a single layer of living cells. It serves as the
protective outer covering of the leaves, young roots and young stems. It produces cutin to protect plants
against loss of water.

b. Parenchyma. This is an internal tissue and consist of living cells with thin cell wall. Found in the soft
parts of roots, stems, leaves and flowers. Most of the chlorophyll of leaves are in the cells of parenchyma
tissue. It is where photosynthesis occurs. The functions of parenchyma of stems and roots is food
manufacturing and food storage. Ex. Fleshy tissues of fruits and vegetables.
c. Collenchyma. This is also an internal tissue. The collenchyma cells are structurally similar to
parenchyma cells except that their walls are irregularly and compactly arranged. The collenchyma is a
strengthening or supportive tissue and functions to store food.
d. Sclerenchyma. also, an internal tissue consists of thick-walled, dead cells. The cells have uniformly
thick heavily lignified secondary walls. They function mainly for support. Plant fibers are sclerenchyma
cells. Found also in stone cells of chico fruit and in seed coat of coconut shells.

2.2 COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUES

Vascular tissues

a. Xylem – primarily functions for the transport of water and dissolved substances upward in the plant
body.

b. Phloem – primary functions in the transport of organic material such as carbohydrates and amino
acids.
Cell Cycle
 Centrosome separates

Centrosome start to form a framework

PROPHASE Nucleolus disappears

Chromatin condenses

Chromosomes align on an axis called metaphase plate

METAPHASE
The spindle is attached to each chromosome

Each centrosome splits make a two-chromosome free

ANAPHASE
Each chromosome moves toward a pole

TELOPHASE Formation of nucleus member and nucleolus

Result of mitosis

CYTOKINESIS Genetically identical to each other and the parent cell

Two daughter nuclei